Exam 3
b
Sarah Ann designed, conducted, analyzed, wrote, and published an experiment. What was the dependent variable? a. art medium b. time c. size d. quality
A
Statistics involving two or more dependent variables are called A. multivariate statistics. B. inferential statistics. C. univariate statistics. D. descriptive statistics.
a
Suppose you perform a 2x3 ANOVA on 18 participants equally divided across all cells. Your F*obt* for Factor A is 9.15. This is a significant F*obt*. Which of the following is the correct way to report this finding? a. Fa (1, 12) = 9.15; p < 0.05 b. Fa (2, 18) = 9.15; p < 0.05 c. Fa (1, 12) = 9.15; p > 0.05 d. Fa (2, 15) = 9.15; p < 0.05
D
Suppose you perform an ANOVA on 18 subjects...your F*obt* is 9.15. This is a significant F*obt*. Which of the following is the correct way to report this finding? A. The Older Group read significantly faster than any other group. B. The Young Group reads significantly faster than any other group. C. There is a significant difference between the Older Group and the Middle Group. D. There is a significant difference among the reading speeds somewhere.
b
The "adjusted k" in Tukey's HSD is adjusted to take into account a. the number of confounded comparisons we can make out of all the cell means in our interaction. b. the number of *unconfounded* comparisons we can make out of all the cell means in our interaction. c. the adjustment factor used when there are unequal ns in the cells. d. the total number of cell means in a study.
C
The *experimentwise error rate* is defined as the probability of making a Type I error when A. comparing two means in an experiment where there are more than two means. B. computing confidence intervals for level means. C. comparing all pairs of means in an experiment. D. comparing the means of two or more factors in an experiment.
B
The F-distribution is defined as the A. distribution of all possible values of F regardless of whether H0 is true or false. B. sampling distribution showing all values of F that occur when H0 is true and all conditions represent one population μ. C. distance of each sample mean from the mean of the sampling distribution in estimated standard error units. D. sampling distribution showing all values of F that occur when H0 is false and all conditions represent different population μs.
b
The H0 for a main effect of a two-way ANOVA is that the samples in the various levels are drawn from populations where a. there are unequal variances. b. there are equal means. c. there are equal variances. d. the scores are normally distributed.
d
The denominator in all the F ratios in a two-way factorial ANOVA is a. the estimate of the interaction variance. b. the estimate of the treatment variance for the main effect being tested. c. never the same. d. the estimate of the variability within any of the raw score populations represented by the samples.
A
The effect of the independent variable corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level
C
The estimated variability (both within groups and between groups) corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Sum of squares
B
The independent variable matches which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level
A
The larger the value of 𝜂^2, A. the more consistent the effect of the factor on the differences in scores. B. the less consistent the effect of the factor on the differences in scores. C. the less important the effect of the factor in explaining the differences in scores. D. the more variable the effects of the treatment on the scores.
b
The larger the value of 𝜂^2, a. the less consistent the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. b. the more important the manipulation (independent variable) is in determining participants' scores. c. the less important the manipulation (independent variable) is in determining participants' scores. d. the more variable the effects of the factor (independent variable) are on the participants' scores.
A
The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels *are* equal is A. Tukey's HSD test. B. Fisher's protected t-test. C. the orthogonal t-test. D. Turkey's LSD test.
B
The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels are *not* equal is A. Tukey's HSD test. B. Fisher's protected t-test. C. the orthogonal t-test. D. Turkey's LSD test.
c
The primary interpretation of a two-way ANOVA rests on the interpretation of the a. main effects. b. ANOVA summary table. c. interaction effect, if it is significant. d. means for the main effects.
a
The primary reason for conducting a study with two factors is to a. observe the interaction between the factors. b. observe the main effects simultaneously. c. conserve time and energy. d. obtain more samples than can easily be obtained with one factor.
D
The term *condition* matches which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level
B
*Error variance*, or the *error term*, is equal to A. SSwn B. MSwn C. SSbn D. MSbn
C
*Sum of squares* is defined as the sum of A. every number squared. B. every mean squared. C. the squared deviations of scores from the mean. D. the squared deviations of scores from the mean, divided by the degrees of freedom.
c
A *confounded comparison* occurs in comparing two cell means when a. there are unequal ns in the cells. b. the two cells differ along one factor. c. the two cells differ along more than one factor. d. there are unequal ns in the factors.
a
A complete factorial design occurs when a. all levels of one factor are combined with all levels of the other factor. b. all levels of one factor are *not* combined with all levels of the other factor. c. the researcher is finished collecting all the data from a two-factor study. d. all statistical analyses, including post hoc comparisons and the calculation of 𝜂^2 , are completed.
