Exam 2 POSC
Which amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators? Seventeenth Sixteenth Twelfth Tenth
17th
Which amendment governs freedom of press? The Fifth Amendment The Eighth Amendment The Second Amendment The First Amendment
1st
What is a delegate? A document that lays out a party's core beliefs A group of party members in a legislature A person that attempts to influence the decision making of legislators An official representative sent to a conference
An official representative sent to a conference
Which political figure understood that democratic government must be responsive to the will of the people and once claimed, "Our government rests on public opinion"? George W. Bush Franklin Roosevelt Abraham Lincoln Thomas Jefferson
Abe Lincoln
Which statement accurately identifies party identification of Latinos and African Americans? Latinos are more likely to be Republicans, but African Americans are more likely to be Independents. African Americans are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, and both parties compete for Latino support. Latinos and African Americans are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. Latinos are roughly equally split among the parties, but African Americans are more likely to be Republicans.
African Americans are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, and both parties compete for Latino support.
Which of the following is an example of selective exposure? A voter refuses to listen to any news or watch news on television. An individual only listens to news on the radio from a single source. A person has multiple friends with different backgrounds who all have different political ideologies. A student seeks multiple types of news sources and a blend of soft and hard news stories.
An individual only listens to news on the radio from a single source.
What are selective benefits? Quid pro quo arrangements that exchange money for favors Fees that the members pay to join an interest group Benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group Goods provided by the government from which everyone benefits
Benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group
Boing Boing, Techcrunch, Talking Points Memo, and Engadget are all examples of which type of media, which provides forums for commentary, video postings, and general conversation, and allows average citizens to express their opinions to a wider audience? Blogs Newspapers Radio Television
Blogs
Which Supreme Court decision that upheld limits on donations to congressional campaigns resulted in the expansion of political action committees (PACs)? New York Times v. Sullivan Mapp v. Ohio Buckley v. Valeo Griswold v. Connecticut
Buckley v. valeo
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that blanket primaries were unconstitutional? Griswold v. Connecticut Marbury v. Madison California Democratic Party v. Jones Buckley v. Valeo
Cali Dems. v Jones
Which federal agency oversees the regulation of electronic media? Consumer Financial Protections Bureau Federal Bureau of Investigations Federal Communications Commission Department of Homeland Security
FCC
The press concealed the health of which president, thereby preserving his public image? Franklin Delano Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Theodore Roosevelt George Washington
FDR
Which president is most closely associated with fireside chats? Ronald Reagan Franklin Roosevelt John Kennedy Abraham Lincoln
FDR
What was the series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support the ratification of the Constitution called? The Articles of Confederation Public Occurrences The Federalist Papers The Sentiments of Democracy
Fed papers
What have preliminary studies of twins suggested about the formation of political attitudes? Early family socialization plays no role in the formation of political attitudes. Genetics may play a role in the formation of political attitudes. Political attitudes are not influenced by either socialization or genetics. Genetics are irrelevant to the formation of political attitudes.
Genetics may play a role in the formation of political attitudes.
What does the party organization do? Creates norms about how voters cast their ballots States the party ideology in writing Ensures that elected representatives support certain policies and not others Guides how a party operates at the federal, state, and local levels
Guides how a party operates at the federal, state, and local levels
A college student gets most news online from sources such as the Huffington Post and Daily Kos. In contrast, the student's grandparent reads a print version of the Wall Street Journal from cover to cover. Which term best describes the grandparent's consumption of news? Soft news Hard news Classified listings Yellow journalism
Hard news
What is the median voter theorem? In a two-party race, if voters select candidates on the basis of ideology and everyone participates equally, the party closer to the middle will win. The structure that one legislative seat represents citizens who live in a geographically defined district. An electoral system that assigns party delegates according to vote share in a presidential primary election. An electoral system in which whoever wins the most votes in an election wins the election.
In a two-party race, if voters select candidates on the basis of ideology and everyone participates equally, the party closer to the middle will win.
An interest group forms in order to tackle the environmental issue of fracking. The leaders decide to use social media sites and e-mail to ensure their members register and to provide updates on developments and legislation. What interest group activity does this represent? Informing Lobbying Protesting Campaigning
Informing
Which problem is most specific to internet polling? It lacks security and is more likely to be tampered with by political campaigns. It tends to have older sample populations because older people are more likely to be retired and therefore available. It may be biased against older and poor Americans who are less likely to have internet access. It may be biased against younger Americans who are more likely to move around frequently.
It may be biased against older and poor Americans who are less likely to have internet access.
Which assessment of the 1960 debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy is considered correct? Most television watchers thought Nixon won, and most radio listeners thought Kennedy won. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Nixon won. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Kennedy won. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won.
Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won.
When thinking about the relationship between religion and public opinion, which of the following statements is most accurate? Protestants tend to be more liberal and affiliate with the Democratic party at higher rates than Catholics or Jews. Muslims tend to be more conservative than Protestants and Catholics. Muslims respond with less support of same-sex relationships than Americans more generally. When surveyed, nearly all Jews describe themselves as conservative.
Muslims respond with less support of same-sex relationships than Americans more generally.
Which interest group is unaffiliated with government and works hard to preserve its neutrality so it can operate in as many parts of the world as possible? Single-issue groups Trade association Foreign policy groups Nongovernmental organizations
NGOs
Which Supreme Court case determined that proof of malice was a prerequisite for a libel conviction? Near v. Minnesota Loving v. Virginia New York Times v. Sullivan Gibbons v. Ogden
NYT v. Sullivan
Which Supreme Court case limited the government's ability to suppress a news story? Gibbons v. Ogden Loving v. Virginia Mapp v. Ohio Near v. Minnesota
Near v. Minnesota
Which piece of legislation was passed to reform the civil service by requiring that government jobs be filled based on qualifications rather than political connections? McCain-Feingold Act Stamp Act Emancipation Proclamation Pendleton Act
Pendleton act
A group of voters concerned with the issue of climate change believes that the government will act in their best interest, but does not think what they do really matters. Given this information, which of the following statements is true about political trust and efficacy? Political trust and efficacy are low Political trust and efficacy are high Political trust is high, whereas efficacy is low Political trust is low, whereas efficacy is high
Political trust is high, whereas efficacy is low
Which president started his own newspaper to get his message out regarding issues of the day? Theodore Roosevelt James K. Polk Thomas Jefferson George Washington
Polk
Which Republican president attracted significant support from working-class, ethnic, northern, and southern white voters? Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush George W. Bush Richard Nixon
Reagan
What is the term for people who have blue-collar jobs and support the Republican party because they believe in a conservative social agenda and a decreased role for government welfare-based programs? Obama Democrats Reagan Democrats Bush Republicans Nixon Republicans
Reagan democrats
What did the Supreme Court case Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007) determine? The Supreme Court upheld limits on donations to congressional campaigns. The Supreme Court ruled that limiting campaign spending for corporations was a violation of free speech. The Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue based it was protected under the guarantee of free speech. The Supreme Court ruled that targeting a public figure does not constitute libel.
The Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue based it was protected under the guarantee of free speech.
A highly qualified person is running for a seat on the House of Representatives. The candidate beats her opponents in the election but does not get 50 percent or more of the votes. In a single-member plurality system, what does this mean? The candidate has not won yet and still needs to win the electoral college vote. The candidate wins because only a plurality of votes is needed. The candidate does not win. The candidate wins a percentage of the representation based on the percentage of the candidate's votes.
The candidate wins because only a plurality of votes is needed.
What was the Supreme Court's ruling in McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission? The decision ruled that an individual cannot contribute to every single candidate running for federal office. The decision removed limits on how much money can be given to one candidate. The court determined that unions can spend as much money as they want on issue ads. The decision removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.
The decision removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.
Which phrase best defines political trust? The extent to which people evaluate the job of the president or Congress The extent to which people have attitudes or beliefs about certain issues The extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interests The extent to which people believe their actions can affect election outcomes
The extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interests
Which was a result of the Pentagon Papers Supreme Court decision? No federal agencies can regulate electronic media, but they can regulate print media. The media must submit controversial news stories to the courts prior to publication. The government can prevent news stories by claiming publication would be detrimental to national security. The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint.
The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint.
