Exam #2: Units 4+5

Mahi'ai" refers to ____ practices, which are developed around the ____________.

Agricultural, natural environment.

The _ ________________ is the most important traditional land division because it provided all resources necessary to ______ life. This land division ran from ___________ into the ______________.

Ahupua'a, sustain, mountain, sea.

In a Moku who is the ruler?

Ali'i Nui.

Kalo and coconut trees are ____ species.

Alien (polynesia introduced).

In an Ahupua'a you have access to ______.

All resources needed to sustain life.

A lei is a symbol of_____.

Aloha.

Indigenous species = _________.

Also found elsewhere.

A lei is an example of this definition of Hawaiian art ____(name one and explain why) ________________________________.

An adornment with a specific relation, it enhances the beauty and status of the wearer.

Aumakua are ____ that were born in the ___ of the Kumulipo (chant).

Ancestors, po (or darkness).

Divisions of Land: Ka Pae 'Āina o Hawai'i = ________.

Archipelago (group of Hawaiian Islands).

Native (Natural) Species = ________.

Arrived naturally

When tourism became the #1 industry in Hawaii, selling ____ became a way to make money.

Art.

_____ is one of the most difficult habitats of islands that life can exist.

Atoll.

Tools for tattooing included ____ and _____.

Birdstones, bamboo

Hawaiian tattoos were ____________.

Bold geometric (often woven/intertwined designs to symbolize genealogy).

We cook kalo because it naturally has ___________, that would hurt the mouth.

Calcium carbonate crystals.

What is an example of an indigenous species?

Colea (bird)

What are the 4 island types? Where all all of them seen?

Continental, Volcanic, Atoll, Makatea, the pacific.

Divisions of Land: Moku = _____.

District.

What is a Loko I'a?

Enclosed sanctuary for growing fish.

The Happy Face Spider is an example of what type of species?

Endemic species

Due to Isolation and Variety of Environments Hawai'i is high in ____________, due to ____ and _____.

Endemism (went from 1,200 natural species to over 18,000), isolation, diverse environment proximity.

Like everything, Kaulana Mahina is rooted in the _____, and the methodology is _________.

Environment, place-based.

Hawaiian Culture Created Around the Physical _________.

Environment.

What does "Aumakua" mean? Where is it found?

Family Guardian/Ancestor, nature.

What is an 'Aumakua? What do they provide (3 things).

Family guardian/ Ancestor, guidance, wisdom and protection

What does "Kaulana Mahina" translate to?

Famous moon.

Mahi'ole = ______.

Feather helmet, sacred, wore into battle often as a visual indicator of where warriors are (which person is a chief/etc)

Land is ____, always.

First.

Define "Mahi i'a" + what was the main way it was done?

Fish farming (or cultivating the sea), Loko I'a fishponds.

Define "Lawai'a"...

Fishing.

Where in Hawaii is the most active volcano in the world?

Kilaunea (big island of hawai'i)

Who is the leader of an Ahupua'a?

Konohiki (controls fishing rights).

One way to make ink in Hawaii was to extract burnt ____ nut and mix it with ___ juice.

Kukui, sugarcane.

Divisions of Land: Ahupua'a = _________.

Land Division.

Kanaka Maoli are Genealogically Linked to Hawai'i her _____, ______ and _______;

Land, plants, animals

Tattooing dates back to initial migrations and settlement of the Pacific and have been developed around the time with the decoration of ________.

Lapita pottery.

Loko I'a shows what value? Why?

Laulima, building walls around ponds takes a lot of teamwork.

What type of rock is found on volcanic islands?

Lava/Basalt

_____ refers to sustainable fishing purposes.

Lawai'a

What is 1 good example of alien species?

Lifestyle reasons, cattle introduced, now a main source of food for people on the islands.

What island has not surfaced yet?

Lo'ihi

________ and _______ practices were dictated by the physical environment: Everything from where, how, and _____ to catch and grow food.

Mahi'ai, Lawai'a, when.

Who was allowed to get tattoos, and what part of their bodies?

Males and females, every part.

Where is the largest Loko I'a (fishpond)?

Maunalua Bay (500+ Acres)

Who are the rulers of Mokupuni?

