exam 2
Which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide? Multiple select question. inactivated by organic matter narrow-spectrum action solubility in a solvent rapid action broad-spectrum action not corrosive and nonstaining
solubility in a solvent rapid action broad-spectrum action not corrosive and nonstaining
phase variation produces ____________ enzymes
specific
phenol
-Joseph lister ised -antispetic and disinfectant -only udes in certain cases
methanotrophs
-oxidize methane -found in anaerobic mud, marshes, anoxic zones in lakes, mammalian intestinal tracts
________ billion lack hygiene and sanitation facilities
2.6
enveloped virus
A virus enclosed within a phospholipid membrane derived from its host cell.
bacteriophages
A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
During anabolism, energy in the form of _________ is used to create bonds
ATP
generation time
AVE= 30-60 min -shortest can be 10-12 min -some take months
genome
All the genetic material in an organism
coenzymes
An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+.
parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host
Chemoheterotrophs
An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
Ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by blocking _________ replication and enzymatic actions.
DNA
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
methods of physical control
Heat - moist and dry Cold temperatures Desiccation Radiation Filtration osmotic pressure
hydrolases
Hydrolysis reactions (transfer of functional groups to water)
conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
The site on an enzyme that matches its specific substrate is called the ______ site. Multiple choice question. ionic regulatory allosteric active
active
Any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen is a(n)
anaerobe
The molecule that is termed metabolic "money" because it can be stored, spent, or transferred is
atp
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)
bacteriophage
Question Mode Multiple Choice Question ________ is an important mineral for the stabilization of cell walls and endospores, whereas ______ is needed for cell transport. Multiple choice question. Calcium; zinc Sodium; calcium Magnesium; iron Calcium; sodium
calcium; sodium
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
An organic molecule or inorganic element that is needed for enzyme function is called a(n)
cofactor
whats counted in viable plate coutnign
colonies
oxidoreductases
enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another
True or false: Most enzymes are named based on their molecular composition.
false
True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells. True false question.TrueFalse
false
True or false: The interior of eggs normally contains non-pathogenic bacterial cells but no viruses. True false question.TrueFalse
false
The science of heredity is ______. Multiple choice question. biology reproduction genetics
genetics
The study of the inheritance of living things is called
genetics
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the
genome
The total nucleic acid content of a virus can be referred to as the viral
genome
Which of the following term describes the total nucleic content of a virus? Multiple choice question. Genome Chromosome Capsid DNA mRNA Gene
genome
how much ATP produced in fermentation?
small amoint
methanotrophs are widespread in
soil and water
cell culture
isolated animal cells grown in lab to harbour virus
most organisms live in ___________ or __________ environments
isotonic, hypotonic
osmophiles
live in a high solute environment (hypertonic)
methanotrophs use ___________ as sole energy and carbon source
methane
An aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere is called a(n)
microaerophile
Which term describes the lowest temperature at which a microbe can grow? Multiple choice question. Maximum temperature Low point range Optimum temperature Minimum temperature
minimum temp
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)
mutation
neutral mutations
no effects on survival of organism
naked membrane
no envelope
Which term describes the compound that LOSES electrons to an electron-accepting compound? Multiple choice question. Reduced Oxidized
oxidized
In aerobic respiration, ___________serves as the final electron acceptor.
oxygen
what is the electron receptor in aerobic respiration
oxygen
Which of the following environmental factors are likely to have the greatest influence on microbial growth? Multiple select question. Gases such as helium and argon pH Gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen Rock formations Pressures Temperature
pH Gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen Pressures Temperature
The cell actively engulfs large particles into vesicles during the endocytic process of
phagocytosis
The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes is the thermal death ______. Multiple choice question. time interval point
point
The thermal death ______ is the lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given volume within 10 minutes. Multiple choice question. time point
point
transposons
(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material
materials for PCR
- DNA template - dNTP's - DNA polymerase - primers - buffers
substrate+enzyme=>
product and enzyme
osmotic pressure
salt or sugar cleaning wound with saline preserving foods
why do we control microbesd
sanitation, food and water safety
Creating new biological molecules and organisms from scratch is in the realm of ________ biology.
synthetic
True or false: Death involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Heavy metals may be used for topical germicides and ointments. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: Tinctures and ointments are two types of heavy metal germicides. True false question.TrueFalse
true
How does RNA differ from DNA? Multiple select question. Ribose in RNA contains one less carbon than deoxyribose in DNA. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. RNA is usually single-stranded. In RNA, thymine is replaced with adenine.
uracil replaces thymine usually one strand
what lead to early lack of sanitation
urbanization
iodine as a chemical agent
used as a topical antispetic or disinfectant
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
uses dna replication steps to make many copies of a particular DNA sequence
The part of the human microbiome that includes all of the viruses that are associated with the body is called the human
virome
Identify the smallest pathogenic agent. Multiple choice question. Virus Helminth Bacterial cell Fungal cell
virus
adsorption
virus binds to host cell
assembly
virus builds new viruses from the copied building blocks
Anaerobic
without oxygen
microbial products of fermentation
-Alcohol and CO2 -Acetone, butanol -Lactic acid, Acetic acid -Vitamins, antibiotics, hormones -Microbe metabolic pathways can be harnessed to produce many useful things
Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a _____ functional group on a terminal carbon. Multiple choice question. -HOH -CHO -CH -OH
-CHO
Why do we cultivate viruses?
-Isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. -Prepare viruses for vaccines. -Do detailed research on viral structure, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells.
phagocytosis
-accomplished by amoebas and white blood cells. ingest whole cells or large solid matter
what suffix indicates an enzyme
-ase
What do cofactors and coenzymes do?
