Exam 2 terms

Nur al-Din (d.1174)

"Light of the Faith" a member of the Oghuz Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 - 1174. It was his dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. Considered a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith" and a "just prince=, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man"

Tekke

A Sufi lodge or place of worship.

Khanqah

A building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual retreat and character reformation.

Ismail'i

A major Shi'i branch, which takes its name from Isma'il, the 6th imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq's older son, who is regarded as the true successor to Ja'far. His position in the succession gives the alternative name of "seven-imam Shi'ism" to the Isma 'ilis. Ismāʿīlism (Arabic: الإسماعيلية‎, al-ʾIsmāʿīlīyah; Persian: اسماعیلیان‎ Esmâ'īliyân) is a branch of Shia Islam.[1] The Ismāʿīlī (/ˌɪsmeɪˈɪli/)[2] get their name from their acceptance of Imam Ismaʻil ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Ismaʻil, as the true Imām.[3] Ismailism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shīʻism, climaxing as a political power with the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth through twelfth centuries.[4] Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". The Ismāʿīlī and the Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams.

Madrasa

A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science. Technical women had no formal roles, (ie. men and woman could only be there if married or blood related). No formal structure for women. Women begin to form them, and they become shelters for poor women, widows, and they allow for women to become educated and have social mobility. Women are most frequently the wealthy benefactors or patrons of these systems. Many found near Mosques. - Trading posts -silk road network (largely Sunni institutions) - Inns

Wilaya

Administration, authority, and guardianship Under the Caliphate the term referred to any constituent near-sovereign state.

Zengi, atabeg of Mosul (d. 1146)

An Oghuz Turkish atabeg who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, Endessa and the namesake of the Zengid dynasty. United the cities of Mosul and Aleppo under his rule. Continued to attempts to take Damascus in 1145 but was murdered in 1146. Succeeded by son Saif ad-Din Ghazi I and in Aleppo he was succeeded by second son Nur ad-Din.

Nizaris/Assassins

Assassins that cause political strife beginning in with the Crisis of 1092 and 1094. Mizam al Mik the Fatimid leader is killed by a Sufi, the member of the assassins. They were a small group that fought through political murder Took up the cause of Fatimid Nizar, caused fear and political instability, castle of Alamut is their stronghold

Adab

Behaviour

Suleymaniye Mosque Complex

Built 1550. Huge gathering place. Urban culture of Islam is extremely important.

Salah al-Din (Saladin) (d. 1193)

Commander of Muslim forces during the third phase of the Crusades . Legends of his military and diplomatic successes circulated widely in Europe. He brought an end to the Fatimid caliphate in 1171 when he established the Ayyubid dynasty. Salah al-Din unified Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia into a single state, enabling him to defeat the Christian Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 and end Latin occupation of Jerusalem. At the siege of Acre in 1192 he made a truce with Richard the Lionhearted that allowed crusading principalities to maintain a foothold on the coasts of Palestine and Syria. He is known for his humane treatment of the Christian population of Jerusalem, which is typically contrasted to the way Christian Crusaders had dealt with Muslims and Jews upon their arrival in Jerusalem. He restored the Muslim holy sites of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa mosque to Muslim use and raised Muslim appreciation of Jerusalem as the third holiest city of Islam. Regarded Shiis as potentially more subversive enemies than Christians.

Dervish

Dervishes try to approach God by virtues and individual experience, rather than by religious scholarship.[7] Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlike mullahs. The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Noted for their wild or ecstatic rituals and were known as dancing whirling howling dervishes according to the practice of their order.

Al-Ghazali

Extremely well educated, went to school, learning philosophy. Intellectual conversion, becomes a suffi and rejects philosophy. Wrote the "incoherence of the philosophers" okay to study math and logic but physics, metaphysics, ethics, should only be learned through good study of the Qur'an and the Hadith. They infringe on things the Qur'an teaches. Wins out in the east, Persia, Iraq, serai. Study of philosophy dies down.

Occulation

Hidden - applied to Shias, relative of Ali who is hidden. Take Persian elements, some of which have been taken up by Abassids, and then take this idea that the spiritual leader is gone, but his advisors remain. HE will come back as part of the apocalyptic drone. The imam was taken up, but he will return later. An answer to the question of who should take over. Succession crisis, not only political but also religious questioning. One problem is it tries to answer the question of succession, by providing representatives but does not allow for affirmed stability.

Bayt al-Hikma

House of Wisdom. Great library in Baghdad. Although this commonly referred to translation movement, they had paper and could write much. Education was so far advanced because they weren't restricted by the need to be writing on animal skins.

Al-Ghazzali

Iranian sufi who managed to bring together the mystic enthusiasts and conservative clerics. From his time onwards sufism became very popular. His main teachings dealt with the idea that God and religion must be experienced and received through prophecy, and not just through learning. He underwent a spiritual crisis in 1095, abandoned his career and left Baghdad on the pretext of going on pilgrimage to Mecca. Making arrangements for his family, he disposed of his wealth and adopted an ascetic lifestyle.

Fatimid

Ismalili Shia caliphate. Political and religious dynstay, took name from Datimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammmad, from whom the Fatimids claimed descent.

