Exam 3

What direction are the fibers arranged in the popliteus?

Obliquely

Rectus Abdominis

Origin: crest of pubis Insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7, diploid process Action: backward tilt

Sacroiliac Joints

A synovial plant joint located between the sacrum and the two ilium bones. United by the inguinal ligament (minimal movement) between the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle and serves as a major source of muscle attachment.

Iliotibial Band (IT band)

A thick band of fascia connective tissue. Insertion point for the tensor fasciae later and gluteus maximus. Passes across the greater trochanter of the femur as the hip joint flexes/extends.

Semitendinosus

A very prominent, cord-like structure on medial aspect. Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: anterior, medial tibia Action: extension, internal rotation, and backward pelvis tilt. Application: most effective at extending hip when knee is straight. Part of the hamstring group.

What movements does the hip have in the frontal plane?

Abduction and adduction.

What muscles act on the little toe?

Abductor digiti minimi and flexor digiti minimi brevis

What muscles act on the great toe?

Abductor hallucis​, flexor hallucis brevis​, adductor hallucis

Rectus Femoris (Knee)

Origin: anterior inferior spine of ilium Insertion: superior aspect of patella, patellar tendon, tibia tuberosity Action: knee - extension, hip - flexion, pelvis - forward tilt Application: knee extension is strongest when hip is extended. used while running, jumping, skipping. part of quadriceps group. strengthen by squats, knee extensions, and leg presses.

Rectus Femoris (Hip)

Origin: anterior inferior spine of ilium Insertion: supine aspect of patella Action: hip flexion, forward tilt of pelvis. Application: pulls anterior pelvis downwards and is counteracted by the abdominals. Used for running, jumping, and skipping. Part of the quad group.

Gracilis

Origin: anterior pubic bone Insertion: anterior medial tibia Action: adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

Adductor Longus

Origin: anterior pubic bone Insertion: liner aspera Action: adduction and flexion Application: powerful movement of drawing the thighs together

Adductor Brevis

Origin: anterior pubic bone Insertion: pectineal line Action: adduction, flexion, and external rotation

List the 6 deep posterior hip muscles. What are they generally responsible for?

Hip external rotation. Piriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, obturator internus and externus, and quadratus femoris,

What movements happen with the pelvic girdle during walking?

Hip flexion and extension with rotation of the pelvic girdle.

What does the true groin primarily do?

Hip flexion.

List the 5 anterior hip muscles. What are the generally responsible for?

Hip flexion. Psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, sartorius, and rectus femoris.

What can strain the hamstrings?

Hip hyperextension or knee hyperextension.

Longitudinal Arch (Medial/Lateral)

Medial: runs from calcaneus to tarsals and medial metatarsals Lateral: runs from calcaneus to cuboid and 4/5 metarsal.

Lateral Malleolous

More distal. Found on fibula.

Medial Malleolous

More proximal. Found on tibia.

Abduction (Foot)

Movement of the foot away from the center of the body line.

Adduction (Foot)

Movement of the foot towards the center body line.

Toe Extension

Movement of the toes away from the plantar surface of the foot.

Toe Flexion

Movement of the toes toward the plantar surface of the foot.

Circumduction

Moves around in a circle.

Extensor hallucis brevis

Origin: Calcaneus​ Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe​ Action: Extension of great toe

Extensor digitorum brevis

Origin: Calcaneus​ Insertion: Long extensor tendons of toes 2-5​ Action: Extension of toes 2-5

Peroneus tertius​

Origin: Distal 1/3 of fibula and interosseous membrane​ Insertion: Distal aspect of 5th metatarsal​ Action: Dorsiflexion, eversion​ Application: Small muscles, assists in dorsiflexion and eversion, may be absent

Pectineus

Origin: anterior pubic bone Insertion: perineal line on femur Action: hip flexion, strong adductor, external rotation, and forward pelvis tilt Application: works with ilipsoas

Adductor Magnus

Origin: anterior pubic bone, ischium, ischial tuberosity Insertion: Ilinea aspera​ Action: adduction, extension, external rotation Application: used in breast stroke swim and horseback riding

