exam #2 psyc 334 - brian oppy

examples of orienting system

1) Lee can spend hours playing video games without interruption, but his teachers have commented that he often doesn't pay close attention in class and doesn't listen. 2) Matthew is fairly easily distracted by the movements of his classmates, sounds from outside, activity in the hallway, and so on.

explicit memory subcategory examples

1) episodic memory 2) semantic memory

example of familiarity

1) indicating "know" when making a "remember/know" distinction 2) "I know I've seen that actor before ... but in what?"

A diver who studied test material underwater will likely remember the material better if later tested ____________. A diver who studied test material on land will likely remember the material better if later tested ___________.

1) underwater 2) on land

In which of these cases will the individual likely experience interference?

1) Amalia is talking on the phone to her friend while she waits for her number to be called at the DMV. 2) Malik just got his driver's license. He turns the radio up while driving, excited to finally be able to get around town on his own.

Which of the following statements are evidence that complicated material is best learned by making connections to existing knowledge, rather than by using mnemonic strategies?

1) Information presented within a recognizable semantic context is recalled better than information presented without a context. 2) Individual items that are recognized as a meaningful structure are recalled better than those that are not. 3) Students who receive higher grades in a course are more likely to remember the material over a longer delay of time.

Identify the statements that characterize the differences between working memory and long-term memory.

1) The amount of information held in long-term memory is much larger than the amount of information held in working memory. 2) Accessing information held in long-term memory is more difficult than accessing information held in working memory.

Use of a processing pathway _______________ the pathway. In other words, use of a pathway ___________ the pathway's processing fluency

1) strengthens 2) increases

Which of the following topics would be best learned using mnemonic strategies?

1) the order of colors in a rainbow 2) the number of days in each month

In one study, participants completed a dichotic listening task, shadowing one passage while ignoring a second one. Embedded in the unattended channel was a series of names, including the participant's name. Roughly how many participants heard their name when it was spoken?

33%

Which of these students will likely have a relatively easy time multitasking and which will likely have a relatively difficult time?

Easy multitasking 1) Tabitha is trying to finish a crocheted scarf for her best friend's birthday next week, so she is working on it during her lectures. 2) Morris likes to read for his German Literature course while listening to classical music. Difficulty multitasking 1) Toni is participating in her remote lecture via her cell phone while driving. 2) Anika is trying to brainstorm a design for her architecture course while rearranging the furniture in her room.

Participants were instructed to point their eyes at the dot—the fixation target—and make judgments about the "+" that was shown off to the side. At one point in the task, the fixation target briefly changed from a dot to another shape. What did participants notice about this change?

If participants weren't warned about this change, they failed to detect it entirely.

Intentional learning encoding instructions correspond to what learning process?

Memorize these words. You will be asked to recall them later.

Participants in one study viewed a video in which a team of players in white shirts passed a basketball back and forth, while a team of players in black shirts passes a different basketball back and forth. Participants were instructed to keep track of how many times the white-shirted players pass the ball and ignore the black-shirted players. Which of these events occurred while participants completed the task?

Participants fail to notice the gorilla that strolls through the scene

Identify each question/statement as an instance of recall, recognition, or neither.

RECALL: 1) "Please label the four lobes of the brain in this drawing." 2) "Did you go to the post office yesterday to mail that package?" 3) "Did you see this word first or last in the list?" RECOGNITION 1) "Is this the correct way to get to the mall?" 2) "I love this song! Have you heard it before?" 3) "This is Zach. Have you already met?" NEITHER 1) "I can't find my stapler. Can you help me look for it?"

Deep incidental processing encoding instructions corresponds to what learning process?

Rate on a scale from 1 to 5 how much you like each word.

example of alerting system

Siobhan has started every one of her assignments, but she often does not finish them before moving on to something else.

Dr. Parler is conducting an experiment using a dichotic listening task. He instructs participants to shadow the audio playing in their left ears while ignoring the audio in their right ears. In their left ears, participants hear, "You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality," spoken by a man. In their right ears, participants hear, "Heloise long ago reconciled herself to the idea that all is fair in love and war," spoken by a woman. Which of these statements will Dr. Parler's participants most likely report?

WILL REPORT 1) "The speaker said, 'You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.'" 2) "A man was speaking in my left ear." 3) "The speaker in my right ear was a woman."

