Exam 3- Chapter 33

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal? A. Stomach. B. Mouth. C. Esophagus. D. Salivary glands.

D. Salivary glands.

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes __________. A. require a low pH resulting from HCl production B. consume ATP C, occur inside cells in most animals D. add a water molecule to break bonds

D. add a water molecule to break bonds

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____. A. glycerol only B. fatty acids only C. monosaccharides D. amino acids E. both glycerol and fatty acids

D. amino acids

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are A. used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest. B. both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. C. used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states. D. both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state. E. both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals.

D. both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state.

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that A. is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. B. must be ingested in the diet. C. is not used by the animal in biosynthesis. D. can be made by the animal's body from other substances. E. is not found in many proteins.

D. can be made by the animal's body from other substances.

Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____. A. animals typically produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose B. many carnivorous vertebrates house large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in their stomachs C. the teeth of herbivores tend to be sharper than the teeth of carnivores D. cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine E. the intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size

D. cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at A. crushing. B. cutting. C. ripping. D. grinding.

D. grinding.

Which organ is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? A. pancreas - enzyme production B. stomach - protein digestion C. small intestine - nutrient absorption D. large intestine - bile production

D. large intestine - bile production

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____. A. fructose B. glucose C. sucrose D. maltose E. lactose

D. maltose

The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. A. cholecystokinin, or CCK B. histones C. TSH D. secretin E. pepsin

D. secretin

A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP production, is that the animal should have access to A. a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals. B. a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. C. a diet low in lipids and high in protein. D. a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids, especially water. E. a diet that matches chemical energy, essential nutrient, and organic molecule building blocks per species.

E. a diet that matches chemical energy, essential nutrient, and organic molecule building blocks per species.

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system A. allows digestive enzymes to be more specific. B. facilitates intracellular digestion. C. allows for extensive branching. D. excludes the need for extracellular digestion. E. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

E. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

When digested, fats are broken down into _____. A. glycerol only B. fatty acids only C. monosaccharides D. amino acids E. both glycerol and fatty acids

E. both glycerol and fatty acids

The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include _____. A. active enzymes from plants and/or animals B. cellulose C. glucoseall of the amino acids E. calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals

E. calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals

Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a A. pharynx. B. larynx. C. gastric cecae. D. epiglottis. E. crop.

E. crop.

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur. A. absorption → digestion → ingestion → elimination B. ingestion → digestion → elimination → absorption C. ingestion → absorption → elimination → digestion D. digestion → ingestion → absorption → elimination E. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

E. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin? A. production of white blood cells and vitamin K B. blood clotting and vitamin C C. synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D D. protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E E. normal vision and vitamin A

E. normal vision and vitamin A

Starch is a type of _____. A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. nucleotide D. fatty acid E. polysaccharide

E. polysaccharide

When the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates result in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is A. oxidized and converted to ATP. B. hydrolyzed and converted to ADP. C. eliminated in the feces. D. stored as starch in the liver. E. stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

E. stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Metabolic rate is _____. A. the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time B. directly proportional to body size C. determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal D. typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one E. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

E. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because A. cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces. B. they are autotrophic. C. cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose. D. they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver. E. they have cellulose-digesting, mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

E. they have cellulose-digesting, mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

To survive, all animals must _____. a. ingest nutrients from the environment every day of their lives b. hibernate c. have a complete digestive system d. balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients e. digest plant material

d. balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. B. Carbohydrates are fully digested after passage through the stomach . C. Bile salts from the gall bladder are essential to the digestion of carbohydrates. D. Carbohydrate absorption occurs primarily in the large intestine.

A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food? A. Excretion. B. Secretion. C. Ingestion. D. Digestion.

A. Excretion.

Nucleic acid digestion yields nucleotides, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes A. add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis). B. are catalyzed by the same enzyme. C. require ATP as an energy source. D. require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.

A. add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that A. begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach. B. is manufactured by the pancreas. C. helps stabilize fat-water emulsions. D. is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH. E. splits maltose into monosaccharides.

A. begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme from the stomach triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. A. cholecystokinin, or CCK B. histones C. insulin D. secretin E. thyroxine

A. cholecystokinin, or CCK

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for A. enzymatic hydrolysis. B. excretion. C. regurgitation. D. dehydration synthesis.

A. enzymatic hydrolysis.

After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit their dietary intake of __________. A. fat B. protein C. starch D. sugar

A. fat

The richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is A. fat in adipose tissue. B. glucose in the blood. C. calcium phosphate in bone. D. glycogen in muscle cells. E. protein in muscle cells.

A. fat in adipose tissue.

The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that only the gastrovascular cavity __________. A. has only a single opening B. is capable of extracellular digestion C. stores food but does not digest it D. absorbs food molecules but does not produce hydrolytic enzymes E. functions in digestion but not absorption

A. has only a single opening

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of A. insulin. B. bile salts. C. mucus. D. glucagon.

A. insulin.

Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine. A. liver ... gall bladder B. pancreas ... gall bladder C. liver ... pancreas D. gall bladder ... liver E. esophagus ... stomach

A. liver ... gall bladder

For ingested foods, the first opportunity for mechanical digestion occurs in the _____. A. mouth B. stomach C. large intestine D. pancreas E. small intestine

A. mouth

Which of the following is NOT a major activity of the stomach? A. nutrient absorption B. enzyme secretion C. storage D. HCl production

A. nutrient absorption

Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. A. pancreas ... bicarbonate B. pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes C. small intestine ... disaccharidases D. stomach ... bicarbonate E. liver ... liver enzymes

A. pancreas ... bicarbonate

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is A. pepsin. B. trypsin. C. amylase. D. sucrose. E. gastrin.