Why do candidates who are elected from third parties like Ross Perot and Ralph Nader have little influence in legislatures? They have no party organization to join in the legislature. They are not allowed to speak in legislative sessions. They cannot participate in legislative votes. They cannot be elected to the Senate.
They have no party organization to join in the legislature.
How did the Framers feel about the public's capacity to be politically informed and make good choices? They were concerned about the public's ability to make good political decisions. They felt that most of the public was trustworthy, although there were a few "bad eggs." They were unsure about the public's ability but felt the public deserved a chance to participate in a true and complete democracy regardless. They completely trusted the public's ability to make political decisions.
They were concerned about the public's ability to make good political decisions.
Who is the only president to receive an approval rating higher than 90 percent? Franklin Roosevelt George W. Bush John Kennedy Ronald Reagan
W.
Who uncovered the Watergate scandal? Walter Cronkite Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Chet Huntley and David Brinkley Stephen Colbert
Woodward and Bernstein
If a person's parents are strict adherents to one political party, what is the likelihood that the person will also affiliate with the same party? About 67 percent About 33 percent About 88 percent About 95 percent
about 67%
In the mid-1990s, virtually every form of media—TV news, magazines, newspapers, and radio—covered O.J. Simpson's murder trial, a criminal court case involving the former football player and the suspicious deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. The O.J. trial captivated the nation for years. What is the effect called when news covers an item so frequently that the audience begins to see the issue as immensely important? Soft news Yellow journalism Muckraking Agenda setting
agenda setting
Which factor poses the biggest threat to the television evening news? A lack of hard news The prominence of "technical difficulties" An aging audience A lack of qualified journalists
aging audience
Which of the following describes a type of brief that interest groups submit as "friends of the court"? Dissenting Quid pro quo Amicus curiae Concurring
amicus curiae
The phone rings and a person answers the call. A computerized voice on the other end asks the person, "Regardless of how you are registered to vote, do you tend to think of yourself more as (1) a Republican, (2) a Democrat, or (3) an Independent voter?" The person selects the answer that best aligns with their political party affiliation. Why type of poll is this? Automated Call-in In-person Internet
automated
Established in 1974, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust "engages the public in educational and aesthetic experiences to foster an appreciation of architecture, design, and the legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright." Because it is a 501(c)(3) organization with tax-exempt status, what is the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust not allowed to do? Campaign for a candidate or party Explain issues to the public related to elections Counsel the public on election procedures Produce voter education guides
campaign for candidate or party
What type of primary is restricted to voters affiliated with a particular party? Closed Blanket Open Unopposed
closed
A student in the class thinks there should be tougher laws prohibiting marijuana. The student also thinks that if the government runs out of money it should cut back on services instead of raising taxes or borrowing. Which political ideology best fits with the student's beliefs? Communitarian Conservative Libertarian Liberal
conservative
What has happened to newspaper readership since the 1990s? It has declined for younger age groups, but it has remained stable for older age groups. It has declined for both younger and older age groups. It has risen for older age groups, but it has declined for younger age groups. It has remained stable for both younger and older age groups.