Genu Articularis

Origin: anterior surface of femur proximal to condyles Insertion: synovial membrane Action: pulls articular capsule of the knee proximally during knee extension Application: prevents synovial membrane from becoming impinged between the femur, the patella and the tibia

Flexor hallucis longus

Origin: Distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane​ Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe​ Action: Plantar flexion, inversion, flexion of great toe​ Application: Actions at the toes to maintain balance during walking

Peroneus brevis

Origin: Distal ½ of fibula​ Insertion: 5th metatarsal tuberosity​ Action: Eversion, plantar flexion​ Application: Primary everter, supports lateral longitudinal arch. Strengthen by the plantar flexion during running and jumping.

Soleus

Origin: Head and proximal 1/3 of fibula, middle 1/3 of the tibia​ Insertion: Calcaneus​ Action: Plantar flexion of ankle​ Application: One of the most important plantar flexors. Used for running, walking, jumping, dancing on toes, and skipping.

Peroneus longus

Origin: Head of fibula, upper 2/3 of lateral fibula​ Insertion: 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform​ Action: Eversion of foot, plantar flexion of ankle​ Application: Strong everter, supports transverse arch. Developed by pacing foot forward in running/jumping, or walking barefoot.

Biceps Femoris

Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: head of fibula and lateral tibia Action: extension, external rotation of pelvis, and backward tilt. Application: used to extend hip when knees are straight and for running, jumping, and skipping. Part of the hamstring group.

Psoas Major/Psoas Minor

Origin: L1-5 transverse processes, and bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 Insertion: lesser trochanter (on femur) Action: flexion and rotation of lumbar spine, flexion (assists with adduction and external rotation of the hip), anterior pelvic rotation, forward tilt, and pelvic rotation

Extensor digitorum longus

Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal ¾ of fibula​ Insertion: Phalanges 2-5​ Action: Dorsiflexion, eversion, extension of toes 2-5​ Application: Maintains balanced between plantar and dorsal flexors

Extensor hallucis longus

Origin: Medial ½ of fibula and interosseous membrane​ Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallucis)​ Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle, inversion of foot, extension of great toe​ Application: Contracted by walking on the heel

Gastrocnemius

Origin: lateral head originates at the popliteal area medial to lateral femoral condyle and the medial head originates at the medial condyle of femur Insertion: Calcaneus Action: knee flexion Application: propels body upwards and forward, running, jumping, and skipping.

Obliques (Internal)

Origin: lateral inguinal ligament (pelvis), iliac crest Insertion: Ribs 5-7, sternum Action: backward tilt, lateral pelvic tilt (contralateral)

Gluteus Minimus

Origin: lateral surface of ilium Insertion: greater trochanter Action (Hip): abduction, flexion, and internal rotation Action (Pelvis): forward tilt, lateral tilt to the ipsilateral side Application: Used in walking, maintains proper hip abduction while running

What muscle can be seen in the butterfly stretch?

The adductor longus.

When the knee is flexed, where does stability arise from?

The capsules, ligaments, and muscles.

What allows the femur to transfer body weight to the lower leg?

The distal end of the femur articulates with the tibia so weight can be transferred to the knee.

Which muscle helps direct the leg forward to ensure proper foot placement while walking/running?

The tensor fasciae latae.

Tibialis Posterior

Origin: Middle 1/3 of tibia, head and proximal 2/3 of medial aspect of fibula, interosseous membrane​ Insertion: Navicular, medial cuneiform, 2-4 metatarsals​ Action: Plantar flexion, inversion, adduction​ Application: Supports medial longitudinal arch, may be inflamed during shin splints

Flexor digitorum longus

Origin: Posterior tibia​ Insertion: Base of distal phalanges of toes 2-5​ Action: Plantar flexion, inversion, flexion of toes 2-5​ Application: Maintains longitudinal arch, strengthened by walking barefoot

What movements take place in the pelvic girdle?

Very minimal due to fusion at the joints. Some gliding or oscillating types of movements during walking or in hip flexion when lying on back.

Vastus Lateralis

Origin: greater trochanter and intertrochanteric line, lines aspera Insertion: lateral patella, anterior lateral tibial condyle, rectus femoris tendon Action: knee extension Application: walking, running, standing, jumping, and skipping. extends the knee when the hip is flexed and part of quadriceps group.

Quadratus Lumborum

Origin: iliac crest Insertion: transverse processes of L1-L4, rib 12 (posterior) Action: stabilizes the pelvis, forward tilt, lateral tilt to contralateral side

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Origin: iliac crest, ilium surface Insertion: IT band Action: abduction, flexion, internal rotation, forward pelvis tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt to ipsilateral side Application: prevents external rotation of the hip when hip is flexed by other muscles

Illiocostalis

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lower 9 ribs (posterior) Insertion: transverse process of C4-7, ribs 1-12 (posterior)

Longissimus

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, transverse processes of L1-5 Insertion: mastoid process, spinous processes of C2-C6, T1-12, lower ribs (posterior)

Iliacus

Origin: inner surface of the ilium Insertion: lesser trochanter (on femur) Action: flexes hip joint, assists with adduction and external rotation of hip, forward tilt, anterior pelvic rotation, and pelvic rotation

Gemellus Superior/Inferior

Origin: ischial spine (superior) and ischial tuberosity (inferior) Insertion: greater trochanter. Action: external rotation Application: external rotor group

Quadratus Femoris

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: intertrochanteric ridge Action: external rotation Application: external rotor group

Semimembranosus

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial tibia Action: extension and internal rotation. tilts pelvis backward. Application: part of the hamstring group.

Tibialis Anterior

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia Insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal Action: dorsiflexion of ankle, inversion of foot Application: strongly contracts during ice-skating, walking on outside of foot. supports medial longitudinal arch

Popliteus

Origin: lateral femoral condyle Insertion: popliteal line on tibia Action: flexion and internal rotation

Calcaneus

Largest tarsal bone. Plantar bone of the hind foot.

Eversion

Lateral (outward) twisting movement of the foot. About 20 degrees.

Where is the ischium located?

Lateral, interior portion.

Where is the ilium located?

Lateral, superior portion.

What are the landmarks of the tibia?

Lateral/medial condyles and tibial tuberosity.

Intertarsal Joints

Located between tarsal bones. Allows inversion and eversion.

Femur

Longest and largest long bone. Head makes up the ball of the hip joint.

Inversion

Medial (inward) twisting motion of the foot. About 30 degrees.

Where is the pubic bone located?

Anterior portion

Talus

Dorsal bone of hind foot.

Obligatory Terminal Rotation

A screw home movement. During the last 30 degrees of knee extension on fixed femur, the tibia externally rotates about 10 degrees. The joint locks into place in full extension.

Patella

Large sesamoid bone. Ossifies at 2-3 yrs.

Male Vs Female Q Angle

10-15 degrees in males and 15-20 degrees in females.

How many phalanges are in the forefoot?

14. 3 per toe (except first toe). Proximal, middle, distal.

How many bones are in each foot?

18

How many bones are in the forefoot?

19

How many bones are in the hind foot?

2

Cuneiforms

3. Medial, intermediate, and lateral. In mid foot.

How many bones are in the mid foot?

5

How many metatarsals are in the forefoot?

5

What does the iliopsoas refer to?

A combination of the iliac and poses major.

Hip Pointer Injury

A contusion of the soft tissues attached to the ilium. Common in contact sports; most often caused by ill-fitting equipment. Symptoms include tenderness, swelling, reduced range formation in the hip and pelvis. Treated with ice, compression, and rest.

Acetabulum

A deep concave socket found in the hip. Where the head of the femur meets with the pelvis.

What movements happen with the pelvic girdle while kicking?

A greater range of motion in the hip causes an increase in distance/speed of the kick

Q Angle

A line drawn through the patella and tibial tuberosity and another line drawn between patella and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) creates this.

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A multi-axial ball and socket joint. More stable than the glenohumeral joint and has long architecture.

Medial/Lateral Collateral Ligament Sprain

Lateral forces stress the MCL while medial forces stress the ACL.

