Exam 3

Chemotrophic bacteria... A. Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds. B. Can only gain organic molecules by ingesting other organic molecules C. Can make organic molecules from single-carbon molecules D. Can survive in the absence of any nutrient source

A. Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

The fruits pictured below are most likely dispersed by... (they're spiky and poky) A. attaching to animal fur B. Enticing an animal to eat the fruit and seeds C. Preventing an animal from eating the seed before it falls to the ground D. Wind

Attaching to animal fur

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true? A. The products of meiosis in bacteria are four haploid cells. B. Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane. C. Bacterial cells have multiple chromosomes packaged with a relatively large amount of protein. D. Bacterial genomes are composed primarily of DNA interspersed with short stretches of RNA. E. Bacterial genomes are composed of DNA arranged in linear chromosomes.

B. Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this? A. conjugation B. convergent evolution C. gene flow D. horisontal gene flow E. lytic cycle

D. Horizontal gene flow

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life? A. All single cells forms are grouped into one domain. B. The division of life into three domains date back to the ancient Greeks. C. Prokaryotic organisms are not included among the 3 domains. D. Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they aer from eukaryotic organisms. E. The three domains of life arose from separate, independent origins of life.

D. Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants? A. multicellularity B. phramoplasts C. Primary plastids with chlorophylls a and b D. stomata

D. stomata

The protists groups indicated on the tree below all include pathogenic species (species that cause disease. Based on the information presented, how many times do you hypothesize that pathogenicity evolved in protists? (no pic again sorry) A. 1 time B. 2 times C. 3 times D. 4 times

3 times.

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has... A. a diverse community of bacteria on their body B. very few to no bacteria on their body C. viruses in the lysogenic cycle D. viruses in the lytic cycle

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses? A. Capsid proteins B. DNA C. Membranous envelops D. All of the above

A. Capsid Proteins

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle? A. Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide. B. Lysogenic viruses are harmless. C. Lysogenic viruses have a membranous envelope to assist in infecting a host cell. D. Viruses in the lysogenic phase have no discernible impact on the host cell.

A. Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Which evolutionary innovation allowed sporophytes to continue growing and potentially reproducing after releasing spores? A. branching B. phragmoplasts C. true leaves D. vascular tissue

A. branching

Why is conjugation in bacteria relevant to human health? A. Antibiotic resistance alleles can be transferred to new cells and spread horizontally in a population B. The pilus contains toxins C. Conjugating cells form larger aggregations of cells D. Viruses infecting bacteria cells can then infect human cells

Antibiotic resistance alleles can be transferred to new cells and spread horizontally in a population

Conjugation is part of the life cycle of many ciliate protists where haploid micronuclei are exchanged between individuals. Which of the statements below is most accurate? A. Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction B. Conjugation is a form of sex, but not reproduction C. Conjugation is a form of reproduction, but not sex D. Conjugation is neither reproduction nor sex E. Conjugation only occurs in prokaryotes

B. Conjugation is a form of sex, but not reproduction

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria? A. Mitochondria have their own DNA as a circular chromosome B. Mitochondria having a single lipid bilayer membrane C. Mitochondrial DNA sequence very similar to bacterial DNA sequences D. Ribosomes in mitochondria more similar in structure to bacterial ribosomes than eukaryote ribosomes

B. Mitochondria having a single lipid bilayer membrane

Based on the above tree, which of the groups can utilized the broadest set of wavelengths of light for photosynthesis? (.....) A. archaeplastida B. chlorphytes C. glaucophytes D. red algae

B. chlorphytes

Which generations of the fern life cycle are capable of photosynthesis? A. gametophyte B. sporophyte C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

What evolutionary adaptation evolved at letter H on the above tree?(...) A. The ability to use more wavelengths of light B. The ability to attract pollinators, increasing the change of pollen begin picked up, and then delivered to the same type of flower C. Dispersal using an embryonic sporophyte with a food reserve encased in a protective coat D. Structures that increase photosynthetic surface area, increasing the amount of light intercepted E. The ability to support upright growth and transport water and nutrients around plant

C. Dispersal using an embryonic sporophyte with a food reserve encased in a protective coat

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants? A. Dispersal by seeds rather than spores B. Gametophyte dependence to independence C. Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance D. Pollination by wind to pollination by animals E. Sperm transport by pollen

C. Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer? A. HGT can only happen among individuals of the same species B. HGT only occurs in prokaryotes C. HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other D. HGT has had little to no impact on the evolution of species

C. HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

What group is detonated by the letter G on the tree above? (im sorry) A. archaeplastida B. embryphyta C. euphullophyta D. streptophyta E. tracheophyta

C. euphyllophyta

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT what? In other words, which feature is NOT present in all of these groups? A. branching B. diploid dominance C. true leaves D. vascular tissue

C. true leaves

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules. What metabolic strategy does this bacteria species use? (measuring growth rate) No light= 51 No CO2= 0 No organic molecules= 53 Control= 53

Chemoautotrophic

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes? A. Prokaryotic cells lack a define nucelus B. Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome C. Prokaryotic cells are larger D. A and B E. A, B, and C

D. A and B

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant AND fern life cycles? A. The gametophyte is the dominant generation B. Pollen carries sperm to the egg C. Spores are the dispersal agent D. The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

D. The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle? A. Burst our of the cell B. Find another virus in the cell to exchange genetic info with. C. Incorporate itself into host genome and allow it to reproduce D. Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

D. Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA? A. archaea B. bacteria C. protists D. viruses E. A and B

D. viruses

What is the primary function of fruit? A. Disperse seeds B. Protect seeds C. Food source for seeds D. Attract pollinators

Disperse seeds

Based on the above tree, where do stomata evolve?... at what letter? (sorry can't put picture in but just look at your notes) A. B. C. D E. F G H I

E

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms? A. Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't B. Angiosperms have fruit, gymnosperms don't C. Angiosperms have seeds, gymnosperms don't D. Angiosperms have vascular tissue, gymnosperms don't E. A and B F. A, B, and C

E. A and B

Which of the statements best describes the evolution or characteristics of protists? A. All protists are unicellular B. Protists do not have nuclei C. Protists are a monophyletic group within the Eukarya D. Protozoans are multicellular protists E. Some algae are more closely related to non-photosynthetic protists than they are to other algae

E. Some algae are more closely related to non-photosynthetic protists than they are to other algae

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule? A. integuments B. megagametophyte C. megaspore coat D. megasporangium E. pollen grain

E. pollen grain

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible? A. Antibiotics that drastically reduced fatalities from bacterial infections B. Discovery that many diseases are caused by microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi C. Discovery of non-cellular life D. Effective treatments for a variety of cancers E. Eradication of previously serious diseases

Eradication of previously serious diseases

How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms? A. Gametophytes are dominant in both groups B. Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms C. Sporophytes are dominant in both groups D. Sporophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; gametophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Is photosynthesis homologous or convergent in protists? A. Homologous - all chloroplasts in protist can be traced back to a single instance of endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium B. Convergent - different lineages of protists acquired the ability to photosynthesize independently C. Convergent - algae form a paraphyletic group within protists D. A and B

Homologous (all chloroplasts in protist can be traced back to a single instance of endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium) and convergent (different lineages of protists acquired the ability to photosynthesize independently)

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants? A. Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations B. Increased height to gain more access to sunlight C. Increased surface area for water absorption in drier environments D. Ability to shade spores to protect them during germination away from water E. Increased attractiveness to pollinators

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth? A. Cellulose B. Lignin C. Protein D. Sporopollenin

Lignin

What does a megaspore produce? A. Eggs B. Megagametophyte C. Megasporophyte D. Sperm

Megagametophyte

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong? A. Domain archaea B. domain bacteria C. domain eukarya D. none of the above

None of the above

In order for two bacterial cells to undergo conjugation, what must be true of them? A. Both cells must possess an F factor B. One of the cells must possess an F factor C. Neither cell can possess an F factor D. One cell must have a plasmid

One of the cells must possess an F factor

What is the relationship between seed plants and vascular plants? A. Seed plants and vascular plants are two completely distinct groups of plants B. Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants C. Vascular plants and seed plants refer to the same group of plants D. Vascular plants are a subgroup of seed plants

Seed plants are a subgroup of vascular plants

Hypothetical data on the stomatal density and cuticle thickness of three plant species is given below. Which species is most likely to be a desert-dwelling species? Species A: stomatal density= 121; cuticle thickness= 12.6 Species B: stomatal density= 57; cuticle thickness= 13.2 Species C: stomatal density= 136; cuticle thickness= 5.2

Species B

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte? A. Sporophytes are haploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are diploid and generate spores B. Sporophytes are haploid and generate spores, gametophytes are diploid and generate gametes C. Sporophytes are diploid and generate gametes, gametophytes are haploid and generate spores D. Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

How has the evolution of pollen been most directly important to land plants adapting to terrestrial life? A. Embryonic sporophyte protected and supplied with food source B. Enables plants to grow to greater heights for photosynthesis and see dispersal C. Standing water no longer required for fertilization D. Wind no longer required to transport sperm

Standing water no longer required for fertilization

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis? A. Archegonia B. Cuticle C. Megagametophyte D. Stems

Stems

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant?

That person likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid? A. The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell B. The virus begins to evolve into a bacterium C. The virus can become resistant to certain antibiotics D. The virus can become infected by bacteria E. It is impossible for bacterial DNA to be packaged in a viral capsid

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems? A. They can form the basis of ecosystems where no other energy source is available, such as deep-sea vents. B. They converted the nitrogen in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth to oxygen. C. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. D. A and B E. None of the above

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

How are megaspores transported in seed plants? A. Blown by the wind B. Carried by animals C. Swim through water D. They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth? A. They helped cool the planet from its initial molten state B. They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere C. They started the nitrogen cycle moving D. They cleaned up toxins in the early oceans E. They are the ancestor of all other living organisms

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

Why do mosses never grow more than a few centimeters tall? A. For shelter to avoid wind and extreme temperatures B. They don't use seeds to disperse C. They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights D. They're scared of heights E. A and B

They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes? A. archaea B. bacteria C. opisthokonta D. prokaryotes E. stramenopiles

archaea

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___. A. conjugation B. endosymbiosis C. independent assortment D. random fertilization E. all of the above

conjugation

Many groups of protists construct protective casings. Dinoflagellates often produce casings of cellulose. Forams manufacture calcium carbonate shells. Diatoms and some tubulinids (a type of amoebozoan) have silicon dioxide cases. Euglenozoans have protein reinforcements of their cellular membranes. Are protective casings in protists homologous or convergent? (sorry I couldn't put the picture in)

convergent

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in... A. cyanobacteria B. mitochondria of green algae C. nuclei of euglenids D. nuclei of green algae E. nucleic of land plants

cyanobacteria

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating? A. Megasporangium B. Gametophyte C. Ovary D. Ovule

ovary

Which of the following is the ultimate cause of plant tissue differentiation (for example, into gametangia)? A. chloroplasts B. gametangia C. ovules D. rosette proteins

rosette proteins

What is the dispersal agent in ferns? A. Sperm B. Seeds C. Spores D. Pollen

spores