Which of these errors are you most likely to make when looking at a photo lineup of suspects after you witness a crime?

You recognize one of the people in the lineup, so you indicate that he's the perpetrator. Later, you find out that he was familiar because he drives the bus you take to sometimes go to the mall.

creating a slideshow file

acquisition

organizing information by the first letter of each item

acronym

This timeline depicts events in Amalia's life that she can remember (in green) and cannot remember (red). When did her anterograde amnesia start?

between "high school graduation" and "completed in city bike race"

Which type of processing leads to the best memory recall?

deep and elaborate

The skill through which a person performs multiple tasks simultaneously is referred to as

divided attention

The mechanism through which people choose where to focus their attention—often on the basis of some meaningful signal—is referred to as ___________ control of attention.

endogenous

Clive Wearing suffers from amnesia. Specifically, he experiences massive disruptions to his _______ memory.

episodic

searching the browser folder and opening the slideshow file

retrieval

viewing a browser containing folders with different files in each

storage

The process of spreading activation directly parallels the process of communication between neurons. What term should replace "neuron(s)" in the following statement in order to make it about spreading activation instead of neural communication? Neurons receive activation from other neurons; once a neuron reaches its threshold, it fires, sending activation to other neurons.

node (s)

What storage buffer is best equipped to maintain - following the storyline of a movie?

episodic buffer

While describing the movie she saw last night to a friend, Kavya cannot remember the name of her favorite actress who played the lead role. Later, the actress's name suddenly pops into Kavya's mind. Which phase of memory was likely disrupted when Kavya was talking with her friend?

retrieval

What storage buffer is best equipped to maintain - imagining the spatial layout of your home?

visuospatial buffer

Why does Stroop interference occur?

word recognition proceeds automatically

Place these processing stages in order according to the feature integration theory.

parallel processing of features in the display, focused processing of individual stimuli

Demonstrations of exogenous control of attention.

1) Austin is trying to read his textbook in the living room, but his roommate is playing a video game with lots of flashing graphics. He keeps catching himself watching the game instead of studying. 2) Mindy is driving on the highway. She suddenly hears the loud siren of an emergency vehicle behind her and quickly looks up at her rearview mirror.

Demonstrations of endogenous control of attention

1) Cameron is at a party with lots of people. He is doing his best to ignore the other conversations around him so that he can focus on the conversation he is having with his classmate. 2) Kena has a long list of chores to finish. For now, though, she is focused on the laundry.

examples of change blindness

1) Dillon is watching the movie Spiderman. He fails to notice a lamp that Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spiderman) just broke is fully intact mere seconds later in the scene. 2) While reading a magazine, Jerome comes across a "Can you spot the difference?" game, but he can't see how the two images differ from each other.

Which of these scenarios are examples of source confusion?

1) Janice is angry with her sister for ruining her favorite sweater. She doesn't realize yet that it happened in her dream last night, not real life. 2) Your mom decides to download a memory app because she remembers reading in an article that it prevents memory declines. Actually, she heard that in a commercial for the app.

Swiss psychologist Édouard Claparède shook the hand of a woman with Korsakoff's amnesia. He secretly positioned a pin in his hand, though, so that the patient received a painful pinprick when they clasped hands. Identify the ways in which the patient reacted the next day when Claparède reached out to shake her hand again.

1) She refused to shake his hand. 2) She vaguely said, "Sometimes pins are hidden in people's hands."

examples of inattentional blindness

1) You have been looking around the living room for 10 minutes for your keys. Your roommate walks by and picks them up off the coffee table that was right in front of you the whole time. 2) Martha looked in the mirror at least a dozen times while getting dressed for work this morning, but she still failed to notice the pen stain on the front pocket of her blouse.

Gaining new information at the _____________ stage of memory depends both on the richness of the knowledge already in ________ to which you can connect the new information and on the degree of organization supported by the _________ paths so that you can find the new material later.

1) acquisition 2) storage 3) retrieval

Nodes receive activation from connected nodes. As more activation arrives at a node, the _________________ or that node increases. With sufficient activation, the node will fire. In the case of ___________________ the node will not fire. For this node to fire, it will need ________________

1) activation level 2) a subthreshold input 3) additional input (s)

If you need to memorize simple material and maintain it in memory for a short period of time, using ________ to organize the information is effective. However, if you need to learn complex material and retain it in memory for a long period of time, using ___________ to organize and understand the meaning of the material is a better approach.

