Exam 3 Multiple Choice

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Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a. Ensure validity b. Cancel out measurement error c. Make sure participants are not lying d. Allow participants to skip questions

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by all of the following EXCEPT: a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. Reactivity d. Socially desirable responding

Which of the following NOT is possible? a. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. b. A measure is both valid and reliable. c. A measure is reliable but not valid. d. A measure is valid but not reliable

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Refer to Research Study 5.1 to answer the following seven questions Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = −0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. b. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. c. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. d. The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Predictive validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity b. That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have c. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction d. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self esteem

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1-5 STRONGLY AGREE - STRONGLY DISAGREE C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1-5 EASY - STRONG Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. A masked study design d. Self-report operationalization

All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT: a. Observational measures tend to have good construct validity. b. Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims. c. Observational measures can be used in frequency claims. d. Observational measures tend to provide richer information than survey data.

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? a. Using reverse-worded questions b. Using scales with an even number of response options c. Providing a "no opinion" option d. Using a Likert-type response scale

Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? a. People self-reporting more than they can know b. Fence sitting c. Faking bad d. Negatively worded answers

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD. He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated. This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question.

Observer bias relates mainly to ________ whereas observer effects stem from ________. a. Validity; reliability b. Researchers; participants c. Faking good; faking bad d. Outcomes; expectations

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Refer to Research Study 5.1 to answer the following seven questions Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Refer to Research Study 5.1 to answer the following seven questions Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Face validity c. Discriminant validity d. Concurrent validity

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and nongamblers. Which of the following options below does he also need to do to get evidence for criterion validity? a. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings b. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently c. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid d. Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. b. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. c. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. d. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: a. Test-retest paradigm b. Known-groups paradigm c. Prediction paradigm d. Group evaluation paradigm

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1-5 STRONGLY AGREE - STRONGLY DISAGREE C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1-5 EASY - STRONG Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a Likert scale? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: a. A blind study design b. Unobtrusive observation c. Delayed observation d. A double blind study design

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? a. Give the survey questions to different groups of people. b. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. c. Combine the two questions into a single question. d. Both b and c control for question order effects.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. b. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. c. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. d. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Both terms mean the same thing. b. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. c. Both require the use of scatterplots. d. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts.

Another word for discriminant validity is ________ validity. a. Convergent b. Asymmetrical c. Divergent d. Multiple

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. a. Content validity b. Predictive validity c. Convergent validity d. Discriminant validity

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ________ of their measures. a. Face validity b. Convergent validity c. Interrater reliability d. Test-retest reliability

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a. The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day b. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c. The frequency of buying coffee drinks d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "People who think a lot are really lame." What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for content validity c. To obtain evidence for convergent validity d. To obtain evidence for criterion validity

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1-5 STRONGLY AGREE - STRONGLY DISAGREE C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1-5 EASY - STRONG Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a semantic differential scale? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? a. Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant b. Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one c. Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day d. Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? a. Blending in with the surroundings b. Waiting to begin observations c. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively d. Using multiple observers

Which of the following is a poll likely to measure? a. A person's attitude toward their doctor b. A person's feelings about people diagnosed with cancer c. A person's thoughts about whether they prefer Advil or Tylenol d. A person's opinions about a healthcare law

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test similar to the ACT and SAT that is required to go to graduate school. He complains that it doesn't really measure how well he will likely do in graduate school. Dominic is questioning the ________ of the test. a. Discriminant validity b. Content validity c. Convergent validity d. Criterion validity

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test similar to the ACT and SAT that is required to go to graduate school. Your friend Shakendra tells him he shouldn't complain, as statistics show that GRE scores are related to graduate school GPA. Shakendra is speaking to the ________ of the test. a. Discriminant validity b. Content validity c. Convergent validity d. Criterion