Exam 2 Study Guide Modern Architecture
Usonian House
"American" Houses made by Frank Loyd Wright. Affordable for Middle-Class. Characteristics include: Glass, carports, flat roofs, and native buildings.
3 Tenets of International Style
1. Emphasis on volume and lightness, not mass. 2. Regularity over symmetry. 3. No adornment. Formal style, not defined by materials.
Art Deco Style
A water-downed avante-garde American Architecture Style that features: Lots of Adornment: mainly geometric shapes, often used man-made materials. Inspirations of Egyptian and Pre-Colombian temples.
Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, Park Hill, Sheffield, UK, 1961
Around 1,000 apartments, built on a sloping site "streets in the sky" idea - continuous sky streets at every third level Very snake like from bird's eye-view
Alison and Peter Smithson Secondary school at Hunstanton, Norfolk, UK 1954
Brutalism, without concrete.
Brutalism
Defined itself as tough, principled alternative to "picturesque" Political and social purpose, could change the everyday lives of many on a large scale. Embraced by Architects, hated by the public. Namestake: béton brut, the French term for raw concrete
béton brut
French term for raw concrete
International Style
Henry-Russel and Phillip Johnson's Modern Art Exhibit "Propaganda" for popularizing European Modernism in United States. Rejected Frank Lloyd Wright as a precursor and Rudolph Schindler for his mass.
The 1951 Festival of Britain
Includes: the Skylon and the Royal Festival Hall "Contemporary," "New Empiricism," "Picturesque" Style A fusion between two apparently opposed traditions: the rigours of international modernism and the English picturesque tradition"
Walter Gropius, Dessau Bauhaus, Dessau, 1926
International Style exhibit photo.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), designer Gordon Bunshaft, Lever House, New York, 1952
Looks like a Playstation console
building wrapped in ruins
Louis I. Kahn quote
Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson
Museum of Modern Art curators that created and promoted the International style
What did the Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project signify?
The Death of Modern Architecture/ Le Corbusier's idea of the Radiant City. Showcased how Urban renewal failed as a solution-cure for poverty.
Eero Saarinen, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, 1947-66
Urban Renewal Example: The St. Louis riverfront was demolish to make way for the Arch.
Frank Lloyd Wright, Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin, 1936
Usonian House Example
Bauhaus Refugees, architects fleeing Nazi Germany
Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies Der Rohe. Became Professional Educators USA and influenced modern architecture in USA
Le Corbusier, Chapel of Notre-Dame-de Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950
Was considered the end of the International Style. Pilgrimage church with massive, hollow, and expressive floating roof. Not honest with materials, reinforced concrete walls covered in plaster/stucco.
Eero Saarinen, Kennedy Airport: TWA Terminal, New York, 1956-1962
dissatisfied with International, concrete used in organic and expressive forms
John Entenza's Case Study Program (Arts and Architecture magazine)
experiments in American domestic architecture, which commissioned major architects of modern architecture
Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1928
included in International Style Exhibit
Paul Rudolph, Art and Architecture Building, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 1962
ridge-hacked concrete on exterior
Picturesque
thinks of design as creating a series of visual pictures