Exam 3
which one of the following statements best represent the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis -Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. -Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration. -Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration occurs only at night. -Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. -Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it.
-Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
which of the following statements must be true in order for ATP synthase present in chloroplasts to function properly -The pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen. -There must be no difference in pH between the stroma of the chloroplast and the thylakoid lumen. -The pH of the stroma must be lower than the pH of the thylakoid lumen.
-The pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen.
Suppose a plant is exposed to a toxin that causes the thylakoid membranes to become much more permeable to protons than normal. Which of the following would be TRUE? -The reduction step of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop. -The regeneration step of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop. -The carboxylation and reduction steps of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop. -The reduction and regeneration steps of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop. -The carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle would be unaffected.
-The reduction and regeneration steps of the Calvin cycle would slow down and eventually stop.
which of the following sequences CORRECTLY represents the flow of energy through molecules/processes in living systems -CO2 → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat -water → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → water -water → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → CO2 -light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat -light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → water
-light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat
cell division is regulated by:
-signals that indicate that DNA has been replicated -growth factor signals -signals about the nutritional status of the cell -signals that indicate that the cell has reached a sufficient size
sister chromatids are BEST describe as two DNA molecules that have: -different alleles of the same genes arranged in a different order. -the same genes in the same order but having different alleles. -virtually identical sequences of nucleotides. -the same alleles of the same genes in a different order. -different genes in the same order and possibly having different alleles of some genes.
-virtually identical sequences of nucleotides.
how many CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin cycle for each molecule of triose phosphate that can be exported form the chloroplast
3
how many CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin cycle for each molecule of triose phosphate that can be exported from the chloroplast
3
suppose a mutation caused photosystem I to function at only 10 percent of its normal capacity. which of the following would you predict would happen
NADP+ reductase activity would decrease
which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain?
ATP and NADPH
which of the following are products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that are required by reactions in the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
if plants are expose to a toxin that makes the thylakoid membrane leaky to proteins, predict the effect ATP production by the plants
ATP production will decrease
Which component pictured above does not participate in the flow of electrons? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0802_02_06.JPG
ATP synthase
Suppose you discovered a mutant strain of spinach in which the thylakoid membranes were slightly permeable to protons, thus allowing a slow leakage. (Remember that normal membranes are not permeable to protons at all.) How might this defect affect the yield of ATP and/or NADPH from the light reactions?
ATP yield would decrease
Under experimental conditions, we can delete the gene for the motor protein involved in contraction of the contractile ring during animal cell cytokinesis. Which of the following results might you predict?
Additional rounds of the cell cycle continue producing a multinucleate cell.
carbon enters the Calvin cycle in the form of:
CO2
what is the initial carbon input in the Calvin cycle
CO2
which major checkpoint delays the cell cycle when DNA replication is incomplete
G2 checkpoint
the primary reducing agent in the Calvin cycle is
NADPH
in plants and algae, ______ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis
H2O
Refer to the figure above. The electron donor that replenishes the PS II reaction center is ______and for the PS I reaction center is _______. http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0802_02_06.JPG
H2O; Pc
which of the following is NOT true about the eukaryotic cell cycle? -There are two stages to the cell cycle: M phase and interphase. -There are three phases of interphase: the S phase and two gap phases. -Interphase is typically the shortest of the two stages of the cell cycle. -The M phase consists of two events: mitosis and cytokinesis. -Some cells pause between M phase and S phase for more than a year.
Interphase is typically the shortest of the two stages of the cell cycle.
in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is captured and stored as potential energy. In which of the following is this energy stored in the light-dependent reactions
NADPH, ATP, and an electrochemical gradient
in plants and algae ,which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis
O2
in plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis
O2
what step of the Calvin cycle would affected first by a lack of NADPH
Reduction
what is the most abundant protein on earth
Rubisco
which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle -Rubisco uses ATP to regenerate RUBP. -None of the other answer options is correct. -Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule. -Rubisco uses NADPH to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to a three-carbon sugar.
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule
when in the cell cycle would you find sister chromatids
S and G2
Which of the following outcomes would you expect if the pH of the thylakoid lumen increases from 4 to 6? -More NADP+ will be reduced to NADPH. -The change in pH will not have a significant effect on the rate of photosynthesis. -The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase will decrease. -Proton transport through ATP synthase from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma will increase. -Less oxygen will be produced.