-bring active site and substrate close together -participate directly in chemical reactions
hot air oven
-can destroy endospores -sterilizaion -requires heating for 2-4 hours
endocytosis
-cell encloses the substance in its membrane -simultaneously forms a vacuole and engulfs the substance
copper sulfate
-cells leak and die -disinfectant -can be used as a fungicide
what are some new methods for food safety
-cleaning methods, refrigeration, freezing, heating -disposable, antimicrobial cutting boards -intelligent food wrap (changes color when salmonella etc detected) -pasteurized eggs
intermediate effectiveness
-considered a disinfectant or antiseptic -kills fungal spores, but not bacterial, and resistant pathogens -respiratory equipment, thermometers -contact with mucosal membranes
low effectiveness rating
-considered a disinfectant or antiseptic -kills only vegetative cells and some viruses -clean materials that contact skin, but not muccous membranes
High effectiveness
-considered a sterilant -kills endospores -implanted medical devices
satellite viruses
-dependent on other viruses for replication -Adeno-associated virus -delta agent:naked circle of RNA
boiling water as heat method
-disinfection -30 min in boiling water -kills most endospore forming pathogens, includign TB
pasteurization
-disinfection of beverages -milk, fruit juice, beer and wine are easily contaminated -reduce microbial load and destroy pathogens
aldehydes
-disrupts enzymes permanentley
beneficial effects of mutations
-each individual responds to the environment it is in, and if it has an advantage it will prosper
why would we want a lot of DNA
-easier to gathr evidence with large amounts -used to detect cancer from a single cell -used to diagnose an infection from a single gene copy
viruses and cancer
-estimated 20% of cancers are caused by viruses -all lead to uncontrolled cell growth
why are viral diseases commonly not cultured
-expensive -too much time
What are the three main criteria used to classify viruses? Multiple select question. Genetic makeup Chemical composition Pathogenic potential Geographic distribution Structure Hosts that can be infected
-genetic makeup -chemical composition -structure
operon
-group of related genes, all for same function -regulated together -several genes transcribed to one mRNA -ribosomes translate each gene seperately
autoclaving
-increase temp using pressure -increase pressure by 1 atmospher causes an increase in the boiling point of water
generation
-increases population by a factor of 2 -as long as the environment remains favorable, doubling can continue at constant rate
embryonated chicken eggs
-injected eggs are incubated for several days, allowing virus to replicate -virus fluid is harvested -virus is inactivated and virus antigen is purified
copper room surface
-kill 97% bacteria in ICU -inhibit biofilm formation -kill bacteria outright
what happened with germ theory and sanitation in 1887
-marine hospital service -monitored cholera in immigrants -forerunner of the national institutes of healh
UV radiation
-non-ionizing for disinfection -damages DNA -results in mutations
restriction enzymes
-originally found in bacteria -protect against foreign phage bacteria -cut DNA at specifc, palindromic sequences
chlorine dioxide as a chemical agent
-penetrates cell wall -low level disinfectant -does not allow for action of proteins
germicidal is ideally
-rapid action in low concentration -solubility in water or alcohol -broad-spectrum microbicide without harm to huma tissues -resistance to inactivation -noncorrosive, non staining, odorless -affordable and available
important tools in gene cloning
-restriction enzymes' -PCR -cloning vectors
hydrogen peroxide as a chemical agent
-skin and wound cleansing -free radicals: highly toxic and reactive
cold
-slows growth of in food -retardation and preservation rather than elimination -does not usually kill microbes
how is human growth hormone made
-small amount of DNA isolated -gene for HGH amplified using PCR -inseting into a cloning vecto -plasmid with HGH gene and selection marker inserted into bacteria through transformation -transformed bacteria selected and propogated
desiccation
-some delicate pathogens die when dried out -non enveloped viruses, fungal spores and some sensitive bacteria -many do not
incineration
-sterilizing loops -incineration in hospitals
enzymes serve as a physical site upon which ____________ can be positioned for various reaction
-substrates
chlorohexidine
-surgical and scrubs, prepping skin for surgery, obstetric antispetic -less toxic than other germicides -disinfectant and antiseptic
what do doctors rely on rather than culturing viruses
-symptoms -antibody tests
neurotropic
Brain and central nervous system tissues Rabies, West Nile virus encephalitis, arboviral encephalitides (eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis), polio.
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top. Instructions Choice 1 of 5. Penetration/Uncoating toggle button Penetration/Uncoating Choice 2 of 5. Adsorption toggle button Adsorption Choice 3 of 5. Assembly toggle button Assembly Choice 4 of 5. Synthesis toggle button Synthesis Choice 5 of 5. Release toggle button Release
adsoption penetration/uncoating synthesis assembly release
Which definition best describes "oxidation"? Multiple choice question. When a compound GAINS electrons from an electron-donating compound When a compound LOSES electrons to an electron-accepting compound
When a compound LOSES electrons to an electron-accepting compound
A single nucleotide polymorphism results from ______. Multiple choice question. the insertion of a single nucleotide in a gene the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene a change in one base in a gene a frameshift mutation
a change in one base of a gene
induced mutation
a mutation caused by external agents such as mutagenic chemicals or radiation
filtration
a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
lyases
add or remove atoms to/from a double bond
A virus binds to specific receptor sites on the membrane of a susceptible host cell during the ______ phase of the viral life cycle. Multiple choice question. synthesis release adsorption assembly penetration/uncoating
adsorption
The viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus is called
adsorption
Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? Multiple choice question. Absorption Penetration Adsorption
adsorption
Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Penetration Assembly Adsorption Synthesis Uncoating Release
adsorption
steps of viral replication
adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release
A microbe that can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products is called a(n)
aerobe
is more atp generated in aerobic or nonaerobic respiration
aerobic
Organic substances bearing a -CHO functional group on the terminal carbon are called ______. Multiple choice question. halogens ketones aldehydes phenolics
aldehydes
oxygenic photosynthesis _________ of aerobic respirations
almost exact opposite
constitutive enzyme
always present in relatively constant amounts regardless of the amount of substrate 60-80%
The coupling of catabolic pathways with anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called
amphibolism
Which term is used to describe the integration of anabolic and catabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency? Multiple choice question. Redox reaction Amphibolism Beta oxidation Respiration
amphibolism
carrier mediated active transport
an energy-requiring mechanism whereby a substance moves from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring the assistance of a carrier protein
What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways? Multiple choice question. Oxygen neutral Anaerobic Aerobic Passive aerobes
anaerobic
Which of the following metabolic processes include the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system? Multiple select question. Anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration Deamination Fermentation
anaerobic aerobic
mutations
another way to change DNA sequence -change in nucleotide sequence from normal -can be advantageous, detrimental or neutral
Which is NOT an effective strategy for addressing the propagation of viral infections? Multiple choice question. vaccines drugs that target viral protein activities antibiotic drugs
antibiotic
why do we control microbes for medical purposes
antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals
The protein part of an enzyme which requires a coenzyme/cofactor to function is called a(n)
apoenzyme
competent cells
are able to take up naked DNA, occur naturally AND can be created in the laboratory.
Unlike organisms such as bacteria and protozoa, viruses ______. Multiple choice question. do not have proteins are not cellular are independent of host cell machinery for replication do not have nucleic acid
are not cellular
plaques
areas where virus infected cells have been destroed and show up as a clear, well defined patches in the cell sheet
Mature virus particles are constructed from nucleic acid and protein during the ______ phase of the viral life cycle. Multiple choice question. assembly release penetration/uncoating synthesis adsorption
assembly
Which of the following describes the various viral "parts" coming together to produce virus particles? Multiple choice question. Release Absorption Assembly Penetration
assembly
nature generation time of a certain species varies with
atmosphere, nutrient availability, temp, pH, moisture, other organisms
The molecule that can store energy derived from catabolic reactions and provide that energy to anabolic reactions is ______. Multiple choice question. NADH phosphate FADH2 ATP
atp
Which of the following compounds provides the energy to form and break chemical bonds? Multiple choice question. ATP ADP Sugar Enzymes
atp
what is the energy currency
atp
What is produced in large quantities during catabolism that can then be used in anabolism? Multiple select question. Reduced coenzymes ADP nutrients ATP
atp reduced conenzymes
Penetration through endocytosis
attachment, engulfment, virus in vesicle
The genes of which microorganism(s) are arranged as operons? Multiple choice question. Bacteria Fungi Protozoa
bacteria
log phase
bacteria are multiplying rapidly
Antibiotics are effective at combating ______ but not ______.