declined for old and young
Which party established itself as the party for civil rights for African Americans in the 1960s? The Federalists The Democratic Party The Green Party The Republican Party
dems
Democratic President Barack Obama won reelection in 2012 by a margin of 51 to 47 percent. After the election, there was a Republican majority in the House. What is it called when the executive and legislative branches align with different parties? Bipartisan Responsible parties Divided government Democratic policy control
divided government
What is a group that forms to advance the financial status of its members called? Economic interest group Citizens' group Ideological interest group Single-issue groups
economic
Which term refers to the extent to which people believe their actions affect the course of government? Confidence interval Conceptualization Efficacy Political trust
efficacy
Which type of poll is conducted as voters are leaving the voting booth? Tracking Push Exit Absentee
exit
What is the name for the small, divisive groups James Madison feared would divide the young nation? Cults Factions Fraternities Interest group
factions
What did the Framers who favored ratification of the Constitution call themselves? Federalists Republicans Antifederalists Democrats
feds
After September 11th raised to the th power President George W. Bush declared war in the Middle East in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which term best describes the ways the media emphasized the issue of fighting terrorism and presented war in a favorable light? Framing Agenda setting Priming Hard news
framing
If a group lobbies for public goods or collective benefits that are so widespread that members and nonmembers alike receive them, incentives to join the group disappear. What is this collective action dilemma called? Iron triangle Issue network Revolving door Free rider
free rider
Which term describes the differences in political attitudes between men and women? Self-interest Polarization Gender gap Glass ceiling
gender gap
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 were a defining event that caused Americans to change their views on national security and express a willingness to give up some personal freedom to reduce the threat of terrorism. Which term best captures this effect? Polarization Ideology Generational effect A nonattitude
generational effect
The organization MoveOn.org explains its purpose as "Over the past 20 years, [our members] have...worked together to play a leading role in ending the war in Iraq, passing landmark legislation such as healthcare reform, and advancing the cause of economic fairness." What type of interest group is MoveOn.org? Government agency Single-issue groups Ideological interest group Nongovernmental organization
ideological
Which group increased membership and influenced party organizations in the large northern and midwestern cities during the late nineteenth century? Republicans Immigrants Rural voters Wealthy aristocrats
immigrants
Which of the following statements best describes a current trend regarding social media and how news is circulated? Television news no longer engages in priming or framing. There has been a recent increase in fake news. Soft news has decreased across media types. Propaganda is the most common form of media.
increase in fake news
How has party polarization in Congress changed from the 1970s to present? It has remained stable over this time period. It has declined steadily over this time period. It has increased steadily over this period. It increased until the 1990s and has declined since.
increased steadily
What lobbying strategy keeps policy requests narrowly tailored to the group's needs and tries to influence legislators directly? Outside strategy Inside strategy Coalition building Campaigning
inside strategy
What is a group of citizens with common interests who try to influence public policy to benefit its members called? Interest group Lobbying Iron triangle Revolving door
interest groups
What theory suggests that leaders in any organization eventually behave in their own self-interest? Iron law of oligarchy Free rider Iron triangle Watchdogs
iron law of oligarchy
Coined by Hugh Heclo, which term describes the fluid and open relationship between interest groups and government? Issue networks Public goods Free rider Iron triangle
issue networks
Since the 1980s, the makeup company Mary Kay Inc. has been committed to ending domestic violence against women. In 2005, six sales directors drove to Washington, D.C. to persuade Congress to renew the Violence Against Women Act. What democratic and legitimate form of petitioning did the Mary Kay employees perform? Boycotting Protesting Lobbying Campaigning
lobbying
What is the entity that presents the vast array of sources of information that are available to the public? Broadcast media The news media The penny press The mass media
mass media
Which of the following is an important consideration for interest groups to survive? Electioneering Campaigning One policy priority Membership stability
membership stability
Which model for interpreting public opinion asserts that the news media does not have a lot of influence on the public's thinking about politics? Minimal effects Propaganda Not-so-minimal effects Broadcast media
minimal effects
How do college graduates differ in their perspective about immigration reform when compared with those who have a high school education or less? They are less likely to be knowledgeable about this issue and tend to have no opinion. They feel similarly to those with a lower level of education about immigration reform. They are more opposed to allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens. They are more in favor of allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens.
more in favor of allowing illegal immigrants to be citizens
A voter is looking forward to casting their ballot in the primary election but does not announce an affiliation with either party. The voter is given ballots with each party's list of candidates and can then choose which ballot to use and is restricted to voting for only one party's nominees. What type of primary is this? Blanket Closed Nonpartisan blanket Open
open
Which concept concerns the psychological attachment someone has to a political party? Civic interest Party identification Political trust Self-interest
party identification
Which term refers to the general patterns of party identification among voters and their behavior on election day? Party caucuses Party in the electorate Party in government Party as an organization
party in electorate
What is a long-term shift in voter allegiance from one part to another called? Party dealignment Party realignment Party alignment Party caucus
party realignment
Which system awards government programs and benefits based on political loyalty to a party? Merit Nonpartisan Socialist Patronage
patronage
What does the First Amendment state Americans have the right to do? Refuse military service Peaceably assemble Protest without restriction Overthrow government
peaceful assembly
Which newspaper, headed by Benjamin Franklin and often considered the foundation for modern American news coverage, included sensationalist stories? Philadelphia Gazette New York Sun New York Weekly Journal Public Occurrences
philadelphia gazette
In what type of society do battles over public policy by varied interest groups produce a consensus that serves the public's common interest? Elitist Socialist Pluralist Iron triangle
pluralist
What was wrong with the 1936 Literary Digest poll conducted during the presidential campaign? The wording was biased. The poll's sampling was biased. The poll was conducted too early in the campaign. It did not poll enough people.
polls sampling was biased
In what election do voters choose candidates who will run on the party label in a general election? Primary Party Caucus Ballot
primary
What type of interest group is created in response to an opening or opportunity for social, political, or economic changes? Pluralist Reactive Proactive Nonpartisan
proactive
Which of the mass media eras occurred most recently? The Founding Era The Colonial Era The Professional Era The Partisan Era
professional era
Teddy Roosevelt ran for president under which third party label? Progressive Green Federalist Democrat
progressive
An electoral system that assigns party delegates according to vote share in a presidential primary election or that assigns seats in the legislature according to vote share in a general election is known as what? Closed primary Blanket primary The winner-take-all system Proportional representation
prop. Rep.
The Sierra Club is the largest environmental interest group in the United States. When the group accomplishes its goals, everyone will benefit from cleaner air. In this example, which term best describes air? Selective benefits Public good Free rider problem Pluralism
public goods
One U.S. president read daily newspaper clippings, another held public meetings at the White House, and still another rode his horse into the countryside to talk to the people. Each of these presidents is attempting to influence what? Popular vote Public opinion Focus groups A random sample
public opinion
What polling technique enabled George Gallup to predict correctly the outcome of the 1936 election? Confidence interval sample Restricted sample Random sample Biased sample
random sample
What type of interest group forms in response to a perceived threat? Proactive Pluralist Iron triangle Reactive
reactive
In 2016, the Republican Party controlled both the White House and Congress. Between 2016 and 2020, voters had high expectations and held the Republican party accountable for policy outcomes during that period. What is this standard of expectation among the electorate called? Responsible parties Divided government Party caucuses Single-member plurality
responsible parties
A Republican representative from South Carolina resigned from office in 2013 to become the head of a conservative think tank called the Heritage Foundation. What concept does this example demonstrate? Revolving door Watchdog group Grassroots organization Iron triangle
revolving door
Mariella was a Democrat when she was young, but as she got older and began making more money she became a Republican because she believed Republicans have pursued tax policies that protect individual wealth. In this case, Mariella is choosing a political ideology based upon what? Civic interest Self-interest Generational effect Political trust
self interest
Which issue ignited the formation of the Republican Party? Education Immigration Slavery Unemployment
slavery
Which of the following best describes Facebook? Social networking site Blog Hard news aggregator Infotainment program
social networking site
Two people grow up in different states, eat different kinds of foods, and have different family traditions. Their families are different sizes, practice different religions, and have jobs in different sectors of the economy. Given these major life differences, which of the following terms best describes how each person will have different ideas about their family, community, and politics? Efficacy Polarization Socialization Ideology
socialization
According to journalist David Broder, what is the main factor that contributes to bias in the media? The influence of large corporations The speed with which journalists must act The inability of journalists to recognize their own bias Pressure from the government
speed with which journalists must act
Which of the following statements best describes the party in government? In some states, registered Democrats are only permitted to participate in Democratic primary elections. There are Democrats and Republicans in Congress. Voters have the option to register as Democrats or Republicans. The Republican National Committee writes the Republican Party platform.
there are reps and dems in congress
The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) considers itself the voice for radio and TV broadcasters across the United States. Specifically, it "advances the interests of our members in federal government, industry and public affairs; improves the quality and profitability of broadcasting; encourages content and technology innovation; and spotlights the important and unique ways stations serve their communities." What type of interest group is the NAB? Trade association Nongovernmental organization Ideological interest group Citizens' group
trade association
In the 1960s, members of underrepresented groups such as women and African Americans objected to the Democratic Party's use of the unit rule to nominate presidents, which stated that whoever won the majority of primary or state nominating convention votes won all of the state's delegates. What is this rule called? Proportional representation Superdelegate Blanket primaries The winner-take-all system
winner take all