exam 3 (ch. 27)

How can a microbiologist count the number of bacterial cells in a sample?

Grow them on a petri dish and count colonies Use a DNA stain and count cells

Select all of the following that are phyla in the Domain Archaea.

Korarchaeota Euryarchaeota

Which of the following describes the types of metabolism in bacteria and archaea?

They are more diverse than in any other group of organisms.

Mucilage, or glycocalyx, is: Multiple choice question.

a slimy coating

The types of metabolism seen in bacteria and archaea are more diverse than which of the following?

any other group of organisms

Bacteria and archaea are important ecologically for their roles:

as disease-causing pathogens in the carbon cycle in symbioses with other organisms

______ bacteria, along with algae and plants, produce organic compounds that other organisms consume.

autotrophic

Organisms that can produce by themselves all of the carbon that they need to survive are known as _______.

autotrophs

______ are able to produce most or all of the organic compounds they need to live.

autotrophs

In the current classification system, the two domains of prokaryotic organisms are _________ and _________.

bacteria; archaea

The earth is dependent on ______ and _______ for their role in the carbon cycle, their involvement with other organisms as symbionts, and their activity as disease agents.

bacteria; archaea

While there are many exceptions, the size of archaea and bacteria are usually:

between 1 - 5μm in diameter

Bacterial and archaean cells reproduce via a type of asexual reproduction called ________ ________, the process whereby a single cell splits into two identical cells.

binary fission

Many bacteria and archaea have structures that enables them to be motile located _______.

both on the surface and within the cell

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which Multiple choice question.

both parties benefit

The phrase ________ _______ refers to the sum of all chemical changes regarding the production and the degradation of carbon-containing compounds.

carbon cycle

Match the name of the prokaryote shape with the description.

cocci (spheres spheres). bacilli (elongated rods). vibrios (comma-shaped). spirochaetes (flexible spiral-shaped). spirilli (rigid spiral-shaped).

Spherical prokaryotic cells are known as __________ and include species such as Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Rod-shaped prokaryotic cells are called __________ , and include species such as Lactobacillus.

cocci; bacilli

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and other organic matter, thus releasing minerals for uptake, are called

decomposers

Akinetes are produced when bacterial cells:

experience stressful conditions

The advantage of the small cell size of archaea and bacteria is:

fast cell division

Nitrogen _____ is the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase.

fixation

Horizontal gene transfer occurs _______, while vertical gene transfer occurs _______.

from species to species; from parent to progeny

Nitrogen fixation is the removal of nitrogen from the _______ phase.

gaseous

Identify the bacteria in this photo.

gram-negative

The arrow in the picture points to bacteria that are:

gram-positive

bacteria, along with fungi and some animals, decompose dead organisms and organic matter, thus freeing minerals for use. Multiple choice question.

heterotrophic

Unlike most bacteria and eukaryotes, archaea have the ability to live in areas with:

high temperature levels high methane levels

Methane gas is a powerful greenhouse gas. While bacteria can consume and produce methane, levels in the atmosphere have increased in recent years as a result of:

human activity

Autotrophs use ______ ______ for all or most of their carbon molecules.

inorganic sources

The word symbiosis comes from the Greek meaning:

life together with

Bioluminescent bacteria have the ability to produce or emit

light

Archaea known as methanogens are major producers and consumers of _______, a greenhouse gas.

methane

________ is the ability manifested in many bacteria and archaea to change position in their environment.

motility

Many microbes have a slimy coat called a(n) _________, or glycocalyx.

mucilage, capsule, EPS, or extracellular polymeric substance

A symbiotic relationship in which both parties benefit is known as

mutualism or mutualistic

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live in the tissues of tube worms that inhabit deep-sea thermal vents exemplify a(n) ______ relationship with these eukaryotes. Multiple choice question.

mutualistic

Some chemoautotrophs utilize ____, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate, to obtain energy.

nitrification

Some chemoautotrophs utilize ______, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate, to obtain energy.

nitrification

There are two main types of autotrophic bacteria: ________ utilize light as an energy source, whereas __________ derive energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds.

photoautotrphs; chemoautotrophs

For their role in synthesizing organic compounds that other organisms use as food, autotrophic bacteria are referred to as

producers

Most archaea possess a cell composed of

protein

The cell wall of most archaea is made up of ______, while the cell wall of most bacteria contains the polymer known as ______.

protein; peptidoglycan

Binary fission is the term used to describe the main mode of what process in bacteria and archaea?

reproduction

Chemoautotrophs use energy from chemical modifications of inorganic compounds. One modification is nitrification. Another modification involves the oxidation of _______, ________, or _______.

sulfur; iron; hydrogen

The general term that describes all relationships in which one organism lives in close association with another is

symbiosis

Flagellum-like injectisomes are _______ -like systems and pilus-like transporters are found in type ________ secretion systems.

syringe; IV

The uniquely extreme habitats that the Archaea exploit include those with high:

temperature salinity acidity

Microbiologists exploit the process of binary fission to count microbe cells. If a sample is grown on a petri dish, the number of colonies is approximately equal to:

the number of cells in the original sample

The Earth's carbon cycle is:

the sum of all chemical changes that occur among compounds that contain carbon

Bacteria are capable of photosynthesis when which of the following structures are present?

thylakoids

Intracellular membranous tubules whose surfaces bear chlorophyll are:

thylakoids

Blooms of cyanobacteria can be harmful to humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife due their production of

toxins

Bacteria develop akinetes or endospores when the cells are subjected to:

unfavorable temperatures a low nutrient environment

Genes are transferred from parent to offspring in a process called __________ gene transfer; however, a cell receives genetic material from another cell without being the offspring of that cell in a process called __________ gene transfer.

vertical; horizontal

Koch's postulates are used to determine whether a particular organism causes a disease. Arrange Koch's postulates in the correct order, with the first step at the top of the list.

1. presence of suspected pathogen ... 2. The pathogen must be isolated ... 3. cultured pathogen cells should ... 4. the pathogen can be isolated ....

While domain Archaea includes 5 phyla, molecular studies suggest that domain Bacteria contains about ______ phyla.

50

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains. Which ones?

Archaea Bacteria

Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota are phyla in the domain

Archaea.

Of the more than 50 phyla in the domain Bacteria, the two that are most diverse and relevant to eukaryotic cell evolution, global ecology and human activity are _______

Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria.