Exam 2

The tendency to miss obvious events when concentrating on something speific is called

attentional blindness

The process by which small attacks on our beleifs help counteract larger attacks on our beleifs is called

attitude inoculation

Which of the following statements about the concept of attitude is NOT accurate?

attitudes always predict subsequent behavior

Which of the following best describes the relationships between the three elements of an attitude?

attitudes can be formed from behavior, feelings, or thoughts related to the objects, individually or in combination

______ is a diffuse, nonspecific, persistent afffective state, ______ is targeted, specific, brief affective state

mood; emotion

What is the persuasion called that occurs when people do not think carefully about a communication but are infleunced by irrelevant cues?

peripheral route persuasion

When are we likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

when our behaviors do not match important, closely-held beleifs

Researchers have found that we tend NOT to use heuristics under which of the following conditions?

when the question is very important

When are we most likely to rely on heuristics?

when we lack either the motivation of the capacity to engage in effortful cogntion

According to lecture, what is the most effective way for lawyers to present evidence in a courtroom?

"story" order

The idea that our mood states serve as fast, easily processed clues to the state of our enviornment is called the _____ theory.

Affect-as-information

In their study on cognitive differences between anger and sadness, who did Bodenhausen, Shappard, and Kramer find were more liekly to rely on stereotypes?

Angry People

According to lecture, which of the following best explains the phenomenon of change blindness?

Because the details of a societal interaction rarely chane significantly mid-interaction, we do not bother to check for changes in the interests of cognitive efficiency

_______ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ______ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Bottom-up; top-down

Based on the results of both of the Bodenhausen studies of mood and cognition presented in class, which of the following best describes the effect of mood on cognition?

Cognition is affected by both our mood and our level of automatic arousal

Which of the following best describes the strategic approach to cognitive efficiency discussed in lecture?

Efficiency is maintained through a tradeoff between speed and accuracy in cognition

What is the primary difference between high-arousal and low-arousal emotional experiences?

High arousal emotions cue effortless cognition, low-arousal emotions cue effortful cognition

According to lecture, what is the biggest problem with using fear or humor appeals in persuasion?

If something is too scary or too funny, it can disrupt processing of the message

According to the concept of effort justification

experiencing hazing should increase one's allegience to a fraternity

According to lecture, why is it easier to remember negative information when we are in a bad mood and positive information when we are in a good mood?

Information in memory is prioritized based on our current situation, and our mood is part of our current situation

In Schwarz and Clore's "weather study," differences between participants surveyed on rainy days and participants surveyed on sunny days went away if the participants were reminded of the weather's effect on mood. What does this suggest about mood effects on judgement?

It suggests that mood effects are something we can correct if they are called to our attention

You are trying to decide which of several used cars to purchase and have heard persuasive messages from many sources. Which of the following individuals has the greatest credibility?

Martha, licensed automobile mechanic at the Wefixit Garage

How did the researchers explain their results in the Capilano Bridge Study?

Men thought they were feeling physical attraction when they were really feeling fear

The tendency to interpret ambiguous infromation in ways that are consisten with our mood state is called...

Mood-congruent perception

Which of the following is one of the main criticisms of James and Lange's explanation of emotion as being strictly a product of physiological sensation

People who are paralyzed from the neck down (and can't feel their bodies) still have emotions

What effect do schemas have on the recall of memories?

Schemas for past events shape the later recall of the event, leading to remembering details (accurately or inaccurately) that are consistent with the existing schema

Rhonda really likes action films. Under which condition is introspecting about why she likes action films likely to weaken the association between her attitude toward action films and her intention to go to see an action film at the theater?

The basis for the attitude is largely affective

The source variable credibility is a combination of:

expertise and trustworthiness

Current research describes the experience of emotion as...

a combination of physiological response to an emotional stimulus and cognitive interpretation of that stimulus

In one study, elementary school teachers were told that aptitude tests indicated that certain students would "bloom" intellectually in the coming year, though in reality these students' names were chosen randomly. At the end of the year, the selected students indeed performed better on aptitiude tests compared to other students. This phenomenon is called _______ and is liekly driven by _______.

a self-fulfilling prophecy; teacher behavior

Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ______ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in _______ terms.

abstract; concrete

According to the elaboration likelihood model, recipients of a persuasive messsage who have taken the central route

analyze and attempt to understand the contents of that message

Ekamn and colleagues' research on the university of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they abel the emotions of

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and love

Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expresion showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

According the the affect-as-information theory of mood, people in positive moods...

are more likely to rely on stereotypes and heuristics

If you're in a really bad mood and are experiencing mood-congruent recall, you...

are probably having toruble being optimistic or remembering past successes.

Implicit attitudes are formed through _______; explicit attitudes are formed through _______

automatic associations; rules and logic

What do heuristics do?

avoid overworking cognitive resources

According to the textbook, all of the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT

base-rate information

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

cleanliness/filth

The feeling of discomfort we experience when our behaviors are inconsistent without beleifs is called:

cognitive dissonance

Omar is arguing with a friend about a social issue. He picks apart every piece of evidence his friend presents to him, but doesn't' subject the evidence he has for his own position to the same level of criticism. Omar is experiencing...

confirmation bias

The tendency to seek out information consistent with your exisiting worldview is

confirmation bias

Two candidates for University Senate are preparing their fall campaigns. One decides to focus on campus safety issues because they are sure that is the main focus of the student body. The other is equally sure that students are most concerned with the ethics of the university's investment policies. Which of the following is an explanation for the two candidates' beliefs that their different platforms each focus on the major concerns of the student body?

false consensus

When judgments or decisions are influenced by the way in which information is presented, this is called a

framing effect

Attitudes that are _______ are held without conscious awareness and are brought to mind automatically.

implicit

Explicit cognition involves

judgements or decisions of which we are consciously aware

In a laboratory study, one group of participants is asked to recall six instances when they confronted someone who was distrubing them. A second group is asked to recall twelve such occasions. Researchers predict that members of the second group will rate themselves as much ___________, based on the ________.

less confrontational; availability heuristic

In Schwarz and Clore's "weather study"...

participants surveryed on rainy days reported lower life satisfaction than participants on sunny days

Many members of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous. However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else things the initiation process is just fine. This scenario exemplifies...

pluralistic ignorance

In Bodenhausen, Kramer, and Susser's study examining the effect of positive moods on cognition, participants in ________ moods were _______ to use stereotypes in their guilt judgements than others

positive; more likely

When information ______ has the most influence on people, the primary effect has occurred. When information ________ has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred.

presented first; presented last

Through what mechanism does the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) measure implicit attitudes?

reaction times are faster for implicitly associated pairs than non-associated pairs

The process by which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world is called

social cognition

A political candidate must decide whether a television ad should conist of an endorsement by a celevrity or by a popular governor. Which of the following variables is this researcher concerned about?

source variables

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements necessary for a sucessful fear appeal?

the danger should be already present in the audiences life

Malik went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Malik is displaying...

the recency effect

With the central route to persuasion, which of the following do mesage reciepents pay attention to?

the strength and quality of the message

Sebastian is high in the need for cognition. This means he likes to

think deeply about issues

According to the affect-as-information theory of mood, mood influences our level of cognition because...

we require cognitive resources to deal with the problems in our enviornemnt