Exam 2 Questions
Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____ because of the emotional nature of the event.
Amygdala
Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.
Anterograde
_____ is a pioneering learning researcher who highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.
Bandura
Which choice does NOT pair a brain structure or region with the correct memory system?
Cerebellum - explicit memory
It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:
Chunking
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
Classical Conditioning
Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when one sees lightning, one often anticipates hearing thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
Classical Conditioning
When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:
Classical Conditioning
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):
Conditioned Stimulus
Six-year-old Davey developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other furry objects, Davey was demonstrating:
Discrimination
Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory for this event.
Flashbulb
In Laurie's psychology laboratory, Laurie and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited _____ through _____ conditioning.
Generalization; operant
Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?
He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive
The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.
Hippocampus
The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as:
Implicit memory
Effects of observational learning can be seen:
In both humans and animals
A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.
In the middle
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a:
Map
Megan starts making a grocery list early in the week, and adds items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when Megan gets to the grocery store, she realizes that she left her list at home. The items she is MOST likely to recall on the list are those that she added:
Most recently
Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon, the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:
Operant Conditioning
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
In the _____ effect, the last items in a list are better remembered than the middle items in a list.
Recency
Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.
Rehearsal
Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wants to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the MOST efficient response would be to:
Reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call
One's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the _____ effect.
Serial Position
Before going home, Dr. Rosen tries to flesh out his patient notes. He can remember the first and last sessions of the day, but his memory of the middle ones is a bit fuzzy. Dr. Rosen is a victim of the _____ effect.
Serial position
Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?
She will act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____memory.
Short term
Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.
Short term
The law of effect MOST clearly influenced:
Skinner's experiments on reinforcement
Edward L. Thorndike's research with cats demonstrated that behavior changes because of its consequences. Favorable consequences lead to the behavior being repeated, while unfavorable consequences make the behavior less likely. Thorndike referred to this as:
The Law of effect
Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:
Theory of mind
How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?
U shaped
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____schedule.
Variable-ratio
Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.
Working
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a(n) _____.
cognitive map
Which of these sequences BEST reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last?
encoding, storage, retrieval.
Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.
encoding; retrieval
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in his face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory.
implicit
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a type of brain cell called a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.
mirror neuron
When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident about how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that:
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been
When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called:
positive transfer
After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.
retroactive
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty BEST illustrates:
retroactive interference
Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.
retrograde
The concept of latent learning reveals that:
rewards affect performance of what has been learned, rather than the process of learning itself.
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates:
source amnesia
After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:
the miss information effect
