Exam 3

Sodium intake should be limited to ______ or less for those who are age 51 and older and those of any age who are African American or have high blood pressure.

1,500 mg

The body can store as much as a _____ supply of vitamin A in the body.

1-year

If Norma expends 2,000 calories per day to maintain her weight, about how much total fluid does she need?

2,000 to 3,000 mL

Peak bone mass is reached at approximately ____ years of age.

30

Five grams of alcohol supplies ____ calories.

35

Which individual is probably least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A 30-year-old businessman

Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is not correct?

A lifelong intake of foods high in sodium and high in potassium is associated with a increased risk of hypertension.

Which of the following is not noted as a group that may benefit from taking a multivitamin-mineral supplement under guidance of a physician or dietitian?

A person approaching age 65

What type of packaging will retain the nutrients in orange juice best?

A plastic jug

People from which ethnic background tend to have the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

African American

______ mediates the conversion of alcohol to _____.

Alcohol dehydrogenase; acetaldehyde

______ is an inflammation of the liver.

Alcoholic hepatitis

_______ in coffee are thought to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in regular coffee drinkers.

Antioxidants

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach

The _____is the arm of the U.S. government responsible for monitoring municipal water supplies.

EPA

What would you recommend to someone who wants to make sure her intake is close to the RDA for all vitamins?

Eat a variety of all food groups daily.

The nutritional composition of milk is very similar across mammal species.

Fale

A deficiency in Vitamin B 12 is due to inadequate intake of the vitamin.

False

A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins.

False

All forms of table salt sold are iodized.

False

All public water in the United States is fluoridated.

False

Apple juice, consumed daily, may protect against urinary tract infections.

False

Because alcohol supplies four kilocalories per gram, it is considered a nutrient.

False

Beta-carotene found in many animal sources is a precursor to vitamin A.

False

Bottled water is pure and free from contaminants.

False

Bottled water typically contains adequate amounts of fluoride to prevent cavities.

False

Changes in metabolism only occur in those who consume excessive alcohol.

False

Choose a calcium supplement derived from dolomite, oyster shell, or bone meal when selecting a calcium supplement.

False

Consuming foods high in vitamin C reduces the amount of iron that the body absorbs.

False

Energy drinks, such as Red Bull, are not permitted to contain herbs.

False

Engaging in weight-bearing exercises can increase the risk for osteoporosis.

False

Excessive sun exposure can cause vitamin D toxicity.

False

High intakes of B 6, B 12, and folate are associated with higher levels of homocysteine and a lower risk of blood clot formation.

False

Human population studies overwhelmingly confirm the association between breast cancer and dietary fat intake.

False

Iron deficiencies are more common in men than women.

False

It is all right for pregnant women to have beer, but not to consume hard liquor such as scotch or vodka.

False

Milk chocolate is thought to positively influence cardiovascular health more than dark chocolate.

False

Most caffeine in the United States is consumed in carbonated soft drinks.

False

Native Americans have lower rates of liver damage due to alcohol consumption than other ethnic groups.

False

Of the two forms of iron found in foods, nonheme iron is more reliably absorbed than is heme iron.

False

Pancreatitis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are all common consequences of heavy drinking.

False

Physiologically, alcohol is a stimulant.

False

Pink and white grapefruit juice contain equal amounts and types of phytochemicals.

False

Potassium deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.

False

Research has proven that the common cold can be prevented by increasing intake of Vitamin C.

False

Risk factors for colon cancer include a high fiber intake and low red meat intake.

False

Since zinc is stored in the liver, it can be replenished by consuming good sources only occasionally.

False

Some of the vitamins serve as sources of energy.

False

The DASH diet resembles a low-carbohydrate diet, low-sodium diet that is high in protein.

False

The chief mineral in bones and teeth is phosphorus.

False

Vegetables in the cruciferous family include carrots, sweet potatoes, and corn.

False

Vitamin A is water soluble and found in the non-fat part of the milk.

False

Vitamin K and B 6 play key roles in the formation of healthy red blood cells.

False

Water-soluble vitamins are more stable during preparation and cooking than fat-soluble vitamins.

False

When purchasing a vitamin and mineral supplement, look for one that contains at least 150 percent of the Daily Value for each nutrient.

