Exam 2 Review

e. The first and fourth answer choices are correct

A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Pick from the following choices the statement that properly describes this example in energetic terms. Select one: a. Potential energy in food is converted to kinetic energy as the cyclist's muscles push her up the hill. b. Kinetic energy is highest when the cyclist is at the crest of the hill. c. The cyclist produces the most potential energy as she cruises down the hill's steep slope. d. Potential energy is greatest when the cyclist is at the top of the hill. e. The first and fourth answer choices are correct.

d. Human beings may have been part bacteria and have an ancestry arising in prokaryotes.

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following inferences can be made? Select one: a. The simplicity of prokaryotes is in part due to eukaryotic engulfment. b. The plasma membrane is capable of folding on itself. c. An ancestral prokaryote engulfed a eukaryote, therefore eukaryotes and prokaryotes are not as different as they seem. d. Human beings may have been part bacteria and have an ancestry arising in prokaryotes. e. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are originally eukaryotes but prokaryotic engulfment caused them to convert to prokaryotes.

e. They contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together

Animal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules? Select one: a. They contain long carbon tails and each atom has unpaired electrons that are released on exposure to extreme heat and pressure. b. They contain hydrogen and carbon tails linked by disulfide bridges that, when broken, release chemical energy. c. They contain multiple phosphate groups that each release energy when "liberated" from the molecule chemically. d. They contain long hydrophobic regions that, when mixed with water, generate explosive resistances. e. They contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together

d. the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

During cellular respiration, most of the energy contained within the bonds of food molecules is captured in: Select one: a. the conversion of the kinetic energy of food to the potential energy of ATP. b. glycolysis c. digestion d. the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. e. None of the above. Energy is lost, not gained, during cellular respiration.

d. G3P is a small sugar molecule produced by the Calvin Cycle, but it is also used by the Calvin Cycle to regenerate the original organic molecule with energy from ATP.

During the Calvin Cycle, you were introduced to a new molecule, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Which of the following statements best explains the role of G3P in this second stage of photosynthesis? Select one: a. G3P is a key enzyme in aiding the Calvin Cycle in the production of sugars, that is, it is involved with the fixation of atmospheric carbon and the enzymatic formation of sugar molecules. b. G3P is a regulatory type of protein that essentially accounts for the checkpoints in the Calvin Cycle. c. G3P is a molecule that directly powers that the Calvin Cycle. d. G3P is a small sugar molecule produced by the Calvin Cycle, but it is also used by the Calvin Cycle to regenerate the original organic molecule with energy from ATP. e. None of the above statements is true about the role of G3P. Feedback

b. the products of glycolysis are further broken down, generating additional ATP and the high-energy electron carrier NADH.

During the Krebs cycle: Select one: a. the products of glycolysis are further broken down, generating additional ATP and the high-energy electron carrier NADPH. b. the products of glycolysis are further broken down, generating additional ATP and the high-energy electron carrier NADH. c. high-energy electron carriers pass their energy to molecules of sugar which store them as potential energy. d. cellular respiration can continue even in the absence of oxygen. e. the products of glycolysis are completely converted into ATP.

c. stomata

Human skin is to pores as plant leaves are to ______ : Select one: a. pores b. thylakoids c. stomata d. stroma e. chloroplasts

a. decrease

If acid is added to water, does the pH increase or decrease? a. decrease b. increase

d. it denatures

If an enzyme is boiled, what happens to the enzyme? Select one: a. It's activity increases. b. It takes on a different function. c. Nothing d. It denatures.

the chemical reaction speeds up

If an enzyme is warmed, what happens to its activity?

c. it increases

If more enzyme is used, what happens to the amount of product per unit time? Select one: a. It decreases b. It decreases, then increases c. It increases d. It stays the same

d. Plant cells cannot make cellular energy at night; therefore, photosynthesis actually stores ATP energy as sugar, which can be then converted back to ATP at night by cellular respiration.

