Exam #3
Drives that are learned through experience are called ________ drives.
acquired
Drive-reduction theorists would say that getting a haircut to look attractive is a(n) ________.
acquired drive
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs?
aesthetic needs
Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.
affective
All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT________.
aggression
Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine, only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial, he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ________.
aggression
One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________.
aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children
What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?
altruism
In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is ___________.
arousal
Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.
attitude is to behavior
What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts?
attitudes
The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ______.
attribution theory
Which of the following are the three terms used to describe the way in which hardy people differ from many other Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress?
commitment, control, challenge
The concept of "comfort food" suggests that eating ________.
may be influenced by emotional factors
According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college men report they first became aware of their sexual orientation in ________.
middle school
A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ______.
out-group
One of the primary male sex characteristics is the ________.
penis
Researchers found that the ________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale.
perceived severity
Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called ________.
personal frustration
Kwan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today, but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker. If he decides to continue exercising, what concept might explain his actions?
social facilitation
What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?
social facilitation
The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a particular social group in society is called _____________.
social identity
Marquis is 4 years old, and as one might expect he pays very careful attention to his father. He imitates many of his father's actions, copies his behaviors, and responds appropriately to rewards and punishments for his own behaviors. Marquis is learning many aspects of gender through the ________ theory.
social learning
Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave It to Beaver. After watching the show, they decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by ________.
social learning
When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?
social learning theory
A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?
social loafing
Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity?
"My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus."
Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?
A dominant woman marries a submissive man
Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points.
According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction?
Tension is reduced.
Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.
foot-in-the-door
The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.
foot-in-the-door
Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity ________.
for its own sake
"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________.
similarity
A person who is described as intersexed is ________.
an individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs
John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, he considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be ________.
androgynous
Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ________ conflict.
approach-avoidance
You want to visit Argentina, but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected?
Cognitive
Which of the following examples best represents the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high.
What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?
Foot in the door effect
Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life, however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. New surgical and medical techniques will now allow Maurice to take which of the following courses of action?
He will be able to alter his body to match his gender.
What is a difference between obedience and conformity?
In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?
Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences
Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?
James lange
Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?
We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
Based on the studies of girls who were exposed to androgens before birth, which of the following statements is true?
When these girls grew up, they became more typically "female" in their desire for marriage and motherhood.
The ________ system is to boys as the ________ system is to girls.
Wolffian; Müllerian
According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future?
a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident
The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture is called ________.
acculturative stress
Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for ________.
achievement
The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ________.
drive
Which type of love is defined as commitment only?
empty love
In March of 1964, Kitty Genovese was the victim of a brutal assault that led to her death in the entryway of her apartment complex. Police reports indicate that out of the 38 people who observed the attack happening, ________ called 911 to request assistance.
0
The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age ________.
12-14
Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed that whenever Anna Nicole gained weight, it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125, it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?
125 pounds is her weight set point. Leave it alone.
Chastity and Shane are fraternal twins, born 17 minutes apart. They go through many of life's trials and tribulations together, but if their developmental schedules hold true to average, Chastity will start going through her pubescent development approximately ________ her brother.
2 years earlier than
Approximately ________ of HIV-positive women in Russia became infected through heterosexual contact with husbands or male lovers.
25%
Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.
300
Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock?
450 volts
Most recent surveys indicate that ________ of men between the ages of 15 and 44 years are predominantly homosexual.
9 percent
According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?
92 percent
Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food?
American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands.
Which hormone is the primary determinant of whether a baby will develop male or female external genitalia?
Androgen
Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error?
Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman
Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______.
Asch
The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of ________.
Cannon Bard Theory
Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?
Many women can have multiple orgasms
Which statement about motivation is TRUE?
Motivation energizes and directs behavior
________ is a disorder in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable.
Paraphilia
Gender schema theory is based on ________.
Piaget's theory of development
"Out of sight, out of mind" is a cliché that is consistent with the _____________ rule of interpersonal attraction.
Proximity
Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress?
Religion can provide a strong social support system.
Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ________.