c
A professor and his graduate students conducted a study testing the effects of levels of collaborative learning... What was Fa? a. Fa = 8 b. Fa = 9 c. Fa = 10 d. Fa = 11
A
A researcher investigated whether the noise level in a room influenced productivity. For this experiment, df*bn* = 3 and df*wn* = 20. What is F*crit*? Use 𝛼 = 0.05. A. 3.10 B. 3.59 C. 4.94 D. 8.66
a
A significant interaction effect indicates that a. the influence of one factor is *not* the same for each level of the other factor. b. the influence of one factor is the same for each level of the other factor. c. the relationship between one factor and the dependent variable differs from the relationship between the other factor and the dependent variable. d. the dependent variable differs depending on the level of a factor.
c
A study investigated the influence of age and time pressure on creativity. Compute the HSD for the difference between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Use 𝛼 = 0.05. a. 0.37 b. 0.72 c. 1.04 d. 1.76
a
A study investigated the influence of age and time pressure on creativity. The HSD for the interaction effect was 1.76. Where are the significant differences? a. Between the mean for participants Over 65 at the 30-sec time pressure and the mean for Over 65 at the 2-min time pressure. b. (1) Between the mean for participants Over 65 at the 30-sec time pressure and the mean for Over 65 at the 2-min time pressure, and (2) between the mean for the College-Age group at the 30-sec time pressure and the mean for the Over 65 group at the 30-sec time pressure. c. None of the cells are significantly different. d. All of the cells are significantly different.
c
A study investigated the influence of relaxation training...compute the effect size for the relaxation factor. a. 0.14 b. 0.30 c. 0.37 d. 0.70
b
A study investigates whether taking a test in the same room (this is the question with the graphs on it). Which graph correctly portrays the interaction? a. Graph A b. Graph B c. Graph C d. Graph D
B
A study of the effect of IQ on musical ability... The df*bn* = _____, df*wn* = _____, and df*tot* = _____. A. 33, 2, 35 B. 2, 33, 35 C. 2, 35, 33 D. 35, 33, 2
b
A two-way ANOVA contains a. a main effect for each factor. b. a main effect for each factor and an interaction. c. an interaction for each factor and a main effect. d. an interaction for each factor.
b
An *unconfounded comparison* occurs in comparing two cell means when a. there are unequal ns in the cells. b. the two cells differ along one factor. c. the two cells differ along more than one factor. d. there are unequal ns in the factors.
D
An educational psychologist... How many factors does this experiment have? A. 3 B. 90 C. 30 D. 1
B
An educational psychologist... In terms of ANOVA symbols, what is the value of N in the experiment? A. 3 B. 90 C. 30 D. 1
A
An experimenter studies the effect of type of music... How many levels are there in the experiment? A. 3 B. 67 C. 20 D. 1
A
An experimenter studies the effect of type of music... What kind of experimental design is this? A. One-way, between-subjects B. One-way, within-subjects C. Two-sample, between-subjects D. Two-sample, within-subjects
A
An independent variable that is studied by measuring the *same subjects* under all conditions is called a A. within-subjects factor B. between-subjects factor C. level D. treatment
b
An interaction effect that is *not* significant indicates that a. the influence of one factor is not the same for each level of the other factor. b. the influence of one factor is the same for each level of the other factor. c. the relationship between one factor and the dependent variable differs from the relationship between the other factor and the dependent variable. d. the dependent variable differs depending on the level of a factor.
D
Analysis of variance is the most common inferential statistical procedure used to analyze experiments because A. it is the only statistical procedure that can test... B. there are several different versions of it, and so it can test for possible treatment effects... C. most researchers are interested in... D. there are several different versions of it, and so it can be used with many experimental designs
a
To graph a main effect from a two-way ANOVA, the _____ is (are) plotted along the *X axis*, the _____ is (are) plotted along the *Y axis*, and the _____ is (are) plotted in the graph. a. levels of a factor; dependent variable; main effect means b. dependent variable; levels of a factor; main effects means c. levels of a factor; dependent variable; cell means d. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; dependent variable
b
To graph an interaction, place the _____ on the *X axis*, place the _____ along the *Y axis*, and show the second factor by _____. a. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; plotting the cell means for the dependent variable b. levels of one factor; dependent variable; drawing a separate line for each level of the second factor, with each line connecting the means for the levels c. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; creating a similar but separate graph for each cell mean d. levels of one factor; dependent variable; creating a similar but separate graph for each level of the other factor.