The rate of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase will decrease.
In the figure above, the boxed red letter ___ is in the thylakoid lumen, and the boxed red letter ___ is in the stroma of the chloroplast http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0803_02_01.JPG
c, a
which of the following is TRUE concerning the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reaction of photosynthesis -They take place in different types of cells in the plant. -They take place in different organelles. -They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. -None of the other answer options is correct
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
In the figure above, which lettered item is a centrosome? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n1102_01.JPG
a
all cells able to carry out photosynthesis have: -a plasma membrane. -chloroplasts, mitochondria, and -a plasma membrane. -chloroplasts. -chloroplasts and mitochondria. -mitochondria
a plasma membrane
which of the following best defines a cyclin
a protein that activates kinases and protein whose levels change with the cell cycle
where are the chlorophyll molecules located in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis
in the thylakoid membranes
Cdk stands for Cyclin-dependent kinase. A kinase is an enzyme that
add a phosphate group to a substrate molecule, such as a protein
CDKs are important in the regulation of the cell cycle. They carry out their function by:
adding phosphate groups to target proteins
studies of rapidly dividing embryonic animal cells revealed -a cyclic production of certain proteins in sync with the cell cycle. -that inhibition of protein production blocks mitosis. -All of these choices are correct. -that the production of cyclin proteins is followed by activation of CDK enzymes. -a cyclic activation of protein kinases in sync with the cell cycle.
all of these choices are correct
what would happen if a chromosome only connected to the mitotic spindle at one of its . kinetochores -The chromosome would not line up properly at metaphase. -The sister chromatids would not separate. -One of the daughter cells would have an extra copy of that chromosome. -All of these choices are correct.
all of these choices are correct
A new experimental pesticide is being tested by a large agricultural chemical company. An unfortunate side effect in plants treated with this new product is a decrease in NADPH production in the chloroplasts. (Interestingly, reduction of NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria is unaffected.) Given this observation, which of the following would you expect to observe in the chloroplasts of these plants?
an increase in 3-phosphoglycerate levels and a decrease in RuBP production
in which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate
anaphase
at which checkpoint would a cell become arrested if a chromosome was not properly aligned in the spindle
at a checkpoint early in the mitotic phase
Which arrow in the figure above best depicts the proton pumping that is driven by the electron transport chain of photosynthesis http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0803_02_04.JPG
b
Why is the absorption and capture of light energy by chlorophyll molecules in plants much more efficient than its absorption and capture by isolated chlorophyll molecules in the lab?
because in the plant, the energy is transferred to another chlorophyll
the process of cell division in a prokaryotic cell is called
binary fission
In the figure above, during photosynthesis, where will protons accumulate? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0803_02_01.JPG
c
In the figure above, which area would you predict to have the lowest pH during daylight? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0803_02_01.JPG
c
In the figure above, which lettered item is a chromosome? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n1102_01.JPG
c
where is the photosynthetic electron chain located in plant cells
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
which one of the following is NOT a product when photosystems II oxidized a molecule of water -electrons -carbon dioxide -oxygen -protons
carbon dioxide
during photosynthesis, ________ is reduced to ________
carbon dioxide, trisose phosphate
beginning with the step catalyzed by rubisco, arrange the steps in the Calvin cycle in the proper sequence in which they occur
carboxylation, reduction, regeneration
energy captured during the "photo" part of photosynthesis is stored in _____ during the "synthesis" part of the process
covalent bonds
the amount of ___ is fairly constant throughout the cell cycle, but the amount of ____ varies
cyclin-dependent kinase, DNA
the division of the cell's cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell is know as;
cytokinesis
In the figure above, which lettered item is a centromere? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n1102_01.JPG
d
Which arrow in the figure above best depicts the flow of protons in powering the formation of ATP? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n0803_02_04.JPG
d
in the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to
donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA
In the figure above, which lettered item is a chromatid? http://www.macmillanhighered.com/externalcontent/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com/hlw_2D_animation/asset/asset/n1102_01.JPG
e
cyclic electric transport enhances ATP production because:
electrons are transferred from photosystem I back to a proton pump
Fist gap phase
expression of regulatory proteins enzymes required for replication
Animal cells have mitochondria but no chloroplasts, while plant cells have chloroplasts but no mitochondria
false
as in the mitochondria, the inner membrane of a chloroplast is highly convoluted, greatly increasing surface area
false
true or false in animals cells, most ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria, but in plant cells, most of the ATP used by plants cells is made in the chloroplasts
false
where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product photosynthesis
from breakdown of water
During their experiments with chorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. why do you think this
glucose is stored as starch
which of the following describes catabolic reactions that could . occur using the triose phosphate product of photosynthesis -synthesis of glucose -synthesis of starch -Calvin cycle reduction reactions to produce ATP and NADPH -glycolysis oxidation reactions to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
glycolysis oxidation reactions to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
the primary reason surplus carbohydrates in plants are stored as starch is because:
if they were left as individual monosaccharides, water would enter the cell by osmosis.
chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts normally only fluoresce a very small amount compared to chlorophyll that has been extracted into a solvent solution. which of the following is the best explanation for this difference?
in chloroplasts, the molecules are held close together and originated to allow transfer of excitation energy between molecules
the fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred network is referred to as the
lumen
the division of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called
mitosis
The process of cytokinesis involves components of the cytoskeleton. It is most similar to what other cytoskeletal function?
muscle contraction
The contractile ring that leads to cytokinesis in animal cells has been shown to be made primarily of actin filaments (microfilaments). Which motor protein would you predict is involved in contraction of the ring?
myosin
which of the following is circled in this electron micrograph http://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/8622870,8,0,4C/Assets/resources/chapter_11/11_1.jpg
one double-stranded DNA molecule
the photosynthetic reaction center becomes _______ when it passes its _______ to the __________, which is thus ________
oxidized; excited electron; electrons acceptor; reduced
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one chlorophyll molecule to another unit is:
passed to a reaction center
when light is absorbed by chlorophyll in solution, it ____ releases the energy in the form of _______
rapidly; heat and light
the ATP generated by a photosynthetic electron transport chain can be used in the ______ steps(s) of the Calvin cycle
reduction and regeneration
S phase
replication of DNA
replication of DNA in a eukaryote occurs during which phase of the cell cycle
s phase
cytokinesis
separation of genetically identical daughter cells
M phase
separation of replicated chromosomes so that each daughter cell gets the same complement of chromosomes
the two molecules of double-stranded DNA in a replicated chromosomes are called:
sister chromatids
photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from:
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
second gap phase
synthesis of cell components required fro mitosis
in which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform
telophase
if a mutation occurs such that photosystem II no longer functions as efficiently as it should, what might be MOST directly affected?
the amount of oxygen produced
paramecium is single-cell eukaryotic organism that can reproduce by mitotic cell division. Prior to the M phase of the cell cycle, which of the following must occur
the cell must replicate its chromosomes
what would happen to the daughter cells if the G1 phase of the parent cell is shortened
the cells would be smaller than normal
the z scheme refers to:
the change in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain
if a mutation occurs such that photosystem I no longer functions as efficiently as it should, what might be MOST directly affected
the rate at which NADPH is produced
When chlorophyll in solution returns to its ground state via energy release, it is ready to absorb another photon. How is this different in the reaction center chlorophyll in the chloroplast?
the reaction center chlorophyll must obtain a replacement electron
A new experimental pesticide is being tested by a large agricultural chemical company. An unfortunate side effect in plants treated with this new product is a decrease in ATP production in the chloroplasts. (Interestingly, production of ATP in the mitochondria is unaffected.) Given this observation, which of the following would you expect to be DIRECTLY affected by the new pesticide?
the synthesis of triose phosphates from 3-phosphoglycerate
what happens to CDKs in the absence of cyclins
they are inactive
Chloroplast ATP syntheses are powered by the flow of protons from the:
thylakoid lumen to the stroma
light energy is converted to chemical energy in the
thylakoid membrane
a skin cell in G2 of interphase has _____ as much DNA as it had in G1
twice
the experiment in Fig. 8.3 demonstrates that the percentage of 18O2 increases when the: http://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/8622870,8,0,49/Assets/resources/chapter_8/8_4.jpg
water in the experiment contains 18O2
Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the path taken by electrons through the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
water → photosystem II → cytochrome b6f → photosystem I → NADPH