Schachter and Singer
Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following?
Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over
Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of the sex organs in a baby?
The first sex organs, which are the gonads, are identical in male and female fetuses for the first month or pregnancy.
Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text, but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class?
The first-period class would say the pages were interesting, but the second-period class would say the pages were boring.
Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?
The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity?
The number of confederates increased.
Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner?
The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan.
Which of the following is a criticism of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
There is a lack of scientific support
Which of the following is correct for people who are high in the need for achievement?
They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them
Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself?
This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.
Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?
Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20
A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called ________.
avoidance-avoidance
Bill has felt isolated and an like "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to join a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of ________.
belonging
Some people are very quick to come to the aid of a woman because she is perceived as being helpless, weak, and unable to provide for herself. These same individuals may be quite a bit less likely to come to the assistance of a man in the same situation. Though these people may have noble intentions, this is still an example of ________ sexism.
benevolent
Over the past several years, several celebrities have openly discussed their desire for sexual experiences that are satisfying, regardless of the sex of their partner. Most researchers would consider such individuals to be ________.
bisexual
MRI technology has demonstrated that women listen with ________ of the brain.
both hemispheres
Johnny is taking a class in human sexuality, and he has been asked to make a list of body parts that would be considered primary sexual characteristics. Which of the following would NOT appear on that list?
breast
One example of a female secondary sex characteristic is __________.
breast
A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.
bystander effect
Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________.
can be a vital part of a person's social support system
The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?
cannon-bard theory
The advice to "keep it simple, stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?
central-route processing
Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction?
cognitive arousal theory
"I think I'm afraid; therefore, I am afraid." Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes.
cognitive arousal thinking
Emotion has been defined as having three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements.
cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior
Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ________.
colds and headaches
Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.
compliance
It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying ________.
conformity
Kim is Vietnamese. Currently she is experiencing stress due to juggling many roles, such as taking care of her children, working full-time, coping with financial difficulties, and attending night school. Kim's culture suggests which of the following to help cope with these many stressors?
consulting a fortune teller
The classic Robber's Cave study showed that prejudice can be reduced by ________.
cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal
Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about ________.
current events
One secondary male sex characteristic is ________.
deepening voice
Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress?
difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating
All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT ____________.
diffusion of responsibility
________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.
display rules
Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men, women ________.
do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter
A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique.
door-in-the-face
The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique.
door-in-the-face
People with gender ________ feel that they were born into the body of the wrong sex and have a strong identification with the opposite gender.
dysphoria
Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of ________.
emotion--focused coping
In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?
exhaustion
Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade?
experts in the field
In psychology, instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of ________.
explanation
When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____.
external
What is the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as?
first impression
What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation?
fundamental attribution error
Johnny is a gay man who has a wonderful relationship with his sister. He regularly babysits for her children, and enjoys helping to raise them. Johnny's availability to help with the kids, and his interest in doing so, supports the ________ hypothesis of homosexuality.
gender learning
Expectations about the way men and women behave are called gender ________.
gender roles
"Children observe the world around them and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female. They then develop a concept of their own gender, and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept." This statement is the foundation of ________ theory.
gender schema
Shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional. She is probably expressing a ________.
gender stereotype
________ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper "masculine" and "feminine" behaviors.
gender typing
Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ________.
groupthink
When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call ________.
groupthink
________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness.
health
Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for ________.
heart attack and stroke
Lance is in the 12th grade and is presently dating the head cheerleader, Ava. Lance is attracted to Ava, who is very feminine in her mannerisms, and Lance reports that he is attracted to girls who are petite and athletic. He and his buddies like to go "cruising for girls" on the weekends, but he has never strayed from Ava and is thinking about proposing to her after they graduate. He has never been attracted to any other boys. Lance is considered ________ in terms of his sexual orientation.
heterosexual
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that ________.
his positive feelings will increase
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called ________.
homeostasis
Which of the following groups of individuals is LEAST responsible for the increase in AIDS and HIV-infection cases in Russia?
homosexual men
What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?