bacteria virus
Which type of agent will kill bacteria? Multiple choice question. Bactericidal Bacteristatic
bactericidal
A virus that infects bacterial cells is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. plasmid bacteriophage prion oncovirus
bacteriophage
how do we cultivate viruses
bacteriophages: easy, grow in susceptible host bacteria -animal and plant viruses -cell culture -embryonated chicken eggs -animal or plant
A ______ agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a ______ agent will kill bacteria. Multiple choice question. bacteristatic; bactericidal bactericidal; bacteriostatic
bacteristatic; bactericidal
Bacteria must replicate their DNA and synthesize new cell components prior to ______. Multiple choice question. transcription mutation sexual reproduction binary fission
binary fission
During the process of ______, a bacterial cell enlarges by synthesizing new cell components and duplicates its chromosome.
binary fission
In bacterial cells, ______ results in two cells from one parent cell. Multiple choice question. binary fission meiosis transformation mitosis
binary fission
Prokaryotic cells will divide by a process called
binary fission
bacterial cells reach an optimum size then divide by
binary fission
prokaryotic vertical gene transfer
binary fission
For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______. Multiple choice question. bind to a substrate rise in temperature drop in temperature bind to a cofactor
bind to a cofactor
energy released during ATP hydrolysis powers
biosynthesis
how do antiviral drugs work
block virus replication by targeting the host cell, but there are severe side effects
Moist heat occurs in the forms of ______ and ______. Multiple select question. boiling water an open flame steam hot air oven
boiling water steam
The Krebs cycle and the electron transport system are utilized during ______. Multiple choice question. anaerobic respiration only both aerobic and anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration only
both
Where do building blocks for macromolecules originate? Multiple choice question. from outside the cell or from synthesis within the cell from synthesis within the cell only from outside the cell only
both
mutualism
both members benefit
A desirable characteristic of a germicide is __________spectrum action.
broad
During the release stage of the viral multiplication cycle, enveloped viruses leave their host cells through ,___________ or exocytosis.
budding
Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through ____________or exocytosis by enveloped viruses, and through__________ (rupture) by naked viruses.
budding lysis
The prefix that is added to the word "autotroph" to denote organisms which can use inorganic compounds in the environment to fix carbon dioxide with hydrogen atoms to make sugar is
chemo
Gases that are commonly used as sterilants or disinfectants are ethylene oxide and ______dioxide.
chlorine
A batch culturing system where nutrients and space are finite and there is no mechanism for the removal of waste products is called a(n) culture.
closed
Growth of a bacterial culture in growth medium in a test tube is defined as a(n) _____ culture, meaning that nutrients are limited and waste products are not removed. Multiple choice question. commensal aerobic autotrophic closed
closed
Apoenzymes are nonfunctional without a ______. Multiple choice question. cofactor/coenzyme raise in temperature drop in temperature substrate(s)
cofactor
Which of the following is sometimes needed for an enzyme to be fully functional? Multiple choice question. Cofactor Denaturation Allosteric inhibitor Substrate
cofactor
what is required for function of enzymes
cofactors and coenzymes
What is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology? Multiple choice question. Make numerous copies of DNA Combine genetic material from two organisms Identify person by their DNA sequence Determine the sequence of genomic DNA
combine genetic material from 2 organisms
budding
common for enveloped viruses
cell lysis
common for naked viruses
inclusion bodies
compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles in the nucleus and cytoplasm
A molecule that resembles an enzyme's normal substrate, binding to the active site and preventing the actual substrate from binding there, is called a ______ inhibitor. Multiple choice question. competitive non-competitive
competitive
Embryonic eggs ______. Multiple choice question. have a few non-pathogenic bacteria are completely sterile
completely sterile
holoenzyme
conjugated enzymes are protein at attached to non-protein molecules
horizontal gene transfer modes
conjugation, transformation, transduction
lab growth
consistent conditions -predictable growth
Although they do have some drawbacks, heavy metals are used for ______. Multiple select question. controlling microbial growth on objects disinfection of medical equipment and facilities disinfection of drinking water skin cleansing disinfection of reusable dental equipment prevention of infection preservatives
controlling microbial growth on objects skin cleansing prevention of infection preservatives
SARS-CoV-2
cor
spectrophotometer
counts living and nonliving
Synthetic biology may be used to ______. Multiple select question. amplify certain sequences from a chromosome create a cell whose entire chromosome was synthesized in vitro create an enzyme with an active site that accepts a newly-discovered substrate create an antibody with defined specificity determine the entire sequence of a new virus
create a cell whose entire chromosome was synthesized in vitro create an enzyme with an active site that accepts a newly-discovered substrate create an antibody with defined specificity
The current diseases that might prove curable by gene therapy are those like ______. Multiple choice question. influenza, which is caused by a virus cystic fibrosis, which is the result of a mutation in a single gene schizophrenia, which results from the disruption of a complex network of genes C diff, which is caused by a disruption in the gut microbiome
cystic fibrosis
What cell structure regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell? Multiple choice question. mitochondrion cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm cell wall
cytoplasmic membrane
specialized transduction
each phage gets a small piece of host chromosome
Which of the following occur during aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Multiple select question. beta oxidation fermentation electron transport system Krebs cycle
electron transport krebs cycle
In penetration by ______, the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle. Multiple choice question. pinocytosis endocytosis exocytosis budding
endocytosis
Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle? Multiple choice question. Budding Lysis Endocytosis Exocytosis
endocytosis
Which two are required in large quantities for anabolism? Multiple select question. Heat ADP Energy Reducing power
energy reducing power
DNA virus synthesis
enter the host cells nucleus and are replicated and assembled there
Budding is the release of ______ viruses. Multiple choice question. naked RNA DNA enveloped
enveloped
enzymes built to work in ____________ of organism
environment
A(n) ______ is a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of a specific chemical reaction within cells. Multiple choice question. substrate cofactor enzyme
enzyme
Composed principally of amino acids, ______ act as biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell. Multiple choice question. cofactors ribosomes enzymes ribozymes
enzymes
Proteins with a specific shape and specificity for target molecules known as substrates are called
enzymes
A gas that is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects, such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, is ___________ oxide. Other related gases are available that are less toxic.
ethylene
Which chemical is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but is more toxic than other available related gases? Multiple choice question. formaldehyde propylene ethylene oxide chlorine
ethylene oxide
Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants? Multiple select question. Carbon monoxide Ethylene oxide Chlorine dioxide Carbonic acid
ethylene oxide chlorine dioxide
gaseous chemical agents
ethylene oxide chlorine dioxide
a virus can invade its host cell only through making an ____________________ with a specific host receptor molecule
exact fit
Proteins that remove incorrect bases in DNA and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.