If photosynthesis produces cellular energy (ATP) from sunlight, why do plant cells also need to perform cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP from sugar? Select one: a. Plant cells need cellular respiration to degrade the toxic products made in photosynthesis. b. Plant cells cannot make enough ATP from sunlight in photosynthesis; they need to perform cellular respiration too in order to make up the difference. c. Plant cells can't produce enough sugar from photosynthesis; cellular respiration is needed to produce the remaining sugar. d. Plant cells cannot make cellular energy at night; therefore, photosynthesis actually stores ATP energy as sugar, which can be then converted back to ATP at night by cellular respiration. e. Plant cells need cellular respiration to convert the sugars they absorb through their roots into ATP.

a. it decreases

If the pH is unfavorable, what happens to enzyme activity? Select one: a. It decreases. b. Nothing; pH does not affect enzyme activity. c. It increases.

a. active transport

In an experiment, you measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What is your best hypothesis for the process you are observing? Select one: a. active transport b. passive transport c. simple diffusion d. facilitated diffusion e. exocytosis Feedback

d. In the first electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid by high-energy electrons; the kinetic energy from the release of these ions builds ATP.

In the "photo" reaction of photosynthesis, where does the energy to build ATP come from, exactly? Select one: a. The energy to build ATP does not come from any one point, exactly. b. In the water-splitting photosystem, the electrons donated by water are converted directly into energy. c. In the NADPH-producing photosystem, the electrons from the electron transport chain produce energy upon being transferred. d. In the first electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid by high-energy electrons; the kinetic energy from the release of these ions builds ATP. e. In the water-splitting photosystem, the electrons release energy upon being transferred to the electron transport chain.

c. produces e. yields

In the representation of a chemical reaction, what does the arrow stand for? Select one or more: a. breaks down b. equals c. produces d. turns into e. yields

c. into the cell

In what net direction does water move when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution? a. neither into or out of the cell b. out of the cell c. into the cell

a. hypertonic

Is 10% NaCl isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic to red blood cells? a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic

b. sunlight

Life gains most of its energy from: Select one: a. oxygen b. sunlight c. sugar molecules d. water e. carbohydrate molecules

Both have ribosomes and DNA, as well as cytoplasm.

Name 2 features or cellular components that all cells have in common.

centriole

Name a structure in animal cells, but not plant cells.

large vacuole

Name a structure in plant cells but not animal cells.

e. oxygen atoms contained in water molecules

Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as: Select one: a. oxygen atoms are released by the metabolism of carbohydrates. b. a molecule of chlorophyll oxidized by a photon. c. oxygen atoms contained in carbon dioxide are released when the carbon is fixed. d. a by-product of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. e. oxygen atoms contained in water molecules.

c. high blood cholesterol circulating in LDL molecules.

People who consume food laden with too much cholesterol or saturated fat have: Select one: a. high numbers of cells that perform standard endocytosis on free floating cholesterol globules. b. relatively low blood cholesterol but high amounts inside of cells; these cells bloat and swell, increasing blood pressure. c. high blood cholesterol circulating in LDL molecules. d. high numbers of cells that crawl around and ingest cholesterol; they then tend to clog arteries. e. cells which mostly perform pinocytosis of cholesterol; they thicken the linings of the heart.

a. cellular respiration

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protists use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which _______________ converts to ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things. Select one: a. cellular respiration b. denaturation c. speciation d. eutrophication e. adaptation

d. is contained in matter placed in certain positions or arrangements.

Potential energy: Select one: a. is stored energy unavailable to do work. b. transfers motion to matter. c. contains less energy than kinetic energy. d. is contained in matter placed in certain positions or arrangements. e. is kinetic energy that has not yet been turned to heat.

ribosomes

Prokaryotes have what structure necessary for protein synthesis?

a. Protein A is a transmembrane protein; Protein B is a peripheral membrane protein.

Protein sequence A shows a string of leucines (hydrophobic amino acids) at one end and a string of arginine (hydrophilic amino acids) at the opposite end, whereas protein sequence B contains purely hydrophilic amino acids. It is known that both proteins are membrane proteins. Which of the following statement best classifies Protein A and Protein B? Select one: a. Protein A is a transmembrane protein; Protein B is a peripheral membrane protein. b. Protein A is a transmembrane protein; Protein B is a peripheral membrane protein that can only be situated on the inner side of the membrane. c. Protein A is a transmembrane protein; Protein B is also a transmembrane protein. d. Protein A is a transmembrane protein; Protein B is a peripheral membrane protein that can only be situated on the outer side of the membrane. e. Protein A is a surface protein; Protein B is a transmembrane protein.

c. it no longer could modify and package proteins for delivery

Suppose the Golgi apparatus was destroyed in a plant cell but all other functions remained. Which of the following would be immediately TRUE of this cell? Select one: a. it no longer could synthesize proteins b. it no longer could make sugar from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight c. it no longer could modify and package proteins for delivery d. it no longer could retain its shape, and would collapse on itself e. it no longer could produce lipids

d. stomata

The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the: Select one: a. grana b. stroma c. roots d. stomata e. thylakoids

d. ATP, NADPH and H+.

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with: Select one: a. CO2 and ATP. b. light energy. c. sugar and O2. d. ATP, NADPH and H+. e. free electrons.

c. active transport

The movement of H+ ions into the stomach represented in this figure is accomplished through: Select one: a. simple diffusion b. osmosis. c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion e. endocytosis

b. is an animal cell

The object depicted in the figure: a. is a plant cell. b. is an animal cell. c. is a ribosome. d. could be either a plant or an animal cell. e. is a bacterial cell.

c. osmosis

The passive transport of water across a membrane from a solution of lower-solute concentration to a solution of higher-solute concentration is best described as: Select one: a. passive transport b. general diffusion c. osmosis d. active transport e. facilitated diffusion

When looking at the cells under a microscope, look for whether the cell has a cell wall or not. If there is a cell wall then it is a plant cell as animal cells do not have cell walls.

The police are trying to determine whether material removed from a crime scene is plant or animal matter. What would you suggest they look for?

a. substrates

The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called what? Select one: a. substrates b. products c. enzymes d. active sites Feedback

a. decrease

The reaction rate would ____________________ if another substance competed with hydrogen peroxide for the active site. Select one: a. decrease b. stay the same c. increase

c. Cellular respiration (catabolism) forms the ATP that is used to power anabolic reactions.

The word anabolism refers to constructive, build-up, or synthesis reactions while the word catabolism refers to destructive, breakdown, or digestive reactions. What does it mean to say that in a cell, catabolism fuels anabolism? Select one: a. Photosynthesis produces fuel molecules that power cellular respiration. b. All molecules made in a cell must be broken down first before they can be remade. c. Cellular respiration (catabolism) forms the ATP that is used to power anabolic reactions. d. Digestion powers ingestion. e. Plants don't need to perform catabolic reactions since they make ATP directly from sunlight

b. the reaction produced oxygen, so the bubble height could be measured

What allowed you to measure the amount of catalase activity? Select one: a. The reaction produced water, so the bubble height could be measured. b. The reaction produced oxygen, so the bubble height could be measured. c. The reaction consumed sucrose, reducing the column's height. d. The reaction consumed oxygen, reducing the column height.

c. crenated

What appearance will red blood cells have when they are placed in 9.0% NaCl? a. normal b. swollen c. crenated

neutral

What is a pH of 7 called?

c. ADP contains only two phosphates (adenosine diphosphate), whereas ATP contains three.

What is the difference between ATP and ADP? Select one: a. By using ADP and a free-floating phosphate, an organism can rebuild its supply of ATP, but ATP never leads to ADP. b. There is no difference between the molecules. c. ADP contains only two phosphates (adenosine diphosphate), whereas ATP contains three. d. ADP is an enzyme required to convert ATP into energy. e. ATP can only be used once and cannot be recycled, whereas ADP is the recyclable form of ATP. Feedback

a. Endosymbiosis refers to the engulfment of a prokaryotic cell that developed into an organelle, whereas invagination refers to the membrane folding in on itself and forming membranous organelles.