Mo'i

Extensive knowledge of the ______ calendar allowed Hawaiians to properly utilize _______ in Hawai'i while also respecting the __________. "Hawaii time" was about the ____ time. _______ ________ continues to provide residents of Hawai'i with the optimal times to participate in activities in our islands.

Moon, resources, environment, appropriate, Kaulana Mahina.

Why is crossbreeding good for Kalo?

More biodiversity protects crops, also includes different tastes/textures/longevity.

What in Hawaii is the tallest mountain the world and has snow?

Mt. Mauna Kea (big island of hawai'i)

Where in Hawaii is there the most rainfall per year on earth?

Mt. Wai'ale'ale in Kaua'i

What are the oldest hawaiian islands and about how long?

NW islands, 70 million years.

Kanaka maoli means...

Native Hawaiians.

Inspirations for tattoo designs the _____, _____, and _____.

Nature, social structure, politics.

List three main reasons why the atoll is considered among the most difficult places for life.

No fresh water (have to use a catchment system) (have to be mindful when utilizing to preserve), rising sea levels, no fertile soil (only sand, so can only grow specific things like coconuts.

Do plants and animals need to be aggressive on the Hawaiian islands in order to survive? Why? Give an example.

No, there aren't predators, plants have lost protective skills like thorns since they don't need them.

What is the Hawaiian word for Arts and Crafts?

Nā Mea No'eau

Give an example of a Hawaiian Mokupuni.

Oahu

What is evidence of continental islands?

Obsidian.

'Ili + Mo'i: Who gardens these plots (slivers) of land? What do they do with it?

Ohana (family), provide food for themselves + the community.

What are other endemic species?

Ohi'a Lehua (flower to make lei), I'iwi (feather of bird used in lei),

One of the first species to come in and grow in lava flow..? (grow with relatively little soil).

Ohi'a.

Kalo: You make _____ with very little to no water and if you want to stretch it make ____.

Pai'ai, Poi.

What is an example of a Continental Island?

Papua New Guinea.

Ohi'a is ______, foundational in establishing a connection for our _____ to this place. List an example of this.

Part of us, children, planting child's umbilical chord in the tree to keep the child connected with the tree as well as embody the characteristics of the tree and give back to the community/nature.

Tattoos tie polynesians to the ____ and the ____.

Past, future.

Altering or Abusing the _________ will Negatively Impact Hawaiian Culture and People.

Physical environment.

Ahupua'a is generally ___ shaped.

Pie.

Aumakua are found in what parts of nature?

Plants, animals, other elements (same places as Gods).

Divisions of Land: Mo'o = ______.

Plot in Ahupua'a.

What are some factors of communal art? (list 5..)

Practical use, honoring gods, cultural expression, recourse management, value of culture.

Describe the process of Hulu--the collecting of feathers...

Practitioners who were bird catchers would go into the mountains, observe the birds, play music for them and attract them, and collect just a few feathers so the bird would never be harmed. - Shows utilizing environment in respectful manner (if bird did die, no part of it would go unused).

Tattoo practices are now experiencing a rebirth and movement of cultural ____ and ____.

Pride, awareness.

The Process of Kalo: Build ____ and every month build new row of kalo, plant on ______, mature a month apart- every month. ______ requires love and energy

Pu'e, full moons, lo'i.

The lunar cycle dictates _____, ____, and ____.

Religion, planting, fishing.

Kahilio = _____.

Sacred, feather stand, long staff (at top feathers to surround sacred areas and people)

Lei = _____.

Sacred, female chieffesses, sometimes worn around neck or head for these women

What are examples of Aumakua (list 3)?

Shark, owl, turtle.

Na Mea No'eau means..

Skillfully created masterpieces.

What is the most important definition of Hawaiian art?

Skillfully created masterpieces.

Divisions of Land: 'Illi = ______.

Sliver in land division.

What are characteristics of Makateas? (List 2-3)

Some have volcanic cores (and force), coral reefs and atolls are pushed above sea level by tectonic plates.

Mana = ____ power, originating in the _____ from _____.

Spiritual, environment, resources.

Define "Mo'olelo"...

Stories, myths, and legends that teach us about the cultural fabric of Hawai'i.

________ is Hawaiian's life, not something they need to promote.

Sustainability.

Define mālama 'āina

Take care of the land and the land will take care of you.

Tattoos were designed by a ____ method and then carved into skin.

Tapping.

What was the staple crop of the traditional Hawaiian diet?