excision
A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is an
exergonic
An ______ reaction releases energy as it goes forward. Multiple choice question. endergonic exergonic
exergonic
True or false: Antibiotics are an effective treatment for most viral infections. True false question.TrueFalse
false
The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called
fermentation
Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system? Multiple choice question. Anaerobic respiration Krebs cycle Fermentation Glycolysis
fermentation
______ is the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. Multiple choice question. Fermentation Electron transport The Krebs cycle
fermentation
larger viruses can have __________ genes
few hundred
Straining of air or fluid through a membrane with openings too small for microorganisms to pass through is called ______. Multiple choice question. degermation irradiation lyophilization filtration
filtration
transformation
foreign "naked" DNA is uptaken by a competent cell -often comes from a nearby dead, lysed cells -facilitated by DNA-binding proteins on cell wall
direct penetration
fuse with membrane, entry of nucleocaspid
syncytia
fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei
reduction
gain of electrons
A laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix is called
gel electrophoresis
A method for separating DNA fragments of different lengths is ______. Multiple choice question. fluorescence in-situ hybridization gel electrophoresis polymerase chain reaction DNA sequencing
gel electrophoresis
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
A faulty disease-causing gene is replaced with a gene from a healthy organism in the process called
gene therapy
The replacement of a faulty gene responsible for a disease with the wild type gene is termed ______. Multiple choice question. recombinant DNA metagenomics synthetic biology gene therapy
gene therapy
The time required for a complete fission cycle, from one parent cell to two new daughter cells, is called the ______ time. Multiple choice question. division meiosis generation growth
generation
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its
generation time
structural genes
genes that code for proteins
regulatory genes
genes that control gene expression
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Multiple choice question. Gene Chromosome Genome
genome
Which of the following describes the systematic study of an organism's genes and their functions? Multiple choice question. proteomics metabolomics metagenomics genomics
genomics
chemical agents
germicidal
alcohol
germicidal, nonirritating and in expensive
Which of the following are true regarding aerobic respiration? Multiple select question. Glucose is the starting compound for glycolysis. It involves glycolysis but not the Krebs cycle. Alcohol is a common byproduct. Large amounts of ATP are synthesized. It involves organic ions such as nitrate and sulfate. Oxygen is required as final electron acceptor.
glucose is staring compound for glycoloysis large amt atp synthesized oxygen final electron acceptor
The multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is called
glycolysis
The typical pattern of change in population size over time, as represented on a graph, is called a(n) ______ curve. Multiple choice question. inverse growth generation proportional
growth
A graphical representation of the change in population size over time is called a(n)
growth curve
The leading cause of death in the United States is
heart disease -second is cancer
Prions are extraordinarily resistant to inactivation by ________and chemicals.
heat
The most prominent antimicrobial physical agent is ______. Multiple choice question. radiation filtration dessication heat
heat
Which of the following is the most common physical agent used to control microbes? Multiple choice question. Germicide Dessication Radiation Heat Cold Filtration
heat
Which two variables contribute to the thermal death time? Multiple select question. time pressure heat moisture level
heat time
What is a chemical agent's mode of action? Multiple choice question. Its level of killing power Its effect on cells The list of species that it affects
its effect on cells
what is a side effect with antiviral
kills our own body cells too
Which term refers to the chemical instability of enzymes when they are subjected to changes in temperature or pH? Multiple choice question. volatile sterile mutable labilel
labile
Which phase of bacterial growth is considered to be the first? Multiple choice question. Stationary Death Lag Exponential
lag
Put the following phases in order for a normal bacterial growth curve, beginning with the first at the top.
lag growth stagnant death
A mutation that leads to cell dysfunction or death is termed a _____ mutation. Multiple choice question. lethal point silent neutral
lethal
______ mutations lead to cell dysfunction or death, while ______ mutations produce neither adverse nor helpful changes. Multiple choice question. Lethal; neutral Neutral; lethal Neutral; wild type Wild type; neutral
lethal;neutral
Which of the following breaks down fatty acids? Multiple choice question. Phosphatase Lipase Fatase Glycerolase
lipase
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of fatty acids from a glycerol backbone are called ______. Multiple choice question. amylases lipases phosphatases dehydrogenases
lipases
Which microorganism uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon? Multiple choice question. Lithoautotroph Heterotroph Photoautotroph
lithoautotrophs
barophiles
live deep in the ocean -pressure is a few times over 1000 times the atmospheric pressure
excision repair
locates and repairs incorrect sequence by removing a segment of the DNA and then adding the correct nucleotides
A combination of iodine and an organic carrier (such as alcohol) that serves as a moderate-level disinfectant and antiseptic is a(n)
lodophor
oxidation
loss of electrons
Quaternary ammonium compounds are considered to be ___________-level disinfectants.
low
Quats are rated as _______ disinfectants in the clinical setting. Multiple choice question. intermediate-level high-level low-level
low level
detergents
low level disinfection
pneumotropic
lungs and other respiratory structures
Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene? Multiple choice question. rRNA tRNA mRNA
mRNA
catabolize organic molecules to precursor molecules, them used to build ________
macromolecules
When a cell harbors a virus that is not immediately lysing the cell, it's known as what type of infection? Multiple choice question. Acute infection Active infection Persistent infection
persistent infection
The type of endocytosis that involves formation of vacuoles following engulfment of whole cells or large particles is called ______. Multiple choice question. pinocytosis phagocytosis exocytosis
phagocytosis
The process of bacteria turning on or off a group of genes that changes its phenotype is called
phase variation
he process of bacteria turning on or off a group of genes that changes its phenotype is called
phase variation
Phase variation is a type of ________ variation. Multiple choice question. genotypic phenotypic
phenotypic
What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light? Multiple choice question. Excision repair Photolysis Photoactivation
photoactivation
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light? Multiple choice question. Photoactivation Excision repair Photolysis
photoactivation
how do we control microbes
physically and chemically
viroids
plant diseases -very small, naked RNA -no capsid
A clear area where virus-infected monolayers of cells have been disrupted or destroyed is called a(n)
plaque
dilution plating
plate are inoculated with dilutions of theoriginal culture
A method for making billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence is ______. Multiple choice question. DNA sequencing agarose gel electrophoresis restriction endonuclease digestion polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction
A technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments for testing is the (PCR).