What muscle make up the common groin?

Adductor brevis, longus, Magnus, pectine, and gracilis.

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

Allows the foot to support the weight of the body in erect posture, provides space for blood vessels, nerves, and tendons, shock absorption, and balance.

Tibiofibular Joint

Amphiarthroadial joint. Minimal movement, mostly at proximal. Fibular internally and externally rotates during plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. Has the interosseous ligament and the anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments.

Pubic Symphysis

Amphiarthrodial cartilaginous articulation between the bodies of the pubic bones, united by an interpubic fibrocartilage disc.

Knee Joint Capsule

An inner synovial membrane lubricates the knee joint while an outer fibrous membrane surrounds and protects the joint.

Greater/Lesser Trochanters

Anterior landmarks of the femur. Serve as insertion points of muscles responsible for joint action.

Forward Pelvic Tilt/Anterior Rotation

Anterior lowers while the posterior rises. Comes with the extension of the lumbar spine and flexion of the hip joint.

What are the landmarks of the ilium?

Anterior superior/inferior iliac spine (ASIS), posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), iliac crest, and the greater sciatic notch.

What are the landmarks of the fibula?

Apex, head, and neck.

Cuboid (lateral)

Articulates with calcaneus. In mid foot.

Navicular (medial, scaphoid)

Articulates with talus. In mid foot.

Ankle (Talocrual Joint)

Articulation between tibia, talus, and fibula. Synovial hinge joint (mortise and tenon joint). Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Interphalangeal Joints

Articulations between distal, middle, and proximal phalanges. Hinge joints that allow flexion and extension.

Metetarsalphalangeal Joints

Articulations between heads of metatarsal and bases of proximal phalanges. Condyloid joints that allow flexion, extension, and some abduction/adduction.

When do the pubic bones fused?

At 25 years.

Running Vs Walking

At one point, neither foot is on the ground with running and both feet are never in contact with the ground at the same time.

What are the landmarks of the patella?

Base, apex, and lateral/medial articular surfaces on the posterior side.

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and the semimbranosus.

Bones of the Midfoot Order

Circus Needs More Interesting Clowns.

Pronation (Foot)

Combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction. Foot moves up and away from the center of the body.

Supination (Foot)

Combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction. Foot moves down and towards the center of the body.

Lateral Pelvic Tilt/Lateral Rotation

Comes with the lateral flexion of the lumbar spine, abduction of one hip joint, and adduction of the other hip joint.

Pelvic Rotation

Comes with the rotation of the lumbar spine and internal rotation of one hip joint and external rotation of the other hip joint.

Torn Meniscus

Common in sports. Caused by excessive rotation of femur on a fixed tibia or stress to medial collateral ligament. Results in a popping noise or locking knee and eventual pain/swelling. Inner tears require surgery.

What causes obligatory terminal rotation?

Condylar structure or tension in the ACL or medial/lateral collateral ligaments.

Articular Capsule (Knee)

Connective tissue that surrounds and stabilizes the joint capsule.

Dorsiflexion

Decreasing the angle between the dorsal aspect of the foot and the anterior aspect of the lower leg. Normal range goes to about 20 degrees. Limited by bone structure and tension in Achilles tendon.

Glenoid Lip

Deepens the acetabulum socket. A fibrocartilaginous rim on the outer edge of the acetabulum that is surrounded by a strong and dense ligamentous capsule. Prevents excessive movements that could move the head of the femur from the socket.

ACL Sprain

Femur and tibia twist in opposite direction under full body weight. Certain ankle braces/footwear put too much stress on the knee. Also caused by quadricep-hamstring strength imbalance.

How does the tibiofemoral joint move?

Flexion and extension in sagittal plane. Maximum extension at 5-10 degrees and maximum flexion at 120-150 degree. The femur rolls and slides over both menisci during extension and flexion.

What movements does the hip have in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension.

Errector Spinae

Found on posterior spine. Consists of the longissimus and illiocostalis.

Metatarsal/Transverse Arches

Found on the dorsal surface.

Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament

From lateral condyle of femur to fibula head.

Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament

From medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia, with some attachment of meniscus.

What type of movement is found in the patellofemoral joint?

Gliding motion.

What are the posterior landmarks of the femur?

Gluteal line, pectineal line, and lines aspera.

What muscle is responsible for the appearance of the butt and hips?

Gluteus maximus.

At what point does the Q angle put extra stress on the patellofemoral joint?

Greater than 20 degrees.

Excessive Anterior Tilt of the Pelvis

Has several visual cues includes a forward tipped pelvis, increased anterior curve in the lumbar spine (sway back), a bulging abdomen. Can lead to back, hip, and knee pain. Caused by over development/tension of muscles in the posterior spine and under development of muscle in the anterior thorax. Can be treated with conditioning exercises and physical therapy.

Walking Stance Phase Movements

Heel-Strike: land on calcaneus, foot in supination and leg in external rotation. Midstance: pronation of foot, internal rotation of leg. Toe-Off: supination of foot, external rotation of leg.

List the 3 lateral hip muscles. What are they generally responsible for?

Hip abduction. Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.

What does the common groin primarily do?

Hip adduction.

List the 5 medial hip muscles. What are they general responsible for?

Hip adduction. Pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis.

What does the hamstring group primarily do?

Hip extension.

List the 4 posterior hip muscles. What are they generally responsible for?

Hip extension. Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gluteus maximus.

What can strain the true groin?

Hyperextension.

Plantarflexion

Increasing the angle between the dorsal aspect of the foot and the anterior aspect of the lower leg. Normal range is up to 55 degrees. Limited by bone structure, tension of anterior ligaments and muscles.

Walking Swing Phase Movements

Initial swing, midswing, and terminal swing.

What movements does the hip have in the horizontal plane?

Internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation.

Transverse Tarsal Joint

Intertarsal joint between cuboid and navicular, talus.

Subtalar Joint

Intertarsal joint between talus and calcaneus.

What are referred to as the "sit-bones"?

Ischial tuberosity.

Why is the genu articularis considered a deep muscle?

It is found below the vastus intermedius and above the patella.

When the knee is extended, where does stability arise from?

Its vertical alignment and the fit of the joint surfaces.

Tibiofemoral Articulation

Knee joint. The femoral condyles articulate with the tibia condyles. Modified hinge joint that flexes and extends. Also capable of internal and external rotation.

Male Vs Female Pelvic Skeletons

Larger opening in the ring of bones in females, female pelvis is wider and flatter, female pelvis has a forward tilt.

Gluteus Medius

Origin: lateral surface of ilium Insertion: greater trochanter Action (Hip): abduction, flexion, extension, internal and external rotation Action (Pelvis): forward tilt, backward tilt, and lateral tilt to ipsilateral Application: depends on what part of the muscle is contracted. used in walking when weight is suspended on one leg to prevent the opposite hip from sagging.

Vastus Medialis

Origin: linea aspera Insertion: upper border of patella and patellar tendon, tibia tuberosity Action: knee extension Application: walking, running, standing, jumping, and skipping. maintains patellofemoral stability and part of quadriceps group

Obliques (External)

Origin: lower 8 ribs Insertion: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, crest of the pubis Action: backward tilt, lateral pelvic tilt (contralateral)

Obturator Internus/Externus

Origin: obturator foramen Insertion: greater trochanter Action: external rotation Application: part of the external rotor group

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: posterior aspect of the iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx. Insertion: lateral aspect of greater trochanter and IT band. Action: extension, adduction, external rotation, abduction of flexed hip, and backward pelvic tilt. Application: used when the hip joint passes 15 degrees. used in running, skipping, jumping, and returning from squatting.

Vastus Intermedius

Origin: proximal 2/3 of femur Insertion: upper border of patella and patellar tendon, tibia tuberosity Action: knee extension Application: walking, running, standing, jumping, and skipping. part of quadriceps group

Piriformis

Origin: sacrum and sciatic notch. Insertion: greater trochanter. Action: external rotation. Application: part of external rotators. Used in throwing baseball or swinging a bat.