Taro (kalo).

In early Polynesian cultures, ____ was the largest form of body modification or decoration prevailing even over clothing.

Tattooing.

How is a Makatea island created?

Tectonic Plate shift movement (risen through limestone).

Hula is an example of this definition of Hawaiian art..??

Telling Stories and movement with a meaning.

Volcanic islands are separated by ________.

a lagoon/deep water.

Ahupua'a is ______.

an indigenous way to divide the land responsibility + resources.

In a Mokupuni all the people have the same _____.

ancestry

Ohi'a is the _____ for native forests especially in ___ forests (supports bird, insect, and plant species).

anchor, wet.

Translation of Ohi'a.. and why

"to gather", responsible for gathering water.

Hawaiian values emphasize the importance of ______ and allowed for _____ in Hawaii.

'Aina (land), success.

Good leaders in Hawai'i would both mālama ____ + ____.

'Aina, Kanaka (polynesian).

What is the name of the transitional period in between Kau (dry season) and Ho'oilo (wet season)? (WE ARE IN THIS RIGHT NOW)

'Ikua

This land division consists of a plot for gardening maintained by 'ohana.

'Ili and Mo'o.

Land division system created to... (list 4 things)

(properly) manage resources, ensure everyone in community has kuleana, show aloha for the land, efficiently/effectively run a communal-based society.

The 1778 population estimate in Hawai'i was __________________ based on archeological evidence of _____________ production.

1 million, evidence of food production.

What are the 3 resources that the physical environment provides + give an example.

1) Food (Kalo- stable food and elder sibling) 2) Shelter (Koa/Pili grass - framework for structures/houses) 3) Clothing (Wauke- paper mulberry tree + Kapa Bark Cloth material).

Tattoo designs represented ... (list 6 things).

1) Genealogy 2) Kuleana 3) Loyalty 4) Values and Beliefs 5) Social Rank 6) Spiritual and Physical Protection

What are 3 ways Hawaiians were sustainable?

1) Land Division/Management (knowledge of moons + seasons allowed them to be sustainable) 2) Cultural values + An In-depth Understanding of the Environment (protected from overuse of natural resources) 3) Kuleana + Aloha for the Environment (seen in every aspect of life, promoted respect and sustainability).

Explain 2 alien species that were introduced for ___ reason, but went wrong for ____ reason.

1) Ornamental reasons, Micronia, now most invasive plant and makes trees grow tall and in bunches so it blocks out sunlight so other plants cannot survive. 2) Biocontrol reasons, Mongoose, brought in during plantation time (1880) to deal with cane rats eating sugar cane (ppl losing profit), they released 72 mongoose but they didn't take into account they released the type that are nocturnal so they ate and killed native birds that are not extinct or endangered species.

List 8 definitions of Na Mea No'eau...

1) Related to Everyday Use 2) A sign of mana 3) Has aesthetic qualities 4) An adornment with a specific relation 5) Shows values and beliefs 6) A movement with a meaning 7) Tells stories 8) Can be used as a form of resistance + expression

What are 4 things art could have been made about?

1) war + weapons, religion, canoes, food

The Pacific Ocean covers how much of the Earth's Surface?

1/3.

In the lunar cycle, a week has ___ days.

10

The Pacific Ocean is home to approximately how many islands?

10,000.

Creation of Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i began over ______ years ago.

100 million.

Hawai'i houses _____ of _____ climate zones each with its own weather characteristics and ecosystems.

11, 13.

In 1905 there were ____ fishponds in Oahu

110.

How many islands are in Ka Pae 'Āina o Hawai'i?

132.

Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i chain stretches about ____ miles.

1500.

Land was communally held until _____, and there was no _____ ownership.

1848, private.

There is a ____ day cycle of the moon.

29.5, (about 30 day cycle in a month)

Islands within Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i move at _____ per year.

3 inches.

How many varieties of Kalo are there? How is this possible?

300+, crossbreeding.

Due to the success of the land divisions, Hawaiians only had to work ___________ hours a day.

4.

How many Moku are in Oahu?

6.

In Hawaii endemic ____ of all species are endemic.

95%.

What is an example we talked about in class about Aumakua and how they remind us land is a God/Ancestor, gives us Kuleana, and teaches us how to survive..?