1) an external skeleton 2) established knowledge

The digits in a digit-span task are maintained in working memory through subvocalization in the ______________ and active processing in the central executive. With concurrent articulation, rehearsal of the numbers by subvocalization is __________, which results in a ____________ measure of memory span.

1) articulatory loop 2) disrupted 3) smaller

Working memory is a system with several components. The __________ governs the selection and sequence of thoughts held in different temporary storage units. Verbal information is held in the ____________ whereas spatial information is held in the ____________ The _____________ which was recently added to this structure, assists in organizing information into chronological sequences.

1) central executive 2) articulatory loop 3) visuospatial buffer 4) episodic buffer

__________ are usually revealed by indirect memory testing, such as a ____________, ____________ are usually revealed by direct memory testing, such as a ________________.

1) implicit memories 2) word-stem completion task 3) explicit memories 4) recall test

According to the modal model, raw visual inputs are held in __________ while raw auditory inputs are held in __________ for a few seconds before either being selected for further processing or fading away.

1) ionic memory 2) echoic memory

According to the early selection hypothesis, unattended input receives ___________ analysis; it __________ then perceived.

1) little to no 2) is not

Imagine that a soccer ball rolls past you. During the __________ you will process the colors, the shape, the direction of its movement, its speed, et cetera. How do you ultimately perceive a soccer ball instead of black + white + sphere + moving, though? This question is referred to as the ____________

1) preattentive stage 2) binding problem

Place the strategies in order according to the memory recall performance they would yield, from best to worst.

1) reading your textbooks and thinking about how the ideas connect to the lecture material and your everyday life. 2) reading a list of words aloud over and over 3) recognizing the correct logo for an Apple product by looking at it daily

examples of semantic memory

1) recognizing the color green 2) understanding how to use a smartphone 3) recalling that your best friend's name growing up was Aylin

examples of source memory

1) remembering that you learned about source memory and familiarity in Chapter 7 of your textbook 2) indicating "remember" when making a "remember/know" distinction 3) A patient with Capgras syndrome recognizes that his father looks like his father but thinks this person is an imposter.

examples of episodic memory

1) remembering what color sweater you wore yesterday 2) recalling the selfie you took on your phone from the first time you visited your college campus 4) recalling the day that you first met your best friend, Aylin

You are studying in your living room for an upcoming psychology exam. While studying, your roommate makes a snack in the kitchen, which reminds you that you need to buy bread and milk. Which of these events will you likely experience after this?

1) the next time that you walk through the living room, you'll be reminded of your upcoming exam 2) during the exam, you'll remember that you still need to go the grocery store 3) the next time that you walk through the living room, you'll be reminded of your upcoming exam

Patients with damage to their prefrontal cortex often demonstrate impairments to their executive control mechanisms. They will, for instance, show perseveration errors and goal neglect. Identify each behavior as an example of a perseveration error or of goal neglect.

Goal neglect: 1) When playing a game (e.g., chess), patients will generally fail to plan several moves ahead as needed. 2) goal neglect - picture image attached Perseveration error: 1) If the spare house key has been under the rock by the front door previously, the patient will continuously look for it there even if it has been moved and is clearly no longer kept under the rock. 2) After sorting a deck of cards into two piles based on color, patients struggle to change their sorting behavior when the sorting rule changes.

Dr. Volt has an idea for a study: Participants will be exposed to a series of trials in which the sound of a dog barking will be reliably followed by a mild electric shock to condition a fear reaction, but other sounds (a baby crying, a bell, and a phone ringing) will not be followed by a shock. When later exposed to the dog barking on its own, the participants' bodily arousal will be measured. The patients will also be asked directly, "Which sound preceded the shock?" Which behaviors would you expect from a participant with hippocampal damage by the end of the experiment? From a participant with damage to the amygdala?

Damaged amygdala 1) Will remember which sound was paired with the shock 2) Will not fear the sound of the dog barking Damaged hippocampus 1) Will fear the sound of the dog barking 2) Will not remember which sound was paired with the shock

linking the items to one another through mental pictures

interactive imagery

What can we learn about attention from studies of patients with unilateral neglect syndrome?