What are problems with having a low arch?

Over pronation, difficult supporting weight on toes, and heel pain.

What are problems with having a high arch?

Over supination and heel pain

What can strain the common groin?

Overstretching.

Patellofemoral Syndrom

Pain in and around the patellogemoral joint. More common in females due to greater Q angle.

Sciatic Notch

Passage for nerves (including the sciatic nerve) and blood vessels.

What movements happen with the pelvic girdle during running?

Pelvic rotation helps increase the length of the strides.

Sudden contraction of which muscle can impinge the sciatic notch and cause pain along the sciatic nerve?

Piriformis.

Patellofemoral Articulation

Plane joint. Poseriot base of patella fits between lateral and medial condyles on anterior surface of femur.

Backward Pelvic Tilt/Posterior Rotation

Posterior lowers while the anterior rises. Comes with the flexion of the lumbar spine and extension of the hip joint.

What is the purpose of the sesamoid bones of the foot?

Provides a biomechanics advantage for the muscles in which they are embedded.

What does a a collateral ligament do?

Provides stability to either side of the joint and prevent abduction and adduction of the joint.

What are the landmarks of the ischium?

Spin of the ischium, obturator foramen, lesser sciatic notch, and the ischial tuberosity.

Pelvic Skeleton

Strong ring of bones that supports organs and provides a point of attachment for powerful muscles in the hip and leg

What true groin muscle is not always present on both sides?

Psoas minor

What muscles make up the deep external rotators?

Quad femoris, piriformis, Gemellus superior/inferior, and internal/external obruator.

Inguinal Hermia

Result of straining muscles that attach to the inguinal ligament. Caused by improper lifting techniques and may require surgery.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Runs from the tibia to lateral condyle of the femur. Prevents anterior displacement of tibia off distal end of femur and hyperextension.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Runs from tibia to medial condyle of femur. Prevents posterior displacement of tibia off distal end of femur.

Sartorius

SaOrigin: anterior superior aspect of proximal end of tibia (ASIS) Insertion: anterior medial aspect of proximal end of tibia Action: Hip flexion, external rotation, abduction, and move pelvis forward. Application: Stretched when sitting cross-legged

What is the posterior aspect of the pelvic skeleton?

Sacrum and coccyx

What is considered to be a weak flexor when both the knee and hip are flexed?

Sartorius.

Meniscus

Semilunar fibrocartilaginous structure within the joint cavity of the knee. Found on the proximal end of the tibia, on the medial and lateral condylar surfaces. (One lateral and one medial). Flat on inferior surface, concave on the superior. Helps distribute the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement.

Lateral Epicondyle

Serves as a site for muscle attachment. Articulates with the tibia and patella. Slightly less distal and smaller than the other epicondyle.

Medial Epicondyle

Serves as a site for muscle attachment. Articulates with the tibia and patella. Slightly more distal and larger than the other epicondyle.

Plantaris

Short belly with a long tendon of insertion. Origin: linea aspera and oblique popliteal Insertion: calcaneus Action: assists with flexion

What two muscles are called "twins"?

The gemellus superior and inferior muscles.

Pes Anserinus

The insertion of 3 closely grouped tendons in the medial aspect of the proximal tibia, which includes the gracilis, semitendinosus, and sartorius. Flex the knee joint and internally rotate the lower leg.

Tibia

The larger, more medial bone of the lower leg. Articulates with the femur and bears the weight of the body.

What is the function of the patellofemoral articulation?

The patella moves during knee flexion to improve the mechanical advantage of quadriceps group.

What is the longest muscle in the body?

The sartorius.

Fibula

The smaller, more lateral bone of the lower leg. Bears very little weight. Major source of soft tissue attachment.

Where is the weight of the body transmitted during standing?

Through the sacrum and ilia to the femurs during standing.

Where is the weight of the body transmitted during sitting?

To the ischial tuberosities.

What is located between the IT band and greater trochanter? What happens as a result of excess flexion/extension or direct trauma to it?

Trochanteric bursa. Can be affected by trochanteric bursitis.