A man tells how an owl emerged and swooped down in front of windshield on 3 different occasions and changed his course, next morning man found out there was a horrible car accident that he avoided by turning because of his Aumakua

During 'Ikua, first half of the month the ocean is ____, and in the second half the _____ arrive. During this time, ________ is stopped. _____ start arriving + _____ sharks are near shore.

calm, first winter swells, deep ocean fishing, humpback whales, Niuhi (man eating).

The main source of protein for the Hawaiian diet came from __________________.

fish

Atoll's are remains of ___________.

former volcanic islands (over time, goes away).

Nā mea No'eau was most importantly ____.

functional (every piece had a specific purpose).

Na Mea No'eau was most importantly ______ + relates to the value of _______.

functional, malama aina.

If you were an Aotearoan woman with a tattoo, it was a _____ and they were____.

gift, chosen.

Introductions can be _____ and in the most extreme situations lead to _____.

harmful, extinctions.

Ipu heke = ______.

hollowed out instrument and utilized to make a beat.

'Ikua is a time where the days are _____, mixed with ____ and ___ conditions. It is the month of _____ and ____ seas.

hot/humid, rain, windy, storms, rough.

Alien species are brought to Hawaii by _____.

humans.

What does "mokupuni" mean? How many (main ones)?

island, 8

Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i are the most ____ islands.

isolated.

The pacific ocean is big enough to hold all _______.

land masses.

What are some characteristics of a continental island? (List 4..)

large land space, old metaphoric rock makeup, diverse recourses, and fertile soil.

The pacific ocean is the _____ ocean.

largest.

Kanaka maoli ______, and make _____. Ex... (name)

learn lessons, mistakes, bird extinctions.

Art was all about everyday ____ + _____ in Hawaii.

life, practices.

Atoll is a ______ limestone island.

low.

Endemic species in Hawaii and their uniqueness provide keys to _______ that environment, _______ and other valuable resources.

maintaining, medicines.

Resources have ____.

mana

Hawaiian prayer, fishing and farming practices were dictated by the ___ cycle.

moon (or lunar).

Mahina = ____ or ____.

moon, month.

Aotearoa tattoos were __.

often on faces with spirals + foliage (different parts for men and women).

Alien species brought over from Polynesians are... (list 3)

plants, chickens, pigs, (dogs, etc.)

'Ili + Mo'i can also be referred to as a ___ of land.

plot

Hawai'i was born into a complete state of ______; a perfect ____ between; ____, _____, and _____.

pono, balance, land, plants, animals.

Tattoos were often first given at ___.

puberty.

Alien species are often (but not always) problematic because they ___________.

push out native/endemic species.

Makatea is a ______ limestone island.

raised.

What were 3 traditional purposes of tattoos in the Pacific?

social rank, genealogy, culture, (and/or connection to gods)

Endemic animals are used to _______.

stabilize environment resources.

After a tattoo was applied, the receive would often be ... to begin the settling and healing process.

submerged in the Ocean

Cultural values and practices lead Hawai'i to be 100% _____.

sustainable.

Climates within "Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i' offer ranges from ______ to ______.

tropic, sub-arctic.

Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i offers ______ + _____ environments.

various, extreme.

Sustainability: ____ was not a part of the Hawaiian culture. Give an example of this.

wasting, kalo (every part of plant is used).

Hala was used for ____, and shows everyday use in Na Mea No'eau as well.

weaving items + clothing.

What are 4 climates we see on the islands of hawaii that are in such close proximity to each other?

wetlands, drylands, beach, mountains, snow, (etc.)

Volcanic Islands are wet on _____, and dry on _____. The coral creates a ________.

winward, leeward, barrier reef.

What are the 6 categories of land division?

Archipelago

The Physical Environment provides ______!!!

Everything!

Ohi'a = ______.

The tree.

'Aiana Momona = ______.

sweet/fat/fertile land.

Tattoos were applied by _______ (special priests).

Kahuna.

What is the staple crop of Hawaiian Diet?

Kalo (or Taro).

_____ shows how Na Mea No'eau is related to everyday use. It is the Kuleana of the _______. It was used as _____ and ____. The mythology of ______ relates to this.

Kapa, wahine (or women), clothing, covering, Hina.

_____ are created to protect ____ and maintain ____.

Kapu, Mana, pono.

List 5 things the physical environment provides....

Food, shelter, clothing, medicine, instruments/tools (decoration, etc.)