impression formation
Jell-O uses the slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O." To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant?
incentive
Things that attract or lure people to action are ________.
incentives
In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ________.
instincts
One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in ________, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.
insulin
The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity, while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture, is called ________.
integration
Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing ________.
internal frustration
According to Carol Dweck, this type of person believes that intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent.
internal locus of control
Attitudes are __________________.
learned
Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________.
learning
Social ________ theory emphasizes the role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior.
learning
Women may pay more attention to the tone and emotion of statements than men because they listen with ________ of the brain.
left hemisphere
Problematic functioning of which of the following hormones can lead to overeating?
leptin
According to Kinsey, what percentage of women reported bisexual experiences?
less than 20 percent
Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.
lowball
Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis?
making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive
Which gender is more likely to talk to other members of that gender about current events?
male
The breasts contain the ________ glands for milk production.
mammary
Individuals who choose to neither maintain contact with their original culture, nor join the majority culture, are considered ________.
marginalized
The first systematic surveys of sexual behavior were conducted in the 1950s by ________.
masters and johnson
According to fMRI images taken when both men and women were shown erotic images, researchers found that the amygdala and hypothalamus areas of the limbic system were ________.
more strongly active in men than women
You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior?
motivated
nAch is an abbreviation for ________.
need for achievement
Jack said, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is this?
need for power
Which external factors might increase the likelihood of experiencing high levels of stress according to your textbook?
noisy environments
In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) ________ level of tension.
optimal
When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) ________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ________ might say "no, that glass is half empty!"
optimist; pessimist
Dante's penis has experienced contractions and is about to release semen. He is likely to be in the ________ stage of the sexual response cycle, according to Masters and Johnson.
orgasm
Sexual ________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one's own sex, the other sex, or both.
orientation
How are proximity to others and attraction correlated?
positively correlated
An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________.
pressure
Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a ________.
primary appraisal
Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________.
primary appraisal
Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of ________.
problem-focused coping
Coping strategies can be either ________-focused or ________-focused in nature.
problem;emotion
Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were ________.
prostitutes
________ consists of the physiological changes in the sex organs and reproductive system that occur during adolescence.
puberty
The four stages of sexual activity include excitement, plateau, orgasm and ________.
resolution
________ is the term used to describe the excessive anger exhibited by drivers in response to ordinary traffic frustration.
road rage
After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called ________.
second appraisal
The development of pubic hair, though located around the external genitalia, which are involved in reproduction, is still considered to be a ________ sexual characteristic.
secondary
A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher's high opinion of the class?
self-fulfilling prophecy
Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as ________ in arousal theory.
sensation seeker
"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.
stereotype
At a recent viewing of the latest Hollywood blockbuster, LaToya and Ronald shared an awkward moment. LaToya, deeply moved by the story line, began to cry during the movie, while Ronald sat twiddling his thumbs wondering when the movie would finally be over. Afterward, while they were discussing their different reactions, Ronald said, "Well, girls always cry at sappy movies. That's why guys really hate those kinds of shows." Ronald is demonstrating that he holds very deep gender ________.
stereotypes
What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)
Bobby is a very active 5-year old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation, and is very playful, curious, and explorative. Bobby's seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called ________.
stimulus motives
Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?
sympathetic division of the nervous system
When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the ________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the ________.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ________ theory.
the Cannon Bard
What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students?
the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
The enhanced brain response of men to erotic images may be due to ________.
the early male's need to identify sexually receptive females
Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. The results of this study indicate that ________.
the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals
In Zimbardo's prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that _______________.
the guards became more aggressive
Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____.
the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
Extrinsic motivation is defined as ________.
the pursuit of an activity for external reward
Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______.
the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?
the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits
During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, ________.
the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones
An attitude has ______ major components.
three
According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want ________.
to fulfill one's inborn potential
A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a(n) ________.
transsexual
Which female sex organ or process is present at birth?
vagina
Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?
vagina
The two areas of the hypothalamus which appear to be related to eating behavior as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called the ________ and the ________.
ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus
