Exam 3 Biol 2302
12) The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands D) the rugae
A
14) Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
A
15) In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
A
17) Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid B) compliance and transpulmonary pressures C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
A
18) In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
A
21) Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells
A
22) There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
A
25) Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunner's glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine
A
25) Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere B) obstruction of the esophagus C) taking several rapid deep breaths D) getting very cold
A
3) The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. ' A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion
A
3) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. A) secrete surfactant B) trap dust and other debris C) replace mucus in the alveoli D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
A
31) Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify
A
33) Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C
A
34) The larynx contains ________. A) the thyroid cartilage B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds D) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
A
36) The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach
A
37) If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa
A
40) Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches
A
43) Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration B) the total amount of exchangeable air C) functional residual capacity D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
A
43) The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue
A
44) Which center is located in the pons? A) pontine respirator group (PRG) B) expiratory center C) inspiratory center D) pacemaker neuron center
A
48) Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. B) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing. C) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. D) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.
A
49) Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
A
5) The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining
A
5) Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
A
50) Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) zymogenic cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells
A
52) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose B) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa C) porous structure of turbinate bones D) action of the epiglottis
A
52) Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) tongue B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands
A
53) A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice
A
64) You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food? A) the pancreas B) the buccal glands C) the thyroid gland D) the parotid glands
A
8) The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law
A
vitamin ___ is used to synthesize the light-capturing molecule in the retina of the eye
A
4) The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
11) Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins
A) fats
6) Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
10) Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) lactic acid production D) oxidation reactions
A) oxidative phosphorylation
During an asthma attack, bronchioles are severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______. a. constricted... dilate b. dilated... constrict c. mucus-filled... empty of mucus d. both a and c
A.
Red blood cells contain the enzyme _____, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid. a. carbonic anhydrase b. carbon dioxide acidase c. chloride shift d. bicarbonate ion
A.
The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______. a. Dalton's law of partial pressures b. Boyle's law c. Henry's law d. law of gases
A.
The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________. a. intrapulmonary pressure b. intrapleural pressure c. transpulmonary pressure d. atmospheric pressure
A.
Transpulmonary pressure is greater than zero during _________. a. pneumothorax b. inspiration c. apnea d. sleep
A.
In terms of gastrointestinal function, the large intestines greatest contribution is
Absorption of water
What is a possible side effect of weakening of the cardiac sphincter
Acid reflex into the esophagus
The esophagus is a part of the __ while the pancreas is considered a ___ when it comes to the digestive system
Alimentary canal, accessory digestive organ
Stimuli that regulate gastrointestinal tract activity are generated by
All of the above
1) The main site of gas exchange is the ________. A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) alveolar duct D) respiratory bronchiole
B
1) The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage
B
11) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A) at least 3 micrometers thick B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
B
12) With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B
13) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) acidosis D) alkalosis
B
15) Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
B
16) Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid. B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing. D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.
B
19) Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine
B
19) Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? A) adenocarcinoma B) Kaposi's sarcoma C) small cell carcinoma D) squamous cell carcinoma
B
2) The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
B
20) Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells
B
20) Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) pulmonary ventilation B) blood pH adjustment C) internal respiration D) external respiration
B
23) Tidal volume is air ________. A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration B) exchanged during normal breathing C) inhaled after normal inspiration D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
B
24) Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids
B
24) Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) solubility in water B) partial pressure gradient C) the temperature D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
B
26) The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) expiratory reserve volume
B
26) You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin
B
28) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? A) rising carbon dioxide levels B) rising blood pressure C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg D) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
B
29) Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A) midbrain and medulla B) medulla and pons C) pons and midbrain D) upper spinal cord and medulla
B
32) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport
B
33) Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
B
35) Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation
B
35) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
B
36) How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells C) as carbonic acid in the plasma D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
B
38) The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter
B
39) Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A) thalamic control B) voluntary cortical control C) stretch receptors in the alveoli D) temperature of alveolar air
B
4) Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
B
40) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar ducts
B
41) The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes C) atria and alveolar sacs D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
B
42) Gas emboli may occur because a ________. A) person holds his breath too long B) diver holds his breath upon ascent C) pilot holds her breath upon descent D) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
B
44) ________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity
B
45) The nose serves all the following functions except ________. A) as a passageway for air movement B) as the direct initiator of the cough reflex C) warming and humidifying the air D) cleansing the air
B
46) The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
B
48) Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
B
53) Which of the following is not possible? A) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
B
54) The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa D) serosa
B
61) Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B
68) Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACH B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine
B
69) Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery
B
7) Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) pressure within the pleural cavity B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
B
71) There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E
B
8) What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum
B
1) The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) protein
B) glucose
7) Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. (building new protein molecules is a form of anabolism) A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________. a. movement of the diaphragm b. elastic recoil of tissues c. contraction of bronchioles d. contraction of the external intercostals muscles
B.
For what metabolic reason does respiration occur? a. to increase blood O2 b. to supply cells with O2 for ATP synthesis and to remove CO2 from the blood c. to regulate breathing rate d. to decrease blood O2 and increase blood CO2
B.
The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to a. provide chlorine to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. b. counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells. c. counterbalance the exodus of H+ from red blood cells. d. convert chloride ions to bicarbonate ions.
B.
The respiratory membrane is composed of a. alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries. b. the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall and their fused basement membrane. c. type I cells and type II cells. d. alveolar pores.
B.
Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ______. a. CO2 and O2 b. N and O2 c. CO2 and H2O vapor d. N and CO2
B.
The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________.
BMI BMI (body mass index)
Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs in order to perform only the most essential activities and is often referred to as the "energy cost of living"?
BMR (basal metabolic rate) The BMR is the only amount of energy required for "housekeeping" activities, which keep us alive.
Which of these happens during the postabsorptive state?
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range. After glucose levels stabilize after a meal, the body tries to maintain the blood sugar until the next meal.
10) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C
10) Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin CCK D) gastric inhibitor peptide
C
13) Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.
C
16) The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B) parietal cells and glial cells C) serous cells and mucous cells D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
C
18) Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) release of hydrogen ion
C
21) The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A) surfactant B) surface tension C) friction D) air pressure
C
27) Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus. B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary. C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. D) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.
C
28) The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) hydrolysis D) denatured
C
29) Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin
C
30) Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin
C
30) The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) reserve air B) expiratory capacity C) inspiratory reserve D) vital capacity
C
31) Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
C
34) Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin
C
4) When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion
C
45) Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. A) accessory pancreatic duct B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
C
46) A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. A) 17 weeks B) 24 weeks C) 28 weeks D) 36 weeks
C
47) Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? A) produce gas B) absorb bilirubin C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins D) synthesize vitamins C and D
C
51) Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase
C
54) Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
C
55) Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. A) does not contain villi B) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli C) is longer than the small intestine D) has haustra
C
56) What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? A) HCl B) pepsinogen C) intrinsic factor D) gastric lipase
C
56) Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A) pneumonia B) tuberculosis C) emphysema D) coryza
C
57) How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy D) bulk flow
C
58) Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C
59) Paneth cells ________. A) are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria D) are located next to the lacteal in a villus
C
6) Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A) surface tension of water B) surfactant production C) C-shaped cartilage rings D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
C
60) Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C
62) Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
C
65) The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
C
66) The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________. A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) pachyderm
C
67) A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia
C
9) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Henry's law B) Boyle's law C) Dalton's law D) Charles' law
C
If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs. a. the lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them b. the lungs would adhere to the parietal; pleura and would crumple like an accordion c. the lungs would immediately collapse d. the lungs would remain unchanged
C
8) Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. (food digestion is a form of catabolism) A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
5) It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principle material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide? a. the walls of the bronchioles provide patent airways to the alveoli b. the walls of the bronchioles allow for gas exchange before air actually enters the alveoli c. the presence of smooth muscle allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict and provides control over airflow d. both b and c
C.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______ which _______. a. mucus... traps bacteria b. cilia... clears mucus c. surfactant... lowers surface tension d. alveoli... causes them to become hypoxic
C.
Occasionally food or liquids will "go down the wrong pipe," initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens? a. laryngopharynx b. thyroid cartilage c. epiglottis d. glottis
C.
The _____ zone includes the alveoli while the _______ zone includes the trachea. a. pharynx... lung b. pulmonary... respiration c. respiratory... conducting d. ventilation... transport
C.
Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output? (We may not cover this in class) a. it isn't: a small decrease in PO2 has very little effect on hemoglobin unloading b. because once one molecule of O2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly c. because between PO2 of zero and PO2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes in PO2 d. CO2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O2 binding to hemoglobin
C.
Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient? a. CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells b. CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously c. CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2 d. CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli
C.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP).
___ stimulates the gallbladder to contract
CCK
When your stomach growls in response to an ad on TV for food, the___ phase of gastric secretion is initiated
Cephalic
The gallbladder ___ bile by _____ water and ions
Concentrates, absorbing
11) Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. B) Bile functions to emulsify fats. C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
D
14) The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) ventilation-perfusion coupling
D
17) The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
D
2) The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A) thickness of vestibular folds B) length of the vocal folds C) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles D) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
D
22) Which of the following determines lung compliance? A) airway opening B) flexibility of the thoracic cage C) muscles of inspiration D) alveolar surface tension
D
23) Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
D
27) The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
D
32) Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric
D
37) Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? A) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction B) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers C) helps limit the spread of local infections D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
D
38) Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A) 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma B) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
D
39) The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth
D
41) ________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. A) Iron B) Sodium C) Phosphorus D) Calcium
D
42) Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________. A) omenta B) peritoneum C) mesentery D) round ligament
D
47) Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow. B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants. C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute. D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
D
49) Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A) partial pressure of oxygen B) temperature C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide D) number of red blood cells
D
50) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. A) the smooth muscles of the lung B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
D
51) The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A) temperature is lower at higher altitudes B) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes C) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
D
55) Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
D
57) Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? A) temperature B) BPG C) carbon dioxide D) nitric oxide
D
6) From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D
63) Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum
D
7) Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) rennin
D
70) Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide compound C) defensins D) nitric oxide
D
9) The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria
D
vitamin ___ is required for bone formation
D
9) The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
12) Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
2) Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
3) The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules
D) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules
5. When a person has their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring, they are having their ________ removed. a. nasal septum b. choanae c. conchae d. pharyngeal tonsils
D.
Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed and destroyed by _______. a. mucus b. vibrissae c. stomach acid d. all of the above
D.
Boyle's law explains that: a. at higher temperatures gases are more compressed. b. gases under low pressure have a higher volume. c. gases are least soluble when they are in liquid. d. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.
D.
Breathing air through the nose provides multiple functions. What function would be most impacted while breathing dry air? a. warming of the air b. delivering the air to the lungs c. providing a resonance chamber for speech d. humidifying the air
D.
Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs, this is called the ______ and is needed to _______. a. tidal volume... acquire adequate O2 b. vital capacity... remove adequate CO2 c. functional residual capacity... keep alveoli patent d. residual volume... keep alveoli patent
D.
Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ____ molecules of O2. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
D.
Men tend to have a deeper voice than women because their vocal cords _______. a. have a wider opening b. are shorter and narrower c. have a narrower opening d. are longer and thicker
D.
________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration. a. O2 b. N c. H2O d. CO2
D.
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by __________.
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by gluconeogenesis by the kidney and liver. Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
vitamin ___ is an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals that form in the body
E
One function of vitamin A is to __________.
Form visual pigments Retinol in the visual pigments is derived from vitamin A.
Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? a. Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures b. citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway c. glycolysis: anaerobic respiration d. anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of that statement; noncarbohydrate sources are used to build glucose. And gluconeogenesis is glucose "being formed" from noncarbohydrate precursors
____________ are considered "good" cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be beneficial.
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the main homeostatic integration center for thermoregulation.
The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the __________.
Hypothalamus The body's "thermostat" is the hypothalamus.
Meals high in protein ____ gastrin secretion from the gastric glands
Increase
A meal high in fat would
Inhibit gastric emptying
vitamin ___ helps to regulate blood clotting
K
__________ is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies.
Ketogenesis Ketogenesis is the conversion of acetyl CoA (fatty acid fragments, not whole fat) into ketone bodies whenever acetyl CoA cannot be oxidized. But a fat molecule must first be broken into fatty acids by another process.
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDLs LDLs increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Foods that contain a high amount of LDLs include: -Butter. -Ghee. -Hard margarines. -Lard, dripping and goose fat. -Fatty meat and meat products such as sausages. -Full fat cheese, milk, cream and yogurt. -Coconut and palm oils and coconut cream.
Why is the small intestine well adapted for nutrient absorption
Large surface area due to the presence of the plicae circulates, villi, and microvilli
__________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant.
Leptin; neuropeptide Y Leptin acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant. Leptin, is a hormone released from the fat cells located in adipose tissues, that sends signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. This particular hormone helps regulate and alter long-term food intake and energy expenditure, not just from one meal to the next. *Leptin is found in green tea, almonds, and broccoli
Cirrhosis of the liver would most severely impact digestion of
Lipids
The majority of ___ occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion is initiated in the
Mouth
Which coenzyme is "reduced" in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
NAD NAD is reduced (add a proton) to NADH in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. *This to give their electrons higher energy for the electron transport reactions and to produce carbohydrates.
Which of the following enzymes breaks down lipids
None of the above
A patient with a low RBC count receives vitamin B 12 injections every 2 weeks. Why?
Parietal cells in this patients stomach have ceased producing intrinsic factor
Which is true of intestinal juice
Ph range is 7.4 to 7.8
Digestion of which of the following might be inhibited if a patient chronically consumes an antacid
Protein
The stomach is able to expand nearly 80 times its empty volume partly due to ___ in its walls
Rugae
You would expect blood levels of ___ to be highest when the PH of stomach chyme entering the duodenum is at its lowest
Secretion
The majority of absorption occurs in the
Small intestine
____ macrophages are located in the liver
Stellate
In general parasympathetic inputs to the gut are ___ while sympathetic inputs are ____
Stimulatory, inhibitory
Why does your mouth suddenly "go dry" when you are about to deliver a presentation to a large crowd
Sympathetic activity inhibits salivation
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities, such as breathing and maintaining resting levels of organ function, not all ongoing activities.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? a. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. b. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. c. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. d. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. e. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? a. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. b. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. c. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. d. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. e. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.
The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is __________.
Thyroxine Thyroxine is the body's major controller of metabolism.
During glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP molecules?
Two Glucose must be activated by two ATP molecules forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Can fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities?
Yes. This is because in contrast to water soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins are not easily absorbed in the body and therefore we do not easily excrete the excess in urine, instead we store them.
Why would it not be beneficial to get a colon cleansing or colonic so that the large intestine is flushed with fresh water? a. It will also clean the large intestine of its bacterial colonies that synthesize vitamins. b. It will rid the body of food that has yet to be digested. c. It will pull a layer of villi from the large intestine and it will take weeks to replace it. d. It will cleanse the body of the layer of cells that secrete protease and lipase.
a. It will also clean the large intestine of its bacterial colonies that synthesize vitamins.
The food group that provides the most concentrated energy source is____ a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Minerals e. Vitamins
a. Lipids
Which of the following is a characteristic of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? a. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. b. Pyruvic acid directly enters the citric acid cycle. c. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol of the cell. d. The citric acid cycle is an anaerobic pathway.
a. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. The citric acid cycle occurs in the inside (matrix) of the mitochondria
The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C is called __________ a. a calorie b. the metabolic rate c. cellular respiration d. the BMI
a. a calorie
22. These nutrients form enzymes and most hormones: a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. monosaccharides d. triglycerides
a. amino acids
Which of the following is an example of catabolism? a. cellular respiration b. using amino acids to make a protein c. lipid synthesis d. absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines
a. cellular respiration Catabolism is the breaking "pulling apart" of a molecule.
Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia? a. dehydration b. reduced heart rate c. reduced respiratory rate d. shivering e. drowsiness
a. dehydration Dehydration is typically associated with heat exhaustion or heat stroke, not hypothermia.
In humans, most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the __________ a. small intestine b. stomach c. mouth d. large intestine e. esophagus
a. small intestine
19. Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered "good"? a. the cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction b. HDLs transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues for biosynthesis of steroid hormones c. HDLs transport cholesterol to adipose tissue d. HDLs are actually considered "bad" cholesterol
a. the cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction
___: the small subunits are transported out of the digestive tract through cells lining the digestive tract to the blood for use by the body cells
absorption
____ form the building blocks of protein
amino acids
As proteins are broken down for energy, __________ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into __________.
ammonia; urea Urea is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism, and the urea produced in the liver is transported to the kidneys and finally excreted as a waste product in urine. The urea is produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide.
saliva contains ____, a digestive enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars
amylase
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight?
an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells. Fat cells of overweight people sprout more alpha receptors, which make it easier for fat cells to accumulate fat.
When exercising, energy sources are burned in what order? a. Glucose, protein, fat b. Glucose, glycogen, fatty acids c. Glycogen, glucose, protein d. Protein, fat, glycogen
b. Glucose, glycogen, fatty acids
What are the stages of digestion in order? a. Ingestion, chemical breakdown, mechanical breakdown, absorption, and elimination b. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, absorption, and elimination c. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, absorption, chemical breakdown, and elimination d. Ingestion, absorption, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, and elimination
b. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, absorption, and elimination
Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol? a. IDL b. LDL c. chylomicron d. VLDL e. HDL
b. LDL LDLs are about 45% cholesterol. This is why Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs are considered the "bad cholesterol". Moreover, the liver is responsible for producing cholesterol.
Why is there so much folding in the intestines? a. Poor evolutionary design b. To increase surface area c. To house a large amount of bacteria that aid in digestion d. Increased oxygen flow
b. To increase surface area
Which vitamin can humans synthesize? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin B12
b. Vitamin D
13. A/an ______ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful. a. important b. essential c. rare d. kilocalorie
b. essential
20. All of the following foods are rich in minerals except: a. vegetables b. olive oil c. milk d. legumes
b. olive oil
Food moves down the esophagus by _______. a. gravity b. peristalsis c. sphincter contraction d. lacteal contraction
b. peristalsis
The _______________________ is the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities.
basal metabolic rate (BMR) The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities, such as breathing and maintaining resting levels of organ function. The lowest metabolic state of the body, however, occurs during sleep.
The initial phase of fatty acid breakdown is known as _____________________.
beta oxidation
Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin? a. vitamin D b. iron c. niacin d. beta-carotene
beta-carotene Beta-carotene is considered a provitamin because the body can convert it to vitamin A through digestion.
The _____________ uses carbohydrates as primary energy.
brain
What is the downfall of a body equipped with a gastrovascular cavity? a. The organism has to feed very frequently to get enough nutrients out of its food sources. b. If the seawater does not have enough nutrients, the organism may starve to death. c. Nutrients and energy sources can be lost as food is taken in and wastes are expelled through the same opening. d. Because this is such a simple digestive system, other systems cannot function at the same time or nutrients will be lost to the environment.
c. Nutrients and energy sources can be lost as food is taken in and wastes are expelled through the same opening.
18. What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs? a. O2 catalyzes the breaking of bonds in the glucose molecule b. O2 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP c. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules d. O2 drives energy dependent processes in our cells
c. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules
What happens to excesses of any vitamin that is not vitamin A, D, E, or K? a. They are stored in the fat. b. They are absorbed and converted by the liver. c. They are excreted in the urine because they are water soluble. d. They are absorbed by the small intestines and saved until they are needed.
c. They are excreted in the urine because they are water soluble.
Why do you need a balanced diet? a. To get an equal amount of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins b. To get an equal amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins c. To get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins d. To be able to produce essential amino acids and essential fatty acids
c. To get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins
Which of the following statements about "redox" reactions in human metabolism is correct? a. Oxidized substances lose oxygen. b. Oxidized substances gain energy. c. Coenzymes accept hydrogen. d. The substance being reduced loses an electron
c. coenzymes accept a hydrogen In a "redox" reaction, coenzymes accept hydrogen. They are now reduced.
14. It is possible for vegetarians to obtain complete proteins by combining ______ and ______. a. bread... vitamins b. fats... pasta c. legumes... cereal grains d. milk... sugar
c. legumes... cereal grains
Which of the following is a micronutrient? a. carbohydrate b. protein c. mineral d. lipid
c. mineral
15. The majority of the food we ingest is ultimately ______. a. converted to fat b. burned to produce oxygen c. used to synthesize ATP d. stored in the stomach
c. used to synthesize ATP
a ____ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 C.
calorie
____ are a quick source of energy
carbohydrates
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells?
carbohydrates Carbohydrates are needed in relatively large amounts to supply glucose, the main energy source for body cells.
what are the six major categories of nutrients?
carbohydrates lipids proteins minerals vitamins water
_____: the major structural component of plant cell walls, s the most abundant carbohydrate on the planet
cellulose
____: digestive chemicals and enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller subunits
chemical digestion
Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways? a. glucose b. fatty acids c. cholesterol d. protein
cholesterol No cell uses cholesterol as a fuel that it oxidizes to create energy for itself. Oxidative pathways involve energy production.
a mixture of partially digested food and acidic stomach secretions is called _____
chyme
Vitamins may also function as _______________.
coenzymes
the large intestine is about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches wide; most is the ____ but the last 6 inches is called the ____
colon rectum
Which hormone promotes protein catabolism? a. cortisol b. thyroid hormone c. glucagon d. insulin
cortisol Cortisol is increased in catabolic states and may work to increase protein breakdown in muscle tissue and to increase amino acid uptake in liver for gluconeogenesis. As one of the "stress" hormones, cortisol is involved in helping cope with turning to protein and fat breakdown in order to spare limited glucose available if one is injured and unable to eat (post-absorptive state).
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glycolysis? a. The final products of glycolysis includes two molecules of pyruvic acid b. Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. c. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell. d. Glycolysis requires oxygen
d. Glycolysis requires oxygen Glycolysis cycle may occur in both anaerobic or aerobic conditions
Do sponges have a digestive system? a. Yes. They have a complete digestive system. b. Yes. They have a partial digestive system. c. No. They only have specialized digestive organs. d. No. They do not have a digestive system or any specialized digestive organs.
d. No. They do not have a digestive system or any specialized digestive organs.
Can protein and fat be metabolized to generate ATP in cellular respiration? a. No. Only sugar can be processed to generate ATP in cellular respiration. b. No. Protein and fat are never broken down in the cell because they are important cellular components. c. Yes. Protein and fat have their own separate metabolic pathways that are like cellular respiration. d. Yes. Protein and fat get broken down into molecules that are funneled into the process of cellular respiration.
d. Yes. Protein and fat get broken down into molecules that are funneled into the process of cellular respiration.
An essential nutrient is one that________ a. is required in large amounts b. is used for energy storage c. can be found only in animal products d. cannot be made by the animal
d. cannot be made by the animal
17. In general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of ______, while building new protein molecules is a form of ______. a. metabolism... cellular respiration b. anabolism... catabolism c. cellular respiration... metabolism d. catabolism... anabolism
d. catabolism... anabolism
Which element below is considered a trace mineral? a. phosphorus b. sodium c. chlorine d. chromium e. potassium
d. chromium is considered a trace mineral. Impaired glucose metabolism occurs without chromium.
16. The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as ______. a. sources of ATP b. building blocks c. docking stations d. coenzymes
d. coenzymes
21. The nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production is: a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. fructose d. glucose
d. glucose
A protease such as pepsin breaks down _________ and a lipase such as human pancreatic lipase breaks down _________. a. carbohydrates; lipids b. lipids; protein c. protein; carbohydrates d. protein; lipids
d. protein; lipids
____ is the process that physically grinds up food and then chemically breaks it down into simpler molecules
digestion
Which of the following would decrease body temperature? a. shivering b. dilation of cutaneous blood vessels c. enhanced thyroxine release d. eating a large meal
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels When blood vessels in the skin dilate, heat from blood in the skin is more likely to dissipate into the environment. This would lead to cooling of the body.
___ is in the small intestine and receives chyme from the stomach
duodenum
Which statement describes glycolysis? a. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. b. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. c. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. d. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. e. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
e. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.
What protein (purine)-rich food should be limited to prevent a reoccurrence of uric acid kidney stones?
eggs eggs are high in cholesterol and should be consumed in moderation or not at all become vegan!
____: indigestible materials are expelled from body
elimination
Proteins are used to build ___________________.
enzymes
the ____ fold over the larynx, which lease to the trachea and the lungs
epiglottis
swallowing forces food into a muscular tube called the ____
esophagus
the ____ conducts food to the stomach, where mechanical and chemical digestion continue
esophagus
these ____ must be obtained from protein-rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs, etc.
essential amino-acids
____ are certain raw materials which cannot be synthesized and must be supplied in the diet
essential nutrients
Glucose _____________.
exclusive energy source for neurons (brain).
____: all animals except sponges have evolved a chamber within the body in which food is broken down by enzymes outside the cell
extracellular digestion
what is one essential nutrient for humans?
fatty acids
____ efficiency impairs cell division throughout the body
folic acid
Most vitamins __________.
function as coenzymes in the body Most vitamins function as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes in the body. Coenzymes help catalyze chemical reactions.
A substance that is said to be reduced has ___________ an electron.
gained
bile synthesized in the liver is stored and concentrated in the ____
gallbladder
the ____ are clusters of specialized epithelial cells that line million of microscopic pits in the stomach lining
gastric glands
____ is a peptide recreated by gastric cells in the stomach lining
ghrelin
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state.
glucagon Glucagon raises the blood glucose level and is the key hormone used to handle the postabsorptive (fasting) state. Glucagon is released by the alpha cells in the pancreas and is used for energy "reserve".
The process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules is known as _______________________.
gluconeogenesis
____: is used by animals for short-term energy storage ("carbo-loading")
glycogen
In the postabsorptive state, __________. a. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone b. glucose is the main energy source c. anabolism exceeds catabolism d. glycogen is broken down to release glucose
glycogen is broken down to release glucose
The formation of glycogen to store glucose is known as _______________.
glycogenesis
The cleavage of glycogen to release glucose is known as _______________________.
glycogenolysis
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? a. electron transport chain b. citric acid cycle c. acetyl coA formation d. ATP production by ATP synthase d. glycolysis
glycolysis Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (later converted to acetyl coA), takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.
What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration?
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.
A low-density lipoprotein contains __________.
high lipid content The higher the percentage of a lipid in a lipoprotein, the lower the density. LDL usually contain a large amount of cholesterol and lipids.
The role of __________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
high-density lipoproteins (HDL) The role of high-density lipoproteins is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
the ____ will trigger hunger
hypothalamus
____: food is brought into the digestive tract through an opening
ingestion
The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is __________.
insulin Rising blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-containing meal act as a humoral stimulus that prompts the beta cells of the pancreatic islets to secrete more insulin (the insulin will be quick to decrease blood glucose levels). Absorptive state is during the time of "eating". In this moment the liver is "storing" energy for later moments of post-absorptive state.
In the absorptive state, __________. a. glycogen is broken down to release glucose b. catabolism exceeds anabolism c. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone d. fats are the main energy fuel
insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone
Cyanide acts as a poison by __________.
interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain. Cyanide acts as a poison by interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.
___: digestion occurs within individual cells
intracellular digestion
in the ____ and ____ (which empties into the large intestine), digestion and nutrient absorption are completed.
jejunum and ileum
two appetite-regulating hormones discovered in the 1990s are ____ and ____
leptin and ghrelin
Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior? a. blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids b. leptin levels c. cholecystokinin (CCK) levels d. stimulation of stretch receptors
leptin levels Leptin, is a hormone released from the fat cells located in adipose tissues, that sends signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. This particular hormone helps suppress appetite as well as regulate and alter "long-term food intake" and energy expenditure, not just from one meal to the next.
Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are __________.
limited in synthesis and therefore should be consumed. Essential nutrients are substances the body cannot make fast enough to meet the body's needs, so our diet must provide them.
Triglyceride synthesis in liver in known as _________________.
lipogenesis
Which of the following is NOT catabolic? a. glycolysis b. lipogenesis c. lipolysis d. beta oxidation of fatty acids
lipogenesis Lipogenesis is an anabolic process (synthesis/ building triglycerides), all other options are catabolic reactions.
Gluconeogenesis happens most commonly in the __________.
liver
The _____________ uses fats/lipids as primary energy.
liver
the ___ is perhaps the most versatile (multitasking) organ in the body
liver
the ____ produces bile
liver
Prolonged high protein intake can lead to __________.
loss of bone mass Prolonged high protein intake can lead to loss of bone mass due to pH imbalance.
A substance that is said to be oxidized has _______ an electron.
lost *remember oil rig
the sphincter at the top called the _____ keeps food and stomach acid from sloshing up into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter
Minerals may be incorporated into structures to _________________.
make them stronger
____: the food is physically broken down into smaller pieces with a greater surface area than larger particles, allowing digestive enzymes to work more efficiently.
mechanical digestion
the speed at which cellular reactions occur is called the ____
metabolic rate
____ are elements that play many crucial roles in animal nutrition and can only be obtained in the diet or dissolved in drinking water
minerals
The site of electron transport is the __________.
mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) The inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains the integral proteins necessary for electron transport.