B
Treatment variance is defined as A. the differences of scores from the mean of their condition. B. the differences between the populations produced by a factor. C. the inherent variability in the scores, to a certain extent. D. sampling error.
C
Using the following ANOVA summary table, compute 𝜂^2. A. 0.29 B. 0.78 C. 0.22 D. 1.79
c
Usually the effect size for any significant effects in a two-way ANOVA is determined by computing _____, the proportion of variance accounted for in the sample. a. SS*bn* b. F*obt* c. 𝜂^2 d. 𝜔^2
c
We do not compare cell means in post hoc analysis when the cells are confounded because a. confounded cell means cannot differ significantly. b. confounded cell means contain room much error variance. c. even if the difference were significant, we could not tell where it came from. d. if the difference were significant, it would cast doubt on the interpretation of other significant differences.
D
We perform ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests because with ANOVA the experimentwise error rate will A. be much less than 𝛼. B. be much larger than 𝛼. C. change with each new significance test. D. be equal to 𝛼.
B
Complete the following ANOVA summary table. A. MS*wn* = 4.667; MS*tot* = 7.042; F*obt* = 1.52 B. MS*bn* = 23.667; MS*wn* = 4.667; F*obt* = 5.07 C. MS*bn* = 23.667; MS*wn* = 7.042; F*obt* = 3.36 D. There is insufficient information given to complete this table.
A
Corey is researching the effect... *randomly* assigns 15 rats to each treatment, what is his SS*bn*? A. 9.44 B. 5 C. 37 D. 12.17
D
Corey is researching the effect...randomly assigns an *equal* number of rats to each treatment condition. What is his SS*tot*? A. 59.11 B. 1.33 C. 80.00 D. 24.44
A
When Fobt *is* significant, A. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, but we do not know which specific means differ significantly. B. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, and we know which specific means differ significantly. C. there may be significant differences between the level means, but all means are still likely to represent the same μ. D. there are no significant differences between any of the level means, and all means are likely to represent the same μ.
D
When Fobt is *not* significant, A. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, but we do not know which specific means differ significantly. B. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, and we know which specific means differ significantly. C. there may be significant differences between the level means, but all means are still likely to represent the same μ. D. there are no significant differences between any of the level means, and all means are likely to represent the same μ.
B
When H0 is false, MSbn is composed of _____, and MSwn is composed of _____. A. error variance; treatment variance + error variance B. treatment variance + error variance; error variance C. treatment variance; error variance D. error variance; treatment variance
C
When H0 is true, all scores in the experiment come from the same population and MSbn will be _____ MSwn. A. less than B. greater than C. equal to D. different from
C
When Ha is true, Fobt should be A. = 0.0 B. = 1.0 C. > 1.0 D. ≤ 0.0
A
When Tukey's HSD test is used, two means are significantly different if the absolute difference between them is A. greater than the HSD B. less than the HSD C. equal to the HSD d. zero
a
When an experiment design has two factors and both factors are tested using related samples, we should perform a a. two-way within-subjects ANOVA b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA. c. two-way mixed-design ANOVA. d. two-way dependent-factors ANOVA.
c
When an experiment design has two factors but one factor involves related samples while the other factor involves independent samples, we should perform a a. two-way within-subjects ANOVA. b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA. c. two-way mixed-design ANOVA. d. two-way independent-related samples ANOVA.
c
When graphed, a significant interaction effect produces two or more lines that a. slant upward from left to right. b. slant downward from left to right. c. are not parallel. d. have either U shapes or inverted U shapes.
C
F*obt* cannot ever be negative because A. only absolute differences are used in its computation. B. a ratio can never be negative. C. the mean squares are variances, which cannot be negative numbers. D. the larger variance estimate is always placed in the numerator.
C
For Factor A, you have timed the rate at which participants can solve puzzles under three conditions of noise: high, medium, and low. In addition, for Factor B the participants have received either no caffeine or a high level of caffeine (equivalent to 4 cups of coffee). What kind of design do you have? a. A 2 x 3 between-subjects, factorial design b. A 3 x 3 between-subjects, factorial design c. A 3 x 2 between-subjects, factorial design d. A 3 x 3 between-subjects, incomplete factorial design
a
For the following *mean square* from an ANOVA summary table, what are the correct F*obt* values? a. a b. b c. c d. d
c
For the following *two-way* ANOVA summary table, what are the appropriate MS values? a. a b. b c. c d. d
d
For which of the three F-tests in a two-way ANOVA do you collapse across the levels of the other factor(s) in computing the means? a. The A main effect b. The B main effect c. The interaction effect d. Both the A main effect and the B main effect
d
How many participants would be required for a completely randomized 4 x 5 between-subjects design with three observations per cell? a. 18 b. 20 c. 27 d. 60
d
Which of the following is *NOT* one of the assumptions we must satisfy when conducting a two-way, between-subjects ANOVA? a. Each cell is an independent sample of interval or ratio scores. b. The populations represented are normally distributed. c. The variances of all the represented populations are homogeneous. d. The means of all the populations represented are equal.
A
Which of the following is *not* true of the analysis of variance? A. It has a higher rate of Type I error than the two-sample t-tests. B. It determines whether significant differences exist in an experiment. C. It is used for experiments with two or more sample means. D. It is a parametric procedure.
C
Which of the following is one of the assumptions we make when we do a one-way, between-subjects ANOVA? A. Each sample represents a normally distributed population of nominal or ordinal scores. B. The populations represented have significantly different variances. C. All conditions of the single independent variable contain independent samples. D. The means of the populations represented are homogenous.
C
Which of the following is the desired outcome of an ANOVA? A. All of the group variances are significantly different. B. All of the group variances are approximately equal. C. All of the group means are significantly different. D. All of the group means are approximately equal.
B
Which of the following would *not* result in an increase in the power of ANOVA? A. Increasing the differences between the conditions of the independent variable. B. Increasing the variability of the scores within each condition. C. Increasing the n of small samples. D. Reducing the variability of the scores within each condition.
A
If Fobt and the post hoc comparisons are significant, then the experimentwise probability of a Type I error is A. equal to 𝛼 B. greater than 𝛼 C. equal to 𝛼 multiplied by the number of post hoc comparisons made D. equal to 𝛼 divided by the number of post hoc comparisons made
d
If you are interested in how well students perform on a standardized math achievement test after they have completed a six-week math unit in either a computer-assisted class, a videotaped course, or a regular classroom, and you also want to include a factor for sex (boys vs. girls), what is the dependent variable? a. The type of math instruction b. The subjects' sex c. The six-week unit d. The scores on the math achievement test
d
If you are interested in how well students perform on a standardized math achievement test after they have completed a six-week math unit in either a computer-assisted class, a videotaped course, or a regular classroom, what kind of design do you have? a. A 3 x 3 between-subjects, factorial design b. A 2 x 2 between-subjects, factorial design c. A 3 x 3 between-subjects, incomplete factorial design d. A one-way design
d
If you have a two-way ANOVA with a 2x3 design, and the A main effect is the only significant F*obt*, which of the following would you do? a. Perform post hoc comparisons for the 3 levels of the B factor. b. Perform post hoc comparisons for the 2 levels of the A factor. c. Perform post hoc comparisons for the interaction effect. d. Perform no post hoc comparisons.
c
If ∑X = 49, ∑X^2 = 104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)^2 ÷ (n of scores in the column)] = 85, ∑[(sum of scores in the row)^2 ÷ (n of scores in the row)] = 90 and N = 30, what is SS*B*? a. 4.97 b. 23.97 c. 9.97 d. 52.47
d
If ∑X = 49, ∑X^2 = 104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)^2 ÷ (n of scores in the column)] = 85, ∑[(sum of scores in the row)^2 ÷ (n of scores in the row)] = 90, SS*bn* = 17.55, and N = 30, what is SS*AxB*? a. 9.97 b. 6.42 c. 4.97 d. 2.61
C
If ∑X1 =19... what is ∑[(sum of scores in the column)^2 ÷ (n of scores in the column)]? A. 45.88 B. 155.04 C. 196.20 D. 4.86
d
If 𝜂^2 for a factor is 0.09, a. the importance of the factor should be emphasized in the interpretation of the overall experiment. b. the importance of the factor should not be emphasized in the interpretation of the overall experiment. c. the factor accounts for 90% of the variance in scores. d. the factor accounts for 9% of the variance in scores.
B
In ANOVA, an independent variable that is studied using *independent samples* in all conditions is called a A. within-subjects factor B. between-subjects factor C. level D. treatment
D
In ANOVA, the mean square *between* groups indicates A. the inherent variability within any population represented by the conditions. B. how much the differences between the means will be the same size as the differences between individual scores. C. the inherent variability between scores that arises from individual differences. D. the differences in scores that occur between the levels of a factor.