'Ilm

Knowledge

Reconquest of Jerusalem (1187)

Lasted from September 20th to October 2nd and the city of Jerusalem was surrendered by Balkan of Ibelin to Saladin. Latin Christians responded in 1189 by launching the 3rd Crusade, including Richard the Lionheart. Saladin ( sultan) was benvelovent and allowed the Christians to pay a ransom to leave, and those who could not pay would be enslaved, however he ended up freeing many more slaves.

Sultan Hasan Mosque

Law School. Built as a Sharia law school in Cairo.

'Ulama

Learned ones. Hadith - "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim" . Importance of being a learned one, and educated person.

Mevlevi

Mawlawiyya (Turkish: Mevlevilik or Mevleviyye; Persian: طریقت مولویه‎) is a Sufi order that originated in Konya (modern-day Turkey; formerly capital of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate) and which was founded by the followers of Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet, Sufi mystic, and Islamic theologian. [1] The Mevlevis are also known as the 'whirling dervishes' due to their famous practice of whirling as a form of dhikr (remembrance of God). Dervish is a common term for an initiate of the Sufi path; whirling is part of the formal sema ceremony and the participants are properly known as semazens.[2]

Maimonide

Moses Maimonide - even though Jewish was educated in their Islamic system ;one of the great doctors, and medical practices. Hugely influential in Europe and the Islamic world. Lived after the crusades, and reconnections, his works spread.

Alexis 1 Comnenus (r. 1081-1118)

Not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty but the family came to power under his reign. he was the Byzantine emperor and inherited a collapsing empire facing warfare with the Seljuq Turks of Asia Minor and the Normans fo the western Balkans. Curbed the Byzantine decline and began the military, financial and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that likely contributed to the convoying of the Crusades.

Al-Qarawiyyin

Oldest continually operating university in Morocco. Also a mosque. Founded by Fatima al-Fahiri. Thought both physical and spiritual teachings.

Ijaza

Similar to Isnad. teacher give you this Ijaza, that says I learned from... shows lineage or line of teaching. authorizes you to teach the text that you learn.

Wali/Awliya

Sufi saints that played an instrumental role in spreading Islam throughout the world.

Manzikert (1071)

The Byzantine defeat at Manzikert (Malazgirt in Turkish) by the Seljuk Turks was a severe blow to the Byzantine empire's control of Anatolia. The Seljuks were led by Alp Arslan, while Emperor Romanus IV led the Byzantines. The Byzantines split their forces in half before the battle by sending general Joseph Tarchaneiotes to Khliat, and were further weakened by the desertion of Andronicus Dukas. The Byzantine emperor was captured in the battle, but released by Alp Arslan after signing a peace treaty. Romanus IV was later deposed and blinded.

Saladin ends Fatimid rule (1171)

The Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly and in 1171 Saladin invaded the territory and founded the Ayybid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.

First Crusade (1097-9)

The First Crusade (1095-1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Urban called for a military expedition to aid the Byzantine Empire, which had recently lost most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks. The resulting military expedition of primarily French-speaking Western European nobles, known as the Princes' Crusade, not only re-captured much of Anatolia but went on to conquer the Holy Land (the Levant), which had fallen to Islamic expansion as early as the 7th century, and culminated in July 1099 in the re-conquest of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The expedition was a reaction to the appeal for military aid by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Urban's convocation of the Council of Clermont was specifically dedicated to this purpose, proposing siege warfare against the recently occupied cities of Nicaea and Antioch, even though Urban's speech at Clermont in the testimony of witnesses writing after 1100 was phrased to allude to the re-conquest of Jerusalem and the Holy Land as additional goals.

Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty was a Muslim-Persian dynasty of Turkic origin. Their greatest extent of power came in ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and much of the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.

Oghuz

The Oghuz, were western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages. The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for "tribe".

2nd Crusade (1147-9)

The Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE) was a military campaign organised by the Pope and European nobles to recapture the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia which had fallen in 1144 CE to the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Despite an army of 60,000 and the presence of two western kings, the crusade was not successful in the Levant and caused further tension between the Byzantine Empire and the west. The Second Crusade also included significant campaigns in the Iberian peninsula and the Baltic against the Muslim Moors and pagan Europeans respectively. Both secondary campaigns were largely successful but the main objective, to free the Latin East from the threat of Muslim occupation, would remain unfulfilled, and so further crusades over the next two centuries would be called, all with only marginal successes.

Seljuks

The Seljuks were a group of Turkish warriors from central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th Century as guardians of the declining abbasid caliphate. After 1055 founded the great Seljuk Sultanate; an empire centered in Baghdad and including Iran, Iraq, and Syria.

Al-Farabi

The commentator. Extremely important individual for bringing Aristotle back into the modern world. He saw no problem with philosophy proving religion.

Sama' / Sema

The practice of listening to music and chanting to reinforce ecstasy and induce mystical trance.