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.
what are five major organs of the vertebrate digestive system?
mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________.
needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C
A person who is starving is likely to exhibit ___________________.
negative nitrogen balance
____ are substance obtained from the environment that organisms need for their growth and survival
nutrients
Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in __________.
one or more of the essential amino acids. The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by ____________.
oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process.
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __________.
oxygen
the _____ lies in the loop between the stomach and the small intestine
pancreas
muscles surrounding the esophagus produce waves of muscular contraction, called ____, which propel food into the stomach
peristalsis
the tongue pushes food into the ____, a cavity between the mouth and esophagus
pharynx
Cholesterol serves as the _____________________.
precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane
a second sphincter, called ____, separates the lower portion of the stomach from the user small intestine
pyloric sphincter
____ contains bacteria-killing enzymes and antibodies to guard against infection
saliva
two additional hormones, ____ and ____, are released into the bloodstream by cells of the duodenum in response to the acidity of chyme and the nutrients
secretin and cholecystokinin
most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the ____
small intestine
food is retained in the stomach by two rings of circular muscles, called ____
sphincter muscles
_____: is the principle energy-storage material of plants, and a major source of energy for humans and many other animals
starch
food enters the _____, an expandable muscular sac
stomach
the esophagus conducts food to the ____, where mechanical and chemical digestion continue
stomach
the ____ is about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches wide
the large intestine
Which of the following would raise body temperature? a. thyroxine b. dilation of cutaneous blood vessels c. sweating d. evaporation
thyroxine Body temperature can be lowered by seeking shade, decreasing activity, sweating, dilation of cutaneous capillaries to radiate heat to the environment, and wearing loose, light-colored clothing. As sweat evaporates from the body, cooling occurs. Mechanisms that raise body temperature include constricting cutaneous capillaries to reduce the loss of heat to the environment, shivering, increasing physical activity, eating, and raising levels of certain hormones such as thyroxine.
A function of the liver during the post-absorptive state is __________.
to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis The liver mobilizes glucose reserves quickly and efficiently to maintain blood sugar levels for about four hours during the post-absorptive state. Post-absorptive state is during times of "fasting' when the body is relying on using up its energy "reserves".
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
to regenerate ATP Cellular respiration takes energy from our food nutrients and transfers that energy into a usable form of energy in ATP.
The body's overall rate of energy output is called the ___________________________
total metabolic rate (TMR) The total metabolic rate (TMR) is the rate of kilocalorie (energy) consumption needed to fuel all physiological activities, involuntary and voluntary. Food ingestion induces a rapid increase in TMR. This effect is called food-induced thermogenesis. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities, such as breathing and maintaining resting levels of organ function. The lowest metabolic state of the body, however, occurs during sleep.
____ are digestive systems that are one-way tubes that begin with a mouth and end with an anus
tubular digestive systems
The final product of glycolysis is __________.
two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver? a. urea disposal b. protein metabolism c. biotransformation functions d. carbohydrate metabolism
urea disposal Though the liver is involved in creating urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide, it is up to the kidney to eliminate the urea thus formed.
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.
urea; liver Ammonia produced during protein metabolism is converted into urea in the liver.
A major means for conserving heat is __________. a. enhanced sweating b. increased metabolic rate c. increased convective loss d. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels The skin serves as a radiator of heat.
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? a. vitamin B b. vitamin D c. vitamin K d. vitamin A
vitamin B Vitamin B is a water-soluble vitamin.
Protein malnutrition can result in a moderate anemia. Which of the below-listed vitamins would be most likely to be associated with this condition? a. vitamin C b. vitamin B12 c. vitamin B1 d. vitamin E
vitamin B12
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the body?
vitamin K Vitamin K is the only fat-soluble vitamin that is eliminated by the kidney and, therefore, not stored in the body. One of the leading interventions for calcification is vitamin K, treatment with vitamin K may prevent bone loss and reduce fracture risks. In addition, vitamin K helps with blood clotting (coagulation).
____ are organic molecules that animals require in small amounts for normal cell function, growth, and development.
vitamins
what four vitamins are fat soluble?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)? a. high body temperature (nonfever): higher BMR b. low thyroxine: low BMR c. increased stress: increased BMR d. younger age: lower BMR
younger age: lower BMR The younger a person is, the higher the BMR should be. As a person ages, the BMR declines.