What is the difference between endosymbiosis and invagination? Select one: a. Endosymbiosis refers to the engulfment of a prokaryotic cell that developed into an organelle, whereas invagination refers to the membrane folding in on itself and forming membranous organelles. b. Endosymbiosis is the best current theory for the origin of ribosomes. c. Endosymbiosis pertains to organelle evolution, whereas invagination refers to a mechanism by which organisms obtain food from their surroundings. d. Endosymbiosis involves the plasma membrane folding in on itself, whereas invagination refers to engulfment of another cell. e. Endosymbiosis pertains to compatible organisms, whereas invagination refers to a relationship among completely different organisms.

a. to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

What is the function of the electrons carried to the chain by NADH and FADH2? Select one: a. to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion b. to release the energy stored in ATP molecules from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle c. to cycle back to the Krebs cycle to make more NAD+ and FAD d. to capture the energy from protons being pumped across the membrane

c. build and modify proteins for export from the cell

What is the function of the nucleus? a. build and modify carbohydrates to be exported from the cell b. build and modify proteins to be used within the cell c. build and modify proteins for export from the cell d. build and modify carbohydrates to be used within the cell

d. direct cell's activities through use of genetic information

What is the function of the nucleus? a. control what comes in and out of the cell b. build proteins c. package and sort proteins and carbohydrates d. direct cell's activities through use of genetic information e. store lipids

e. A pilus is an appendage that is used for prokaryotic attachment to surfaces, whereas a flagellum helps the prokaryote move.

What is the main difference between flagellum and pili? Select one: a. A pilus is used to help prokaryotes and eukaryotes move; a flagellum only helps prokaryotes move. b. A pilus is found in eukaryotes, whereas flagella are unique to prokaryotes. c. A flagellum is considered an appendage; a pilusis not. d. Both pili and flagella are the same thing, and the terms can be used interchangeably. e. A pilus is an appendage that is used for prokaryotic attachment to surfaces, whereas a flagellum helps the prokaryote move.

osmosi

What is the name for the movement of water across the plasma membrane?

nucleus

What is the name of the large, often central organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains chromosomes?

d. water

What is the source of the electrons that replace those lost by chlorophyll a in the photosystems? Select one: a. Oxygen gas b. Carbon dioxide c. Chlorophyll b d. Water e. Carotenoids Feedback

c. pH e. H+ concentration

What is varied when testing the effect of pH on enzyme activity? Select one or more: a. substrate concentration b. temperature c. pH d. enzyme concentration e. H+ concentration

a. They separate chemicals into different compartments, concentrating them for certain reactions.

What major advantage does the presence of organelles offer eukaryotic cells? Select one: a. They separate chemicals into different compartments, concentrating them for certain reactions. b. They help to blend together the chemicals throughout the cell. c. They greatly simplify eukaryotic cells, making them less complex. d. They make eukaryotic cells stronger. e. They help make eukaryotic cells larger.

substrates

What must be held constant when testing the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity?

oxygen

What product of the catalase reaction causes bubbling?

diffusion

What term describes the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration?

buffer

What type of molecule prevents extensive changes in the pH of living organisms?

active site

Where on an enzyme do substrates come together?

e. plasma membrane

Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings? Select one: a. nucleolus b. cell wall c. nucleus d. endoplasmic reticulum e. plasma membrane

e. Both the second and fourth answer choices are false.

Which is NOT true about glycolysis? Select one: a. A single glucose molecule is broken down by glycolysis to produce two pyruvate molecules. b. A single glucose molecule produces 4 net ATP in glycolysis. c. Two NAD+ become two NADH in glycolysis. d. NAD+ picks up pyruvate at the end, carrying it to the Krebs cycle. e. Both the second and fourth answer choices are false.

c. plasmodesmata

Which of the following cell membrane components are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells? Select one: a. carbohydrates b. gap junctions c. plasmodesmata d. phospholipids e. proteins

b. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain super-basic fluid and digestive enzymes.

Which of the following is FALSE in regard to lysosomes? Select one: a. After lysosomes break down wastes into their component parts, those materials are released back into the cell's cytoplasm, where they can be reused. b. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain super-basic fluid and digestive enzymes. c. Many immune cells have large numbers of lysosomes because they have to dispose of by-products of disease-causing bacteria. d. Individuals with Tay-Sachs disease lack a key enzyme that makes it impossible for lysosomes to carry out their primary function. e. In addition to animal cells, lysosomes exist in plant cells.

e. The thylakoid membrane lies outside of the stroma.

Which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. The thylakoid is the location of the "photo" reaction, where sunlight is converted to chemical energy. b. Sugar is synthesized from carbon dioxide and energy molecules in the stroma. c. Chloroplasts, and leaves in turn, are green because chloroplasts have chlorophyll in them. d. Chlorophyll is found embedded in the thylakoid membranes. e. The thylakoid membrane lies outside of the stroma.

b. a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy? Select one: a. a ball rolling down a hill b. a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules c. a chameleon tongue catching a bug d. flowing water turning a turbine e. a pitcher throwing a baseball

d. photosynthesis

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant vacuole? Select one: a. physical support b. waste management c. predator deterrence d. photosynthesis e. nutrient storage

b. a virus

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a prokaryote? Select one: a. an S. pyogenes cell b. a virus c. a bacterium d. an E. coli cell e. an archaean

d. the pattern of proteins on the cell's surface

Which of the following is the most important factor governing a cell's particular type of interaction with other cells? Select one: a. the type of animal the cell came from b. whether the cell is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic c. whether the cell is either an animal cell or a plant cell d. the pattern of proteins on the cell's surface e. the location of the cell within an organism

c. cell wall

Which of the following is the outermost feature on the surface of a plant cell? Select one: a. sugar molecules b. cholesterol c. cell wall d. glycoproteins e. lipid bilayer

e. recognition protein: recognizes other cells

Which of the following membrane molecules is mismatched to its function? Select one: a. cholesterol: helps membrane retain flexibility b. All of the above are correctly matched. c. receptor protein: binds to external chemicals in order to regulate processes within the cell d. carbohydrate chains: provide a fingerprint for the cell so it can be recognized by other cells e. recognition protein: recognizes other cells

a. Pigments allow humans (and other animals) to actually see color.

Which of the following statements about pigments is most accurate? Select one: a. Pigments allow humans (and other animals) to actually see color. b. Pigments absorb wavelengths of light from all ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. c. Plants have only one light-absorbing pigment—chlorophyll. d. The pigment molecule in plants is actually the thylakoid. e. None of the above is accurate.

d. Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times larger than eukaryotes.

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes and eukaryotes is FALSE? Select one: a. Various different chemical reactions can occur throughout a eukaryotic cell, but usually only one type of chemical reaction can occur in a prokaryotic cell. b. Organelles are the primary reason why eukaryotic cells can do many things that a prokaryotic cell cannot. c. Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times larger than prokaryotes. d. Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times larger than eukaryotes. e. Eukaryotic cells can be distinguished easily from prokaryotic cells under a microscope.

d. Both the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum work together to form the endomembrane system.

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus is TRUE? Select one: a. The Golgi apparatus is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum via tight junctions. b. The Golgi apparatus is a site of processing and packaging only; the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for synthesizing compounds such as carbohydrates. c. Both the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum work together to form the endocytotic and exocytotic cycles of the cell. d. Both the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum work together to form the endomembrane system. e. Not all eukaryotic cells contain an endomembrane system; only those involved in transporting materials possess this system.

a. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis? Select one: a. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. b. Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. c. Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it. d. Photosynthesis occurs only in the day and respiration occurs only at night. e. Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration.

lysosome

Which organelle carries on intracellular digestion?

a. The first cell arrived on earth from outer space.

Which statement is NOT part of modern cell theory? Select one: a. The first cell arrived on earth from outer space. b. All living organisms consist of one or more cells. c. Cells contain hereditary information that passes from one generation of cells to the next. d. Cells arise from other cells. e. Cellular reactions include both energy-releasing and biosynthetic types.