A. pepsin.

In the digestive system, peristalsis is A. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus. B. a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration. C. voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation. D. the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. E. a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.

A. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____. A. via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty B. only after the production of glucose in the liver can no longer meet metabolic needs C. via chemical signals related to the amount of glucose stored in the liver and muscle cells D. when fewer calories are taken in than are expended, but only after the body depletes its reserves of fat in the liver E. via chemical signals related to the amount of protein stores in the liver

A. via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____. A. Nucleases ... pancreas ... nucleic acids ... stomach B. Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine C. Lipase ... small intestine ... fats ... small intestine D. Trypsin ... pancreas ... fats ... small intestine E. Amylase ... salivary glands ... starch ... stomach

B. Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

Select the correct statement about essential nutrients. A. Due to their biochemical sophistication, humans have to ingest fewer essential nutrients than do other animals. B. Essential nutrients must be obtained from diet. C. All animals require an identical set of essential nutrients.

B. Essential nutrients must be obtained from diet.

True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract. A. True B. False

B. False

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. Fat digestion begins in the stomach with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. B. Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine. C. Fats are fully digested after passage through the mouth and stomach. D. Bile salts from the pancreas are essential to the digestion of fats

B. Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.

Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved? A. Most people find fatty foods tasty and satisfying. B. In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage. C. Fatty foods are very rich in calories and consuming them is an efficient way to gain weight.

B. In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage.

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. The stomach has a high pH which allows for the activation of digestive enzymes. B. Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion. C. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digestion. D. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin

B. Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.

In the process of intracellular digestion, what do you predict will happen if food vacuoles are unable to fuse with lysosomes? A. Cells will not be able to engulf liquid food by phagocytosis. B. The cells will not be able to utilize their hydrolytic enzymes. C. The food to be digested will not be able to come in contact with hydrolytic enzymes. D. Cells will not be able to engulf solid food by pinocytosis.

B. The cells will not be able to utilize their hydrolytic enzymes.

Identify the roles played by human gut bacteria. A. Human gut bacteria synthesize all essential vitamins required by humans. B. Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori. C. The human appendix houses mutualistic bacteria that digest cellulose.

B. Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as A. elimination. B. absorption. C. digestion. D. hydrolysis. C. ingestion.

B. absorption.

The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates A. temperature regulation. B. absorption. C. filtration D. secretion. E. elimination.

B. absorption.

Bile salts A. are enzymes. B. emulsify fats in the duodenum. C. are normally an ingredient of gastric juice. D. increase the efficiency of pepsin action. E. are manufactured by the pancreas.

B. emulsify fats in the duodenum.

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without its being further digested. A. protein B. fructose C. nucleic acid D. fat E. starch

B. fructose

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. A. pancreas ... bicarbonate B. pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes C. small intestine ... disaccharidases D. stomach ... bicarbonate E. liver ... liver enzymes

B. pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the __________. A. large intestine B. pharynx C. stomach D. rectum

B. pharynx

Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the A. fat-solubilizing bile salts. B. protein-digesting enzymes. C. acid-neutralizing bicarbonate. D. hormones such as gastrin. E. carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.

B. protein-digesting enzymes.

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the A. small intestine. B. stomach. C. mouth. D. pancreas. E. liver.

B. stomach.

The fat-soluble vitamins include A. iodine. B. vitamin A. C. vitamin B12. D. vitamin C. E. calcium.

B. vitamin A.

What is the main component of gastric juice? A, amylase B. water C. bile D. inactive pepsin E. hydrochloric acid

B. water

Consider the interior surface of the human stomach and its secretions, shown in the figure. Why doesn't gastric juice, composed of hydrochloric acid and a protease called pepsin, digest the cells that line the stomach? A. Digestion doesn't begin until the small intestine. B. Chief cells release pepsin in an inactive form. HCl in the stomach converts pepsin to an active form of the enzyme called pepsinogen by clipping off a small portion of the molecule to expose its active site. C. The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.

C. The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having A. a high level of secretion from parietal cells. B. secretions that enter the stomach from the pancreas. C. a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells. D. a thriving colony of H. pylori. E. a high level of secretion by chief cells.

C. a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

Bacteria in the human gut are which of the following? A. all mutualists B. all pathogens C. both pathogens and mutualists

C. both pathogens and mutualists

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the A. carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not. B. fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption. C. most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood. D. processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does. E. fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.

C. most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through. A. esophagus → stomach → pharynx → small intestine B. pharynx → small intestine → large intestine → stomach C. pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine D. esophagus → pharynx → stomach → small intestine E. pharynx → stomach → esophagus → small intestine

C. pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

An enlarged cecum is typical of A. carnivorous animals. B. tubeworms that digest via symbionts. C. rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears. D. humans and other primates. E. tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

C. rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.

The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____. A. too rapid emptying of the small intestine into the large intestine B. too rapid emptying from the stomach into the small intestine C. regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn" D. the movement of swallowed food into the trachea rather than into the esophagus E. the control of defecation

C. regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn"

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to A. the size of the mouth opening. B. whether the mouth is the most anterior structure. C. the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth. D. the position of muscle attachment sites. E. the evidence of food molecules still present.

C. the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.