polymerase chain reaction
halophiles
prefer high concentration of salt
_______ mutations occur when errors are made in DNA replication whereas _____ mutations are caused by exposure to radiation or chemical agents. Multiple choice question. Induced; transfected Transduced; induced Induced; spontaneous Spontaneous; induced
spontaneous induced
Replicating Circular DNA
steps are similar in eukaryotes and prokaryotes except most bacteria have a circular chromosome with one origin of replication
A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat is referred to as
sterilization
What is filtration? Multiple choice question. The use of intermittent heat and pressure to destroy microbes The use of a chemical sterilant to kill all microbial life The use of radiation to eliminate most microbial life The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms
straining of fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganism
Viruses are classified based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______. Multiple choice question. structure pathogenic potential geographic distribution
structure
genetics
study of inheritance -how are traits passes
competitive inhibition
substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act? Multiple choice question. Active site Allosteric site Substrate Cofactor
substrate
Which of the following can be used to specify the name of an enzyme? Multiple select question. substrate acted upon cellular location type of reaction catalyzed name of metabolic pathway
substrate acted upom type of reaction catalyzed
The molecules that are acted upon by enzymes are called ______. Multiple choice question. inducers substrates cofactors coenzymes
substrates
Which of the following are highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism? Multiple select question. Superoxide ion (O2-) Ozone (O3) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Hydroxyl radical, (OH-) Carbon dioxide, CO2 Molecular oxygen, O2 Water (H2O)
superoxide ion hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical
A general term used to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership is ______. Multiple choice question. mutualism symbiosis parasitism commensalism
symbiosis
The building blocks for anabolism come from ______. Multiple select question. the sun synthesis within the cell outside the cell
syntheis within the cell outside the cell
Unlike cellular organisms, viruses are unable to ______. Multiple choice question. synthesize their own proteins cause true diseases replicate within a host cell attack cells of the human immune system
synthesize their own proteins
The field of biology that combines parts from different organisms to create new molecules and cells never before found in nature is called _____. Multiple choice question. high-throughput sequencing synthetic biology metagenomics recombinant DNA technology
synthetic biology
Which of these items are considered critical for sterilization? Multiple select question. a syringe needle crutches an artificial hip stethoscope an endoscopy tube
syringe needle artifical hip
what factors can impact microbial growth
temp, gases, pH, solute concentration, radiation, atmospheric pressure
What name is given to a phage "type" which can incorporate itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage? Multiple choice question. Latent Prophage Lysogenic Temperate Lytic
temperate
The category of DNA phages that can participate in a lytic phase or enter into a lysogenic cycle is the ______. Multiple choice question. latent phages oncogenic phages prophages temperate phages
temperate phages
anaerobic respiration
terminal electron receptor is not O2 -NO3 SO4 CO2
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
where do nutrients come from
the environment heterotrophs:from other organisms
Dissolving a solid or gaseous antimicrobial chemical in pure alcohol or an alcohol-water mixture produces a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. hypotonic solution tincture hypertonic solution aqueous solution
tincture
Antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called
tinctures
light produces __________ products
toxic
trasnferases
transfer functional groups
True or false: Nutrition is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures. True false question.TrueFalse
treu
rue or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism. True false question.TrueFalse
treu
Viruses that can infect only certain tissues are described as having a tissue specificity or _____. Multiple choice question. allergy antigenicity tropism adsorption
tropism
True or false: Minerals needed for some enzymes to function are useful at low concentrations, but the same minerals can be toxic in high concentrations. True false question.TrueFalse
true
True or false: The structure of DNA is essential for providing variety since the order of nucleotides is responsible for the unique qualities of each organism. True false question.TrueFalse
true
true or false phototrophs have ways to deal wtih toxic light products; autotrophs do not
true
true or false viruses can be rna or dna
true
The term that describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture is
turbidity
retroviruses
turn their RNA genomes into DNA
phase variation
turning on or off several genes at once=rapid phenotypic change
ligases
two chemical groups are joined with the ude of energy from atp
viruses are ____________ in nature
ubiquitous
Once the virus is inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid is freed by enzymes that break down the viral capsid in a process called ______. Multiple choice question. synthesis release uncoating endocytosis assembly
uncoating
The process that occurs when viruses lose their capsid (and envelope, if they have one) during or after penetration into a host cell is called .
uncoating
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base
uracil
phage therapy
uses viruses specific to bactereia that do not target humans -only kills bacteria cells
number of viruses releases is ____________, controlled by viral size and host cell health
variable
3 ways we can quantify the number of bacterial cells
viable plate count spectrophotometer cell counting
penetration
virus enters host cell and releases genetic material
release
virus exits the cell
provirus
virus incoportates into the DNA of the host -virus can hide this way, as its replicated with the hosts genome, tehn can become reactivated periodically
cytopathic effects
virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance
________ are among the smallest infective agents. Multiple choice question. Viruses Bacteria Yeasts Helminths
viruses
The human virome is the complete set of ______. Multiple choice question. viruses that are associated with the human body genes, both bacterial and viral, associated with the human body bacteriophage that are associated with the bacteria in the human body
viruses that are associated with the human body
Cell cytoplasm is mostly made up of
water
lag phase
when bacteria are absorbing nutrietns and making proteins to prepare for division
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
what can cause enzyme to denature
change in heat, pH, osmotic pressure
Heavy metals that are still used in germicidal preparations are mercury and .
silver
Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations? Multiple select question. Gold Mercury Arsenic Zinc Silver Copper
silver mercury
passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
apoenzyme
simple enzymes consist of protein alone
where is the highest life expectancy
singapore
Part of the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the flagellum protein in three different organisms was determined as follows. Organism 1: ATG-GGC-GTA-GCT-TAC, Organism 2: ATG-GGA-GTA-GCT-TAC, Organism 3: ATG-GGT-GTA-GCT-TAC. This represents a ______. Multiple choice question. deletion mutation single nucleotide polymorphism DNA sequencing error frameshift mutation
single nucleotide polymorphism
dermotropic
skin and subcutaneous tissues
Which compounds are commonly used for sanitation of the home and food preparation areas/utensils? Multiple choice question. Aldehydes Halogens Soaps and quats Heavy metals
soaps and quats
anoxygenic photosynthesis
some bacteria use sulfur compound or hydrogen gas instead of water -purple/green sulfur bacteria
antagonism
some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
generalized transduction
some of phages get random piece of host chromosome
What determines a microbe's nutritional type? Multiple select question. Source of trace elements Source of energy Oxygen preference Source of carbon
source of energy source of carbon
tropisms
specificities of viruses for certain tissues
Some laboratory animals can propagate viruses in the laboratory more readily than others because many viruses exhibit host
specificity
Which type of mutations are caused by random errors in DNA replication? Multiple choice question. Mutagen Spontaneous Induced
spontaneous
how do they eat
diffusion
molecules on virus surface impact ________________ for attachment to host cell
high specificity
bacterial growth
increase in number
For an enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the substrate must bind to the ______ site on the enzyme's surface. Multiple choice question. regulatory allosteric active
active
The region on an enzyme that binds substrate is called the
active site
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique? Multiple choice question. Allosteric site Active site Primary structure
active site
how do transposons work
-they go insert themselves into a DNA sequence and bind to the inverted repeats -this makes a staggered cut in the DNA sequence which leaves unpaired genes on each side -those genes replicate creating a change in DNA sequence -transposon cuts itself out of the sequence and reseals the DNA -change in sequence can cause mutations, genetic variation, etc.
why do we want to know how many bacteria there are
-to determine how fast the population is growing in the lab -understand better disease progression -differentiate between bacterial species -to determine the extent of contamination of water or food -determine when to harvest cells for an experiment
Chemoautotrophs: nitrifying bacteria
-transforms ammonia to nitrite to gain energy -nitrifying bacteria transform nitrite to nitrate to gain energy
neurological diseases from prions
-transmissible spongiform encephalopathy -always fatal -brain has large open spaces at autopsy -most mammalian species have some form of prion disease -long incubation times, neuronal loss, lack of inflammatory response
vertical gene transfer
-transmission of DNA from parent cell to daughter cell
chlorine as a chemical agent
-used to disinfect drinking water, bedding and instruments and treat wounds and skin surfaces
pH scale
0-14
__________ billion do not have access to clean water
1.5
how many families of viruses
108
neonatal mortality rate in Sierra Leone
117/1000
microbes fill ________ pound per square inch
14.7
under 5 mortality rate in Sierra Leone
182/1000
what comes from glycolysis
2 ATP and 2 NADH
what does the krebs cycle yield
2 ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2
neonatal mortality rate in singapore
2/1000
how big are viruses
20 nm - 450 nm
our atmospher is ______ % oxygen and ___% nitrogen
20, 79
how many viruses impact human
21
under 5 mortality rate in singapore
3/1000
what it the lowest life expenctancy world wide
39 years
small viruses can have as few as _______- GENES
4
life expectancy in the US in 1900
45 years leading cause of death tuberculosis
infant mortality rate in the US today
5.8/1000 births
most organisms live between pH of
6-8
A cell typically contains ______ water. Multiple choice question. 15% 5% 70% 40%
70
what is the life expectancy in the US todya
78.8 years
what is the highest life expectancy
83 years
Photoautotrophs
=traps energy contained in light -converts it to chemical energy stored in chmical bonds
how many viruses are described
>30,000
What is a mutation? Multiple choice question. An error created in the copying of DNA to RNA A translation error resulting in a dysfunctional protein A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell
What is sterilization? Multiple choice question. A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat A process that completely removes or destroys all vegetative microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, except viruses, from an object or habitat
A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat
disinfection
A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacteria spores, from inanimate objects -inanimate objects
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Photoheterotrophs
An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
methods of moist heat
Boiling Autoclaving Pasteurization Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization
Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7? Multiple choice question. Acidophiles Mesophiles Alkainophiles Thermophiles Neutrophiles
acidophiles
colony forming units
CFU
how is the number of viable cells counted
CFU= counted times dilution
Ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by blocking __________ replication and enzymatic actions.
DNA
Mutation can provide adaptive advantages for cells, such as ______. Multiple choice question. acquired drug resistance faster replication nonfunctional enzymes
acquired drug resistance
nucleic acids in viruses
DNA or RNA, single or double stranded
repair of mutations
DNA polymerase proofreads the new strand against the old strand. If errors occur in sex cells - mutation may be passed onto offspring. If errors occur in body cells- cancer may result
The central theme of biology indicates that genetic information flows from ______. Multiple choice question. DNA to RNA to protein protein to DNA to RNA RNA to protein to DNA RNA to DNA to protein
DNA to RNA to protein
Complexes of iodine and alcohol are called
Iodophors
Which is FALSE regarding binary fission? Multiple choice question. Like meiosis in eukaryotes, it specifically produces daughter cells with genetic variation. It is a type of asexual reproduction. Daughter cells are identical to each other. Division involves the formation of a protein band that resembles actin and tubulin of eukaryotes.
Like meiosis in eukaryotes, it specifically produces daughter cells with genetic variation.
anabolism
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Coenzyme carriers
NAD and FAD
Are enzymes used up in a reaction?
No. Keep using them
Cholera Epidemic
One of the first epidemics of disease to be studied by epidemiological methods.
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.
prions
Proteinaceous infectious particles
In the central theme of molecular biology, DNA encodes____________ which encodes protein.
RNA
Which factor enables certain laboratory animals to propagate viruses more readily than others? Multiple choice question. Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts Immune status of particular animal hosts Whether or not a virus can infect the bacteria carried by particular animal hosts
Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts
what happened with germ theory and sanitation in 1880's
Robert Koch and Louis Pastuer -microbes carry diseases which can be prevented
Soaps and quats are commonly used for ______. Multiple select question. Sanitization of the home Disinfection of medical equipment Disinfection of drinking water Skin cleansing Sanitization of food preparation equipment Sterilization of diagnostic instruments Disinfection of restrooms
Sanitization of the home Skin cleansing Sanitization of food preparation equipment Disinfection of restrooms
where is the lowest life expectancy
Sierra-Leone
How does conjugation occur?
The bacterium transfers some of its genetic material to another through a thin, threadlike bridge. After the transfer, they separate and form 2 bacteria, one with new genetic material. Conjugation doesn't create new bacteria, but it creates bacteria with new genetic material.
Sterilization
The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
transduction
The transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage.
Which of the following types of radiation can damage microbes? Multiple select question. Ultraviolet Alpha Neutron Ionizing
UV ionizing
harmful radiation
UV, Xray, cosmic rays
viruses are filterable
Viruses are small enough to pass through 200 micron filters, but bacteria cannot -smaller than bacteria
Photolyase
activated by light, enzyme can repair thymine dimers caused by UV radiation
Which of the following best describes a prion? Multiple choice question. RNA-based infectious agent obligate aerobe abnormal protein fibrils obligate intracellular parasite
abnormal protein fibrils
An organism that prefers a habitat where the pH is below 7 is called a(n)
acidophile
Bacterial cells are enumerated as "colony-forming units" because ______. Multiple choice question. motility of cells on plates confuses a direct cell count chains or clusters of bacterial cells may form a colony you can only count colonies, not individual cells the number of cells in a colony can vary with the incubation time
chains or clusters of bacterial cells may form a colony
________ is an important mineral for the stabilization of cell walls and endospores, whereas ______ is needed for cell transport. Multiple choice question. Magnesium; iron Calcium; sodium Calcium; zinc Sodium; calcium
calcium; sodium
cell counting
can differentiate between living and nonliving only if specific dyes are used
obligate intracellular parasites
cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses
covering of viruses
capsid and envelope
A protein subunit that forms the viral capsid is called a(n)
capsomere
hich of the following is the monomeric unit of a viral capsid? Multiple choice question. Amino acid Facet Capsomere Fiber Protein
capsomere
Identical protein subunits that make up the viral capsid are called ______. Multiple choice question. sarcomeres amino acids icosahedrons capsomeres
capsomeres
The nutritional type of a specific microbe is determined by its sources of ______. Multiple choice question. carbon and hydrogen carbon and oxygen carbon and energy oxygen and energy
carbon and energy
The nutritional type of a specific microbe is determined by its sources of ______. Multiple choice question. oxygen and energy carbon and energy carbon and hydrogen carbon and oxygen
carbon and energy
Indicated by the acronym CHONPS, the essential nutrients of microbes include
carbon, oxygen hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphate, aulfure
what elements form microbes
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
The role of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction, acting as a(n) for the reaction.
catalyst
Oxidoreductases
catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons
Which type of detergents are more effective? Multiple choice question. Anionic Cationic
cationic
______ detergents are more effective than ______ detergents. Multiple choice question. Anionic; cationic Cationic; anionic
cationic, anionic
how do natural disasters impact sanitations
causes flooding, and overflowing sewers -carcasses in the water, human waste and animal waste
Eukaryotic vertical gene transfer
cell cycle
what are the exit routes
cell lysis budding from host membrane
chromosome
cell structure of packaged DNA
______ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes. Multiple choice question. Stasis Sanitation Death Sterilization
death
he lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal
death point
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal .
death time
What is desiccation? Multiple choice question. The steaming of microbes for preservation The freezing of microbes for preservation The boiling of microbes for preservation The dehydration of microbes for preservation
dehydration of microbes for preservation
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein
denaturation
What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt? Multiple choice question. Denaturation Hydrolysis Condensation Decompose
denaturation
In DNA, each nucleotide is composed of a sugar called _____ , a nitrogenous_________ , and a __________ group.
deoxyribose base phosphate
Vegetative cells directly exposed to normal room air gradually become dehydrated or ______. Multiple choice question. lysed lyophilized incinerated dessicated
dessicated
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by ______. Multiple select question. producing toxic radicals disrupting enzyme function blocking DNA replication disrupting the cell wall causing mutations in DNA inhibiting RNA synthesis
disrupting enzyme function blocking DNA replication
Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by ______. Multiple select question. inhibiting RNA synthesis disrupting enzyme function disrupting protein activity producing toxic radicals
disrupting enzyme function disrupting protein activity
Cationic detergents typically work by ______. Multiple choice question. inhibiting RNA synthesis inhibiting protein synthesis causing mutations in DNA producing toxic radicals disrupting the cell wall disrupting the cell membrane
disrupting the cell membrane
Ensuring that the DNA code is maintained during DNA replication and cell ________is one of the essential effects of DNA structure.
division
transcription
dna-rna
DRACO
double stranded RNA activated caspase oligomizer 0recognizes viral specific RNA and causes apoptosis of virus infected cells -not approved for use in human
The conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid occurs ______. Multiple choice question. during glycolysis when electrons flow through the electron transport chain during the Krebs cycle
during glyoclysis
Which of the following are true about enzymes? Multiple select question. They can easily be recycled for use in further reactions. They speed up the rate of metabolism. Possess an active site for interaction with substrate They are stable in a large range of environmental conditions. They are chemically altered during a reaction.
hey can easily be recycled for use in further reactions. They speed up the rate of metabolism. Possess an active site for interaction with substrate
An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n)
holoenzyme
Gene transfer that results in organisms acquiring genes that did not come directly from parent organisms is called ___________ gene transfer.
horizontal
Transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms is called ______ gene transfer. Multiple choice question. sequential horizontal vertical diagonal
horizontal
enveloped viruses steal a bit of the ______ cells membrane when they are released
host
Since the hepatitis B virus can only infect liver cells in humans and not in other animals, its _______________- --___________________ is considered to be highly restrictive.
host range
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Multiple choice question. Spread Virus range Host range Compatible range
host range
Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occurs when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a _____________ environment.
hypertonic
The use of sugar or salt to preserve food creates a ___________ environment for the bacteria in the foods.
hypertonic
misfolded prions
improperly folded forms of the normal prions that are present in healthy individuals -qccumulate in brain -result in memory impairment, personality changes
where can transposons be
in chromosome or in a plasmid
Methods to study viruses that use living animals are called _____ methods, whereas methods that use tissue culture are called _____ methods. Multiple choice question. in vivo; in vitro in vitro; in vivo
in vivo; in vitro
Heavy metals typically kill microbes by ______. Multiple choice question. inhibiting RNA synthesis inactivating proteins disrupting the cell membrane disrupting the cell wall producing toxic radicals causing mutations in DNA
inactivating proteins
dry heat methods
incineration, hot air oven
Masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection are called___________ bodies.
inclusion
One type of cytopathic effect is the accumulation of ______, compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles within an infected host cell. Multiple choice question. syncytia vacuoles Golgi bodies inclusion bodies
inclusion bodies
Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles caused by viral infection of a cell? Multiple choice question. syncytium giant cell inclusion body
inclusion body
fermentation
incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates
Enzymes _______ the speed of chemical reactions in the body. Multiple choice question. energize increase decrease
increase
virus vertical gene transfer
infecting a host cell and hijacking its replication machinery
pinocytosis
ingestion of liquids such as oils or molecules in solutions
Inhibition of an enzyme that involves a mimic molecule interacting with the active site so that a substrate cannot bind is called
inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
Which of the following are in vivo methods for viral cultivation? Multiple select question. inoculating mice with viruses inoculating chicken eggs with viruses inoculating tissue culture cells with viruses
inoculating mice inoculating chicken
cofactor
inorganic ions or organic molecules that are essential for enzyme action
viscerotropic
internal organs
Which term identifies a sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein? Multiple choice question. intron promoter mutation exon
intron
Found interspersed between portions of the coding region within a eukaryotic gene, one to several sequences that do not code for protein are called ______. Multiple choice question. terminators exons promoters introns
introns
What element is NOT an essential nutrient for a microbe? Multiple choice question. Phosphorus Iron Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen
iron
ATP utilization and replenishment
is a constant cycle in active cells
spectophotometer
measures the cloudiness of a liquid -more cloudiness= more particles=more bacteria=more absorption of light
eukaryotes recombine DNA during ___________
meisosis
synergism
members cooperate and share nutrients
Cationic detergents disrupt the cell
membrane
Which type of RNA is a copy of a structural gene that codes for a protein? Multiple choice question. ribosomal RNA transfer RNA messenger RNA primer RNA micro RNA
messenger rna
The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed
metabolism
The term pertaining to all the chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell is
metabolism
A microbe that is harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of oxygen in its metabolism is a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. obligate anaerobe anaerobe microaerophile facultative anaerobe
microaerophole
An agent's effect on cells is known as its ____________ of action.
mode
Boiling water and steam are examples of ______ heat. Multiple choice question. dry moist
moist
diffusion
molecules move from high to low concentration
death phase
more cells are dying than dividing
Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome is called a(n)
mutation
are infected cells always immediately lysed
no
are viruses cells
no
do antibiotics for bacterial infections have any impact on viruses
no
is liquid sterile after pasteruization
no
Which type of inhibition involves a regulatory molecule that binds to a site other than the active site? Multiple choice question. noncompetitive competitive
non competitive
Inhibition of an enzyme that involves a second site known as the regulatory site is
noncompetitive
most microbes live at a ____________ atmospheric pressure
normal
many mutations ___________ repaired
not
Viruses have a compact and economical structure that is ______. Multiple choice question. colonial not cellular cellular multicellular
not cellular
regulated enzymes
not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in the substrate concentration
central core of viruses
nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (never both) usually only enough for a couple genes, sometimes called "genetic parasites", proteins also can contain some proteins usually polymerases to replicate their own DNA or RNA but must use host cell machinery
All organisms require an influx of substances from their habitat to meet their_________ needs for chemical elements and energy.
nutrition
Chemoheterotrophs
obtain atp through catabolism of organic materials via redox reactions
large mutation
occur on the chromosomal level
Heavy metal germicides come in which of the following forms? Multiple select question. solid capsules ointments aqueous solutions
ointment and aqueous solutions
Some animal viruses are called ______ because they enter a host cell and permanently alter its genetic material, leading to cancer. Multiple choice question. mutagenic pathogenic latent oncogenic
oncogenic
What term refers to a virus that can lead to cancer? Multiple choice question. Mutagenic virus Carcinogenic virus Oncogenic virus
oncogenic virus
The viable plate method is based on the principle that each colony represents ______ cell or colony-forming unit from the original sample. Multiple choice question. three one two
one
commensalism
one partner benefits; other member not harmed
Viruses have tropisms, that is they can infect ______. Multiple choice question. all cells in certain organisms cells that are already infected both animal and plant cells only cells of a certain tissue type
only cells of a certain tissue typw
viable plate count
only counts living cells
In bacterial cells, a group of genes that is regulated as a single unit is called a(n)
operon
Which unit in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes? Multiple choice question. Regulator Operon Codon Operator Promoter
operon
Bacterial and archaeal genes are arranged into
operons
terminal electron acceptors=
organic compounds
saprobe
organism that obtains food from decaying organic matter
nonsymbiotic
organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival
symbiotic
organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both member
A microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium is called a(n)
osmophile
Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration? Multiple choice question. Hyperphile Neutrophile Osmophile
osmophile
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ______. Multiple choice question. endocytosis active transport osmosis hypertonic transport
osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration is called
osmosis
Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane? Multiple choice question. Active transport Osmosis Hypotonic Diffusion
osmosis
In addition to the availability of nutrients, which environmental factors influence microbes?
pH osmotic pressures radiation
basic
pH greater than 7
acidic
pH less than 7
parasitism
parasite is dependent and benefit host harmed
In which type of symbiosis is one organism harmed while the partner benefits? Multiple choice question. commensalism parasitism mutualism
parasitism
Items are classified as critical, semicritical, or noncritical based on ______. Multiple choice question. the chemical composition of the item the cost of the item parts of the body contacted by the item
parts of the body contacted by the item
Infections in which cells harbor the virus but are not immediately lysed are called _______infections.
persistent
______ infections, when the cell harbors a virus and is not immediately lysed, can last from a few weeks to the remainder of the host's life. Multiple choice question. Acute Persistent Active
persistent
Although they do have some drawbacks, heavy metals are used for ______. Multiple select question. prevention of infection disinfection of reusable dental equipment preservatives controlling microbial growth on objects disinfection of drinking water skin cleansing disinfection of medical equipment and facilities
prevention of infection preservatives controlling microbial growth on objects skin cleansing
An infectious agent made up of only protein and associated with spongiform encephalopathies is a(n)
prion
Which disease-causing agent is resistant to both heat and chemicals? Multiple choice question. bacteria prions fungi helminths
prions
Microbes from smallest to largest.
prions-viruses-bacteria-yeast-protozoa-helminths
Although the outer shell of viruses is made of ______, viruses lack the machinery to produce those shell components on their own. Multiple choice question. nucleic acid lipid carbohydrate protein
protein
Although the outer shell of viruses is made of ______, viruses lack the machinery to produce those shell components on their own. Multiple choice question. protein carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid
protein
Most host cell receptors that viruses attach to are actually ______that the cell uses in normal function.
protein
basic structure of a virus
protein shell surrounding nucleic acid core
Glutaraldehyde affects what type of macromolecules? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
proteins
Most host cell receptors that viruses attach to are actually____________ that the cell uses in normal function.
proteins
Viruses typically attach to what type of host membrane receptors? Multiple choice question. lipids proteins nucleic acids
proteins
Which type of macromolecules is affected by heavy metals? Multiple choice question. phospholipids proteins peptidoglycan nucleic acids
proteins
Which type of macromolecules is affected by heavy metals? Multiple choice question. proteins peptidoglycan nucleic acids phospholipids
proteins
enzymes
proteins that catalyze reactions -speed up chemical reactions -catabolic or anabolic
The study of an organism's complement of proteins and the functions mediated by those proteins is called
proteomics
what is glucose broken into
pyruvic acid
Ultraviolet light and ionizing rays are types of__________ that can damage microbes.
radiation
Which term refers to energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space? Multiple choice question. dispersion diffraction radiation dissipation
radiation
In addition to the availability of nutrients, which environmental factors influence microbes? Multiple select question. radiation pH rock formations osmotic pressures
radiation pH osmotic pressure
spontaneous mutations
random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause
stationary phase
rate of division slows, equal division and death
endergonic
reactions use energy
isomerases
rearrange atoms
he combination of genetic material from two different organisms is the primary intent of ______________ DNA technology.
recombinant
genetic engineering
recombinant DNA technology -researchers recombine DNA from different organisms
Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms? Multiple choice question. Reproduction Mutation Heredity Recombination
recombination
antispesis
reduce bacteria, can be used on tissue
In which stage of viral multiplication would you expect to see "budding" occur? Multiple choice question. Absorption Release Penetration Synthesis Assembly
release
Exergonic
releases energy -catabolism
RNA virus synthesis
replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm
The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA ______. Multiple choice question. transcription translation replication
replication
To ensure that each new cell has a complete genome, DNA ________ must occur prior to cell division.
replication
synthesis
replication adn protein production: virus makes copies of itself
obligate aerobes
require O2 for cellular respiration 20%
capnophiles
require increased amount of carbon dioxide 5-10%
obligate anaerobes
require no oxygen
microaerophiles
require oxygen concentration lower than air 5%
what happens if cell lack compatible virus receptos
resistant to adsorption by that virus
catabolism
respiration=series of reactions that convert glucose into co2 -cell captures energy
An enzyme that creates breaks in the double helix by severing the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides on both strands of DNA is a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. DNA polymerase restriction endonuclease topoisomerase DNA ligase
restriction endonuclease
An enzyme present naturally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA is called a(n)
restriction enzymes
An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called ______. Multiple choice question. retro transcriptase reverse translation reverse transcriptase reversable genetics
reverse transcriptase
An enzyme that can synthesize DNA from RNA is called ______. Multiple choice question. DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase replicase RNA polymerase
reverse transcriptase
The enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA is called
reverse transcriptase
The enzyme that can produce DNA from an RNA template is called ______. Multiple choice question. DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase RNA polymerase DNA ligase
reverse transcriptase
The site of protein synthesis is the
ribosome
Translation involves the assembly of a protein from amino acids on a ______. Multiple choice question. ribosome peroxisome lysosome Golgi body
ribosome
translation
rna-protein
Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Which type of microorganism feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms? Multiple choice question. autotroph lithotroph parasite saprobe
saprobe
Which term describes a heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms? Multiple choice question. Lithotroph Saprobe Autotroph
saprone
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Most human viral infections are ______. Multiple choice question. self-limiting chronic for life lethal
self limiting
Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______. Multiple choice question. critical noncritical semicritical
semicritical
Devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes are called ______. Multiple choice question. semicritical critical noncritical
semicritical
ethylene oxide as a chemical agent
significant limitations