1) Attention is object-based 2) Attention is space-based

According to the late selection hypothesis, unattended input receives _____________, analysis; selection occurs __________ the analysis is finished.

1) complete 2) after

Place the events that lead to the sense of familiarity in order.

1. Exposure to a stimulus 2. Practice in perceiving the stimulus 3. Fluency increases 4. Stimulus registered as "special" 5. Attribution of fluency 6. Stimulus judged as familiar

example of incidental learning

In the last ten minutes of class, Jordan's professor gives a pop quiz on the material she just discussed.

Shallow incidental processing encoding instructions corresponds to what learning process?

Indicate how many letters are in each word

Which statement best describes the primary function of working memory?

It serves as a way to process multiple pieces of information that are simultaneously activates in our thoughts

Which of these statements about driving and cell-phone use is NOT true?

The negative effect of cell-phone used on driving is significantly reduced by using a hands-free device.

Participants in one study were shown the picture in the top left. Each of the other panels shows a three-minute recording of one viewer's eye movements while inspecting the picture. The labels for each panel summarize the viewer's goal while looking at the picture. Which of these factors may explain the pattern of movements and how they change across the goals?

the importance of different elements in the scene the prominence of different parts of the photo the participant's culture the participant's interest in the scene the participant's gender

example of intentional learning

In anticipation of his midterm, Francisco reviews the class notes and watches the lectures.

The mechanism through which attention is automatically directed to some "attention-grabbing" input—essentially as a reflex response—is referred to as ____________ control of attention.

exogenous

executive system

includes the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal area

How is a spotlight analogous to spatial attention? Match the elements of a spotlight that parallel elements of spatial attention. Note that not every item will have a match.

movement of attention + movement of the spotlight beam where attention is directed + where the spotlight beam is directed whether one is paying attention to details or the larger scene + the focus of the beam

example of maintenance rehearsal

repeating each word aloud over and over again

examples of elaborative rehearsal

1) creating a story that links each word in the list together 2) imagining yourself walking across campus and placing each word in a different location

implicit memory subcategory examples

1) procedural memory 2) classical conditioning 3) perceptual learning 4) priming

The feature integration theory describes two successive stages of processing: a preattentive stage and a focused attention stage. Identify each of these items as being characteristic of the preattentive or focused attention stage.

Focused attention 1) slow 2) required for a visual search for a target defined by more than one feature Preattentive 1) sufficient for a visual search for a target defined by one feature 2) fast and efficient

Kent Cochrane ("Patient K.C.") had a motorcycle accident and suffered brain damage that severely impaired his episodic memory but left his semantic memory intact. What effect did this have on his memory for his life?

He remembered high life as a series of impersonal facts rather than experienced events

identify the examples as either types of information stored in LTM or types of information stored in WM

LTM: 1) grammar rules of your native language 2) details of a birthday party you attended last week WM: 1) the telephone you are currently repeating out loud until you find paper to write it down. 2) the last word your friend said in a conversation

Anand's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: "eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, and tissues." He is unable to write down the items as she says them. Which group of items is Anand most likely to forget to pick up?

Lettuce, pickles, and cereal

place the phases of memory in order from first to last

acquisition, storage, and retrieval

alerting system

includes the frontal area, posterior area, and the thalamus

Fill in the missing events to explain the process by which this cue helps based on the idea of spreading activation.

1. Nodes representing South Dakota are activated. 2. South Dakota nodes activate connected nodes. 3. Pierre node is weakly activated by South Dakota nodes. 4. Cue of "It's a man's name" is provided. 5. Man's name node is activated. 6. Pierre node receives activation from Man's name node. 7. Activation of Pierre node reaches the response threshold.

example of the executive system

Cate is a very eager student and often interrupts or blurts out answers without waiting to be called on.

______________________ refers to a pattern in which perceivers either do not see or take a long time to see alterations in a visual stimulus at which they are directly looking.

Change blindness

Dr. Kühler is using the Stroop task to study the automaticity of reading. He explains to his participants that they should name aloud the ink color in which each item is presented to them as quickly as they can. Which column of items is likely to prove the most challenging for Dr. Kühler's participants?

Column B

Label each contribution to the memory process as something the memorizer does or something the memorizer knows.