Endemic species = ________.

Found Nowhere else.

An Adornment with Specific Relation: Hawaiians viewed themselves as being directly connected to nature and the environment through ____ and a _______ relationship.

Genealogy, mutually beneficial.

What are some factors of Capitalistic art? (list 5..)

Generating money, satisfying Customers, Cultural expression and exploitation, Resources needed, Value of dollar.

Kaulana Mahina: Practices affiliated with the phases of the moon are based on _____________ as well as the _________.

Generations of observers, optimum outcome of their effort.

Marquesas tattoos were _____.

Geometric with spirals + tikis (images of the gods+ancestors).

Alien species brought over from Europeans are... (list 3)

Goats, cows, birds (ornamental/decorative plants, etc.)

Land or the Physical Environment serves as a ... (list 3 things)

God, Ancestor, Provider

Land is a ____, _____, and ____.

God, ancestor, provider.

Kalo represents a ____.

God/Ancestor.

A movement with a meaning: Precise movement was used to pay tribute to the ____. Give 2 examples..

Gods, Lua + Hula.

What is an example of a Makatea?

Guam.

Aumakua provide ____, ____, and ____.

Guidance, wisdom, protection.

What is the youngest Hawaiian island, and how old?

Hawai'i, 500-700 thousand years.

Tell Stories: Hawaiians used their art to tell stories to preserve ___ and shape beliefs.

Histories.

The 2 seasons in the Lunar Calendar (in hawaiian and english) are...

Ho'oilo (cool/wet- Winter) and Kau (Hot/dry- Summer).

Ohi'a can be used to make ___ and ___.

Houses, hula implements

Name the term for the sign of Mana that refers to the collecting of feathers. What classes was it reserved for?

Hulu (yellow = sign of royalty), Ahi'i + Moi'i classes

Kalo is traditionally cooked in the _____ (underground pressure cooker).

Imu.

Pu ili = _____.

Instrument often used in dance to sound rain.

Uli Uli = ______.

Instrument used to accentuate dance.

Samoa tattoos were ____.

Intricate + detailed geometric (men had tattoos from knees to mid back showing connections-- took a while, women just had them knee to upper thigh).

Alien species can become _______, but were introduced for reasons like... (list 3).

Invasive, ornamental (miconia), lifestyle (cattle), biocontrol (mongoose).

Define Loi'i..

Irrigated Gardening Systems

In order, list main definition/example of mokupuni, moku, and ahupua'a

Island (oahu), Districts (6), Land Division (mountain to sea- provides all necessary resources to sustain life).

What does "Ka Pae 'Āina o Hawai'i" mean?

Island chains of Hawaii.

Divisions of Land: Mokupuni = _______.

Island.

What is Kapa and how was it used?

It is a bark cloth, inner bark pounded and used for clothing.

What was a large factor of how art developed in Hawaii?

The availability of time during Ahupua'a System (20 hours of leisure time).

How is Hawaiian art related to mana? (2 ways)

The resources come from the environment + the artist puts their mana into the piece they are creating.

Define "Mahi'ai"...

To cultivate food/farming.

Everyone in Polynesia dances to express their ____ and _____.

Traditions, Cultures.

What is an example of an Atoll?

Tuamotu.

Lawai'a practices depend on _____ and ____.

Type of fishes, location.

What island type is Hawaii?

Volcanic.

What are some characteristics of a volcanic island? (List 4-5)

Volcano peak rises from sea floor, central mountains, steep Coastal Cliffs, Deep valleys, restricted rock types, reasonable soil.

People living in an ahupua'a are connected through ______, _____ and _______ practices

Water, land, sustainability.

Anahulu = ____.

Week.

After the arrival of the ____, most tattoo practices began to disappear because ___ looked down upon this tradition..

Westerners, Christianity.

Kalo have ___ and ___ varieties.

Wet, dry.

Natural species arrive to an island via one of the following ways... (3 ways)

Wind, Waves, Wings (3 W's)

________________ was the most prized hulu color because _____________________________

Yellow, feathers were rare (sign of royalty).

Ecosystem enhancement vs. large-scale farming leaves the land in ________________.

better state afterwards than before.

Ka Pae 'Āina O Hawai'i is home to _____ paradise, and the creation of Hawaiian ______.

biologists, culture.