C
In ANOVA, the mean square *within* groups indicates A. the differences in scores that occur between the levels in a factor. B. how much the differences between the means will be the same size as the differences between individual scores. C. the inherent variability *within* any population represented by the conditions. D. how much the means in a factor differ from each other.
d
In a 2x2 design with 40 participants equally distributed across the conditions, what are kA and nA1? a. kA = 1; nA1 = 10 b. kA = 1; nA1 = 40 c. kA = 2; nA1 = 10 d. kA = 2; nA1 = 20
c
In a 3 x 4 design with four participants per cell, the degrees of freedom to use in looking up the F*crit* for the interaction effect would be a. 2, 36. b. 4, 48. c. 6, 36. d. 6, 48.
C
In a one-way, between-subjects ANOVA, MSbn is an estimate of A. treatment variance only B. error variance only C. treatment variance plus error variance D. treatment variance minus error variance
a
In a two-way ANOVA, a cell represents a. one level of the A independent variable and one level of the B independent variable. b. one level of the dependent variable. c. one level of the A independent variable. d. all the subjects in the experiment.
a
In a two-way ANOVA, an F involving a comparison among the level means of a factor is referred to as a test for the significance of a. a main effect. b. the interaction effect. c. a factorial design d. a level effect.
c
In a two-way ANOVA, the *main effect* of a factor is the a. extent to which its effect depends on the action of the other factor. b. extent to which the factor produces dependent variable scores different from those the other factor produced. c. effect of changing the levels of the factor on the dependent variable scores, ignoring all other factors in the study. d. effect of changing the levels of the factor on the dependent variable scores, taking into account all other factors in the study.
d
In a two-way ANOVA, the HSDs for the two main effects will a. always be the same. b. never be the same. c. be different if their Fobt values are different. d. be different if their *k*s or *n*s are different.
c
In a two-way ANOVA, the interaction effect is the a. effect of changing the levels of a factor on the dependent scores. b. effect of changing the levels of a factor on the dependent scores, ignoring all other factors in the study. c. extent to which the effect of one factor depends on the action of the other factor. d. effect on the independent variables of changing the levels of a factor.
a
In a two-way ANOVA, the values of *n* and *k* a. may be different for each factor. b. may be different for each level within a factor. c. will always be the same for each factor. d. will never be the same for different factors.
b
In a two-way analysis of variance where Factor A has 3 levels and Factor B has 4 levels, what are the appropriate df if 240 participants are evenly distributed among the treatments? a. a b. b c. c d. d
D
In an analysis of variance, we assume that the variability of scores within a condition remains the same A. regardless of whether there is inherent inconsistency in any particular condition. B. only when H0 is false. C. only when H0 is true. D. regardless of whether H0 is true or false.
D
In an experiment on the effect of caffeine...what is his MS*bn*? A. 5.90 B. 27.95 C. 30.90 D. 2.95
C
In an experiment on the effect of caffeine...what is his SS*tot*? A. 5.90 B. 27.95 C. 30.90 D. 2.95
d
In any two-way ANOVA, if F*a•b* is *significant*, which of the following is *true*? a. Fa also has to be significant. b. Fb also has to be significant. c. Both Fa and Fb also must be significant. d. A significant interaction does not tell us anything about the significance of the main effects.
A
In computing an ANOVA, which of the following is *NOT* one of the calculations? A. *SS*tot/*df*tot B. *SS*bn/*df*bn C. *SS*wn/*df*wn D. *MS*bn/*MS*wn
D
In terms of hypotheses, one of the major differences between the t-test and ANOVA is that A. Ha is never defined with the t-test. B. H0 is never defined with ANOVA. C. ANOVA always involves one-tailed hypotheses. D. ANOVA never involves one-tailed hypotheses.
B
Jessica is conducting research. What is Fobt? A. 0.06 B. 17.45 C. 1.92 D. 58.65
D
Joan's doctoral dissertation A. Independent = wheelchair use; dependent = virtual-reality condition B. Independent = wheelchair use; dependent = time needed C. Independent = time needed; dependent = virtual-reality condition D. Independent = virtual-reality condition; dependent = time needed
B
Post hoc comparisons are used A. prior to the calculation of Fobt to determine if an ANOVA is necessary. B. after Fobt is found to be significant. C. after Fobt is found to be nonsignificant. D. when we plan on comparing only certain specified pairs of sample means with each other.
B
Post hoc comparisons are used in one-way ANOVA to compare all the possible A. variances to each other. B. pairs of sample means from different levels of a factor to determine which are significantly different from each other. C. pairs of sample variances from different levels of a factor to determine which are significantly different from each other. D. pairs of means from different factors to determine whether they are significantly different from each other.