DOES 1) maintenance rehearsal 2) interactive imagery KNOWS 1) conceptual information

How does the working-memory system operate in a deaf individual (from birth) compared to that of a hearing individual?

Deaf individuals use their "inner hand," rather than their "inner voice," to maintain verbal material in working memory

placing each item in specific locations within a well-organized structure

peg-word system

Which of these characteristics are true of inattentional blindness?

1) It is a consequence of diminished attention. 2) It results in perceptual failures.

Attending to the meaning of items at ___________ facilitates _____________ not by making the representations of those items stronger, but by making connections to existing items in memory so that they are more easily found later in long-term memory.

1) encoding 2) retrieval

Identify these statements as either true or false.

TRUE 1) Our judgments are often influenced by previous experiences that we don't explicitly recall. 2) It is possible to remember something without being aware of it. FALSE 1) Implicit memories are best detected using direct memory testing. 2) Repetition priming only occurs for explicit memories. 3) If something feels familiar, it is because you have source memory for it.

Identify these statements about fluency and judgments of familiarity as either true or false.

TRUE 1) If the processing of a stimulus is very fluent, we may incorrectly think that we've seen it before, even if we haven't 2) You're likely to interpret fluency as evidence of familiarity if there is additional information supporting this conclusion. FALSE 1) Stimuli feel more familiar as processing fluency decreases, but you're not sure why. 2) When you see an objectively familiar stimulus, you automatically attribute the processing fluency to a prior event and experience familiarity.

Researchers are investigating what conditions promote better recall. The researchers briefly show two groups of participants a series of numbers, then ask participants to say the numbers aloud in their proper sequence. One group is given the hint that the numbers are organized in a mathematical pattern—they are squares of consecutive integers—and the other group is not. The group that was given a hint shows better recall for the digit sequences. What is the reason for this?

The participants in the hint group were more likely to look for connections to existing knowledge

Which of the following observations have been used to support the claim that the primacy effect and recency effect observed in the serial position curve reflect different types of memory?

I1) f you are asked to do another activity (e.g., solve math problems) for 30 seconds between hearing a list of words and then saying the words you remember, word recall will be worse for the last words in the list but unchanged for the first words in the list. 2) Recall of the first words in the list activates a brain area associated with long-term memory, whereas recall of the last words in the list activates a brain area associated with working memory. 3) When the rate of word presentation is slowed down, word recall is improved for the first words in the list but unchanged for the last words in the list.

You are participating in a research study. In the first condition, you are shown a grid of letters for 50 ms and then asked to report all of the letters you saw. In the second condition, the grid of letters is immediately followed by one of three auditory cues to signal which of the three rows of letters to report. Which statement describes your likely performance across these conditions?

In the first condition, you will only report a random 3 or 4 letters, but in the 2nd condition you will consistently report most of the letters from the cued row.

You see your friend Travis at the coffee shop, but he looks different and you're not sure why. When he catches you looking at him oddly, he laughs and tells you that he had a cooking mishap last week and accidentally singed off most of his eyebrows. Why did you know that something had changed but fail to pinpoint what it was specifically?

You recognized Travis, but your recognition was less fluent than normal, and you were sensitive to that change

Anna's professor asks her to participate in a demonstration of the digit-span task. The first time she does the task, she is only able to accurately repeat back lists of seven digits or less. During the second time through the task, however, she starts to think of the digits as dates of historical events, and she is able to accurately repeat lists as long as 28 items. What strategy has Anna engaged in to improve her apparent memory span?

chunking

orienting system

includes the frontal eye field, superior parietal lobe, temporoparietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus

How do we know that semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory?

it is possible to disrupt one without disrupting the other

Which of these learning strategies are optimal for later retrieval success?

optimal 1) think about the information in different ways 2) relate the information to many other ideas 3) study based on how you will need the material later suboptimal 1) assume that there will be a direct test

What which storage buffer is best equipped to maintain - keeping a telephone number in mind?

phonological buffer

Place the individuals in order according to how quickly they would learn a new dance routine, from fastest to slowest.

professional ballet dancer, professional basketball player, and college psychology professor

The skill through which a person focuses on one input or task while ignoring other stimuli that are also on the scene is referred to as ___________________

selective attention

The sequence of nodes, and the connections between the nodes, through which activation flows when recognizing a particular stimulus is referred to as ________________________

spreading aviation