Tariqa/Turuq

The sufi doctrine or path of spiritual learning

Horns of Hattin (1187)

Took place on July 4th between the Crusader state of Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Salah al-Din. Muslim armies captured or killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces, removing their ability to wage war. As a direct result of the battle, Muslims once again became the eminent military power in the Holy land, re-conquering Jerusalem and most of the other Crusader-held cities. These Christian defeats prompted the Third Crusade.

Baghdad, 1055

Tughril Beg defeats the the Buyids at Bahddad. Propaganda is spead to defend the Sunna.

Turkmen

Turkmen are those that are part of a Turkic ethnic group that is native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan. Smaller communities of Turkmen are also found in Iran, Afghanistan and North Caucasus. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Turkic languages.

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Turko-persian sunni muslim state established in the parts of Anatolia whcih had been conquered from the Byzantine empire by the seljuk empires, which was established by the seljuk turks.

Al-Azhar

University/ Mosque in Cairo . Thought ot allude to the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.

Al-Idrisi

Worked in Sicily. He worked for a Christian king, and under Roger of Sicily. Interested in physical sciences. He has an upside down world maps, one of he first accurate world maps. Exceptionally detailed. He was lightyears ahead of intellectual pursuits.

Ibn Rushds

Wrote "the incoherence of the incoherence". Truth justifies truth. Wins the West. Nothing wrong with studying the philosophy of man.

Al-Biruni (d.1048)

Wrote 150 books

Jalal al-Din Rumi

Wrote the Masnavi. A Sufi saint of Islamic mysticism known for his poems and the founder of the Mevlevi religious order. For nine years, Rumi practised Sufism as a disciple of Burhan ud-Din until the latter died in 1240 or 1241. Rumi's public life then began: he became an Islamic Jurist, issuing fatwas and giving sermons in the mosques of Konya. He also served as a Molvi (Islamic teacher) and taught his adherents in the madrassa. During this period, Rumi also travelled to Damascus and is said to have spent four years there. It was his meeting with the dervish Shams-e Tabrizi on 15 November 1244 that completely changed his life. From an accomplished teacher and jurist, Rumi was transformed into an ascetic.

Sultan

a Muslim sovereign . An arabic noun meaning strength, authority, rulership, power

Dhikr/Zikr

a form of devotion, associated with Sufism in which the worshiper is absorbed in the rythmic repition of the name of God or his attributes

Waqf

a pious endowment (gift) made by a Muslim to a religious, educational, or charitable cause. Could pay doctors, groundskeepers, guards, ect. Even land...Went towards Madrasa's commonly. Patronage is extremely important. Scholarship is a family business. Nepotism is very influential with Waqf's.

Imam

an Islamic leadership position. It is most commonly in the context of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community by Sunni Muslims. For Shia muslims the Imams are leaders of the Islamic community or ummah after the prophet. Political leaders with smaller imams that lead areas underneath them.

Qarmati (pl.Qaramita)

best known for their revolt against the Abbasid caliphate

Ghazi

carryoutamilitaryexpeditionorraid

Philosophers vs. Theologians

essentially just be able to explain what we discussed in class with reference to Al-Ghazali and al-Farabi

Dandanaqan, 1040

fought between the Seljuqs and the Ghaznavid Empire. Seljuk victory

Manzikert, 1071

fought between the byzantine empire and the seljuk empire. defeat of byzantines. brunt battle.

Da'Wa

invitation to islam

Sufism/Tasawwuf

inward dimension of islam. belong to orders. Phenomenon of mysticism within islam. Represents the main manifestation and the most importnat and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam . They regard Muhammad as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the mortality of God.

Iqta'

islamic practice of tax farming that became common in the muslim asia during the buyid dynasty

Abu Abdallah

joined in the pilgrimmage to Mecca

Zaydi

large proportion apprx. 50% of the Muslims in Yemen, "fivers" . One of the Shia sects, close theology to Ibadi and Mutazila schools. DO NOT BELIEVE in the infallibility of Imamns. Emerged out of reverence from Zayd's failed uprising against the Ummayad caliph; this revolt however did set precedent for the revolution against corrupt rulers. Zaydis find it difficult to remain passive in an unjust world.

Kutama Berbers

majour berber tribe which formed the Fatimid army .. formed a coalitiion with the Shi'a Fatimids against the Sunni

Atabeg

nobility of turkish origin

Ubaydallah (al-Mahdi)

only majour shia caliphate in Islam establihsed Fatimid rule.

Kuttab

primary school... Isnad is very important for this. Repetition of texts is super important.

Buyids

problem of the caliphs --> sponser twelver shiism reduced the caliphs to puppets before being overthrown by the seljuk sultans in 1055

Ismail

reasserted the iranian identity. founder of the Safavid dynsasty. Proclamation of Twelver sect of shia Islam to be the official religion.

Twelver

refers to the twelve imams

Edessa Falls (1144)

siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo. This event was the catalyst for the Second Crusade.

Ja'far al-Sadiq

sixth Imam for the Twelvers. Important because he established writings which twelver theory of the nature of the Imam is based on. Majour figure in Sunni jurisprudence. Muslim scholar and scientist. Importnant split --> at the 8th and 9th century.

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad... Rule needs to come from relgious authroity adn religious authroity can only come from descendants of Ali.

Beg

turkish title for Lord