Exam 3 Intro to Soci

_________ focus on the instrumental tasks of a group and demand compliance from others. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, they may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

Authoritarian leaders

__________ make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

Authoritarian leaders

Sociologist __________ asserted that preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values. As societies industrialized and developed more-specialized economic activities, social solidarity came to be rooted in the members' shared dependence on one another.

Emile Durkheim

Which of the following is NOT one of the ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber?

Employment based on personal reputation

__________ emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. Social structure is also important for our human development.

Functionalists

Sociologist __________ suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.

Georg Simmel

__________ involves the application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, thus making it possible for machines to do the work previously done by people or animals.

Industrialism

Which of the following statements is true of the organizational structure in the United States?

Managers tend to become highly specialized.

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Role exit

Which of the following is a characteristic of Gemeinschaft societies?

Social solidarity and social control are maintained by the community

__________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

Social structure

Which of the following statements is true of dyads?

They provide members with an intense bond.

A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed

A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

bureaucracy

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ .

coercive organizations

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group is referred to as:

conformity

Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by __________, the specialization where each member has highly specialized tasks to fulfill.

division of labor

Jenny and Amanda, a couple, live together and are not married yet. They are an example of a(n):

dyad

According to sociologist Erving Goffman, ___________ refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation.

face-saving behavior

A(n) __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

formal organization

Neha works as a teacher in a school that uses teachers' attendance and punctuality to measure their performance. Gradually, these two criteria became more important for performance measurement than results and teaching methodologies. This shift illustrates:

goal displacement

A(n) __________ is defined as an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).

ideal type

Social institutions are transformed in __________ societies. The family diminishes in significance as the economy, education, and political institutions grow in size and complexity.

industrial

A(n) __________ is defined as a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and, through them, with other people they know.

network

Anish, a 32-year-old, lives in an industrial society and works as an assembly-line worker at an automobile company. He and the other workers in the company perform highly specialized tasks, leading them to be dependent on each other. However, interaction among them is impersonal and status oriented. According to Durkheim, this type of social cohesion is called __________.

organic solidarity

Solomon Asch's experiments demonstrated that:

people will bow to social pressure in small-group settings

A __________ group is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

primary

A(n) _________ is defined as a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

reference group

A(n) __________ is defined as a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. For example, a carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer) for dinner.

role

Hannah, a college graduate, recently joined a consultancy firm as an executive assistant. Because this is her first job, Hannah is not clear about the expectations associated with her role. She is even not sure if she should address her colleagues by deferential greetings such as "ma'am" and "sir" or by their names. This scenario best illustrates __________.

role ambiguity

Samantha is a college student who attends morning classes at the university and works part-time at a local bookstore from 4:00 to 8:00 p.m. Next Monday, Samantha has an exam at 5:00 p.m., when she is supposed to be working. These incompatible demands of her statuses as a student and an employee best illustrate __________.

role conflict

A physician who wants to provide his or her patients with the best possible health care but is required by insurance companies or governmental regulations to keep operating costs down will experience:

role strain

Examples of __________ groups include schools, churches, and corporations.

secondary

A(n) __________ is defined as a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

social group

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government, mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of:

social institutions

Wendy, a 30-year-old lawyer at a prestigious law firm, belonged to a lower-middle class family and did not have many privileges at home while growing up. Therefore, when she was appointed the youngest partner at the firm and started earning much more, she bought a house in a posh area of the city and a new BMW 5 to flaunt her wealth. In this context, Wendy used __________ to inform others of her new social position.

status symbols

The methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life are referred to as:

subsistence technology

The Gemeinschaft refers to a:

traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

A group composed of three members is referred to as a:

triad