False

________ is an actual change in sensitivity to a drug.

Functional tolerance

______ is caused by an iodine deficiency.

Goiter

Michael is trying to eat less sodium by preparing more meals at home. Which of the following meals would be a good choice?

Grilled chicken, brown rice, and sautéed green beans

Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

Hamburger

What factor is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

High intake of calories

Michael is a young business systems analyst who avoids fried foods and fast food, drinks only black coffee and water, consumes one alcoholic drink on occasion, uses olive oil when preparing meals, and gets 8 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables each day. Is there anything that Michael needs to do to decrease his cancer risk?

Incorporate regular physical activity.

______ can lead to a deficiency in vitamin K.

Taking antibiotics

Which is not a body function that copper is involved in?

Taste perception

__________ is thought to be the main factor contributing to a hangover.

The dehydration from the alcohol consumed

Brodie's doctor wants his blood pressure to be reduced because his systolic pressure is too high. What does systolic pressure measure?

The force exerted by the heart as it contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Which of the following is a correct statement about soda consumption?

There are no indisputable positive health benefits from soda consumption.

Which statement accurately describes a downside to vegetable juices?

They contain salt.

A sedentary lifestyle can lead to bone loss.

True

Aside from malnutrition, blood loss is the primary reason for iron deficiency.

True

Because excesses are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, it is possible for megadoses of fat-soluble vitamins to build up to toxic levels

True

Calcium is required for transmission of nerve impulses.

True

Cryptosporidium is a parasite in water that is highly resistant to chlorine and other disinfectants.

True

Examples of standard servings are a 5-ounce glass of wine, a 12-fl oz beer, and 1 ½ fl oz of an 80-proof distilled liquor.

True

Excluding an entire food group may lead to vitamin deficiencies over time.

True

Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable.

True

Fresh and canned vegetables vary in zinc content, depending on the soil in which they are grown.

True

Heavy alcohol use, especially when combined with smoking, appears to increase the risk of throat and neck cancers.

True

Herbal supplements are unregulated and possibly unsafe.

True

Iodine has a role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate.

True

Low vitamin K blood levels are associated with a higher risk of hip fractures in older women.

True

Many studies have shown a positive correlation between moderate alcohol consumption and decreasing incidence of heart disease.

True

Minerals are different than vitamins in that they contribute directly to the building of body structures.

True

Most Americans consume almost double the sodium recommended as the Adequate Intake (AI).

True

Most all protein foods are good sources of zinc.

True

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is in the bones.

True

Orange juice is the most nutrient-dense juice consumed in the United States.

True

Osteoblasts are the bone-building cells of the body.

True

Peak bone mass marks the point where bones are the strongest and most dense.

True

Phytochemicals in food are superior to the phytochemicals found in supplements.

True

Pregnancy and lactation decrease the calcium reserves in bones whenever calcium intake is inadequate.

True

Regular consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables such as beta-carotene may delay may prevent or delay macular degeneration.

True

Research suggests that diet may play a role in initiating cancer, speeding its development, or preventing cancer.

True

Skin, hair, and nails tend to have high sulfur content.

True

Soft water contains a higher concentration of sodium than hard water.

True

Tea is rich in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and caffeine.

True

The DASH diet is a good eating plan to reduce risk of hypertension, as well as heart disease and diabetes.

True

The Vitamins C, D, and K are all actively involved in bone health and maintenance.

True

The concentrations of calcium, sodium, and magnesium are what distinguish hard versus soft water.

True

The disease pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and, in severe cases, dementia.

True

The more colorful a juice is, the more nutritious the juice usually is.

True

The only trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant in the body is selenium.

True

The primary function of vitamin D is the regulation of the use of calcium and phosphorus within the body.

True

Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing cancer.

True

Vitamins promote growth and reproduction and help maintain health.

True

Water is essential for life and is the body's most needed nutrient.

True

__________ cup(s) of coffee a day are associated with health benefits and little indication of health risks.

Two to three

Which statement about energy drinks is correct?

Using them during exercise may cause light-headedness and nausea.

What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?

Vitamin A

Which is not a nutrient or compound that impairs iron absorption?

Vitamin C

Which nutrient is not supplied by drinking a glass of milk?

Vitamin C

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin works with vitamin C to squelch free radicals before they injure the body?

Vitamin E

_____ is the most needed nutrient by the body and is indispensable to life.

Water

Choline is ____.

a conditionally essential nutrient

The combination of alcohol with _______ may lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure.

antidepressants

A general function of vitamin C is its action as a(n) ____.

antioxidant

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) ____.

antioxidant

Phytochemicals have several different modes of action. Those with ____ protect cells from damage.

antioxidant properties

Because ____ are widespread in foods, people who eat a varied diet are not at risk for deficiencies of these vitamins.

biotin and pantothenic acid

Even when consumed in moderate amounts, alcohol may still increase the risk of ____ in women.

breast cancer

_______ is a binder that is found in milk that hinders zinc absorption.

casein

The trace mineral ______ works closely with insulin to help the cells take up glucose.

chromium

Vitamin A toxicity is most likely to occur from ____.

consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements

Consuming an apple instead of an equivalent amount of apple juice is a more nutrient dense choice because of the apple's ______.

fiber

The replacement of red blood cells depends most heavily on ____.

folate

Citrus juices are high in ____ and low in ____.

folate; sodium

A reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is ____.

fortified milk

Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases are called _______.

free radicals

Folic acid is added to ____ in order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

grain products

The herb _____ is often found in energy drinks and is chemically equivalent to caffeine.

guarana

The DASH eating pattern was designed to prevent _______.

hypertension

Cretinism is severe mental and physical retardation of an infant due to a lack of ______ while the mother was pregnant.

iodine

Regular soft drinks are ____.

low in nutrient density

A diet which overemphasizes ____ is likely to lead to a(n) ____ deficiency in children.

milk; iron

Since a woman will absorb more alcohol into her blood than a man of the same weight, _____ drink(s) for a woman could have the same effect as _____ drink(s) for a man.

one; two

Strict vegetarians are at risk of developing a vitamin B 12 deficiency because ____.

only animal foods contain sufficient amounts of the vitamin

Which meal eaten with an alcoholic beverage would most likely slow down the rate at which the alcohol is absorbed?

pepperoni pizza

Two natural compounds found in food that inhibit mineral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are ____.

phytates and oxalates

The loss of ________ from dehydration that may occur as a result of fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting may lead to sudden death likely due to heart failure.

potassium

Fetal alcohol syndrome is considered to be the most common cause of ____ in the United States.

preventable intellectual disability

The _________ in cow's milk makes it an unsuitable alternative to human milk for infants.

protein

The most reliable source of fluoride is ____.

public water

Milk is sold in protective cardboard or opaque plastic containers rather than in transparent glass bottles to minimize the loss of ____.

riboflavin

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the ____.

skeletal system

When alcohol is consumed, it is mostly absorbed through the ____ and metabolized in the _______.

small intestine; liver

Excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins are ____.

stored in the liver and in body fat

The main function of vitamin D is ____.

supporting bone mineralization

Consumption of _____ is associated with a decrease in the plaque formation associated with Alzheimer's disease.

tea

High blood levels of homocysteine ____.

tend to be associated with low blood levels of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus play a major role in ____.

the distribution of water inside and outside body cells

The largest percentage of a person's water output leaves the body through ____.

the kidneys as urine

Cortical bone is ____.

the thick, ivory-like outer portion of bone

The absorption and metabolism of alcohol is unaffected by ____.

the type of ethyl alcohol drink

Selenium is required for the production of the active form of ____ and also functions as a(n) ____.

thyroid hormone; antioxidant

Lycopene, found in ____, may help reduce the risk of ____.

tomatoes; prostate cancer

Dark chocolate, in moderation, may positively influence cardiovascular health.

true

Drinking alcohol at a rate of one drink per hour allows the liver adequate time to metabolize the alcohol completely.

true

Riboflavin is destroyed by ____.

ultraviolet light

Consuming over three cups of coffee each daily may actually increase risk of cardiovascular disease for individuals who have _______.

uncontrolled hypertension.

The vitamin most intensively involved in protein metabolism is ____.

vitamin B6

An elderly individual who cannot leave the house is at risk of a ______ deficiency.

vitamin D

Newborns are given an injection of _____ to prevent the possibility of a life-threatening hemorrhage.

vitamin K

Retarded growth and sexual development in a child may be due to a ________.

zinc deficiency

Which is not a health benefit associated with moderate coffee consumption?

Reduced risk of obesity

Jill has decided to stop drinking coffee. What should be her initial approach to help avoid headaches and fatigue?

Replace a small amount of regular- with decaffeinated-coffee grounds

_______ is the vitamin D deficiency in children.

Rickets

What food is an unlikely source of beta-carotene?

Romaine lettuce

Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?

Salt

Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in ____.

Soy products

Which food would not be a good source of sulfur?

Spinach

Which food would enhance iron absorption from the intestinal tract when eaten with a food rich in nonheme iron?

Strawberries

Which food is a good source of the vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene?

Sweet potatoes

Sharon is an 18-year-old college student who drinks soda at lunch, at dinner, and with snacks. You notice that she rarely drinks milk and suggest that she start because the calcium recommendation for someone 9 to 18 years of age is ____.

1,300 mg per day

Pamela asks Theodore what an energy drink is, and he correctly explains, ____.

"It is a nonalcoholic beverage with extra caffeine, and sometimes other stimulants."

The legal limit defining intoxication for the driver of a car is a blood alcohol content (BAC) of ____ or higher.

0.08

The liver can metabolize _____ ounce(s) of alcohol per hour.

0.5

The inability of the stomach to produce enough acid can lead to a _____ deficiency.

B12

Acetaldehyde affects production of red blood cells by destroying vitamin ____.

B6

Gertrude has a young son named Ben, and wants to know how to make sure he grows strong bones. Ben's pediatrician advises her to include calcium-rich foods in his daily diet so he can attain a high bone mass. Why is this so important?

Bone mass is the main factor influencing bone health.

Which drug can be administered as a nasal spray to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts?

Calcitonin

________ is a calcium supplement that tends to be better absorbed, especially by older people whose secretion of stomach acid tends to be reduced.

Calcium citrate

______ helps maintain the strong acidity in the stomach and the appropriate balance of acids and bases in the blood.

Chloride

What factor is classified as a cancer initiator?

Cigarette smoke

What recommendation helps minimize the loss of vitamins that can occur as a result of improper food handling?

Cook vegetables in a microwave oven in as little water as possible.

____________ is a parasite that can contaminate water that is not sensitive to chlorine and is a potential threat to people with weakened immune systems.

Cryptosporidium

_____ is a mineral that is critical to the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Iodine

Which statement about bottled water is correct?

Its mineral content can be determined by checking with the bottling company.

Which individual would be at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

Joe, who walks for 1 hour, 3 times each week

What water contaminant can cause neurologic damage in children?

Lead

________ causes muscles to relax after contractions, helps tooth enamel to retain calcium, and is found in nuts, dark green vegetables, seafood, and chocolate.

Magnesium

_______ refers to the body's increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure.

Metabolic tolerance

Which statement is not correct about milk consumption?

Milk consumption has steadily risen since 1970.

_______ is drawn from an underground source and contains at least 250 parts per million of dissolved solids.

Mineral Water

_______ control(s) the water balance between body cells and their environment.

Minerals

Which of the following is a correct statement about enhanced water?

Most enhanced water beverages are not any healthier than other beverages with added sugar.

How much alcohol consumption has been proven to be safe during pregnancy?

No amount of alcohol has been proven to be safe.

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults.

Osteomalacia

_______ is the deficiency disease associated with niacin.

Pellagra

_______ gives bones and teeth their rigidity and is part of the genetic makeup of every cell in the body.

Phosphorus

What is not a factor that one should consider when choosing a supplement to purchase?

Price

Which of the following is not a task that vitamins perform in the body?

Provide energy

Which herb is mismatched with its purported use?

Psyllium—improves memory

Fluoride deficiency is best known to cause ____.

dental decay

The term "contamination iron" refers to the ____.

dietary iron obtained when cooking in iron cookware

Thiamin is involved in ____.

energy release from carbohydrates

Excess intake of water-soluble vitamins are typically ____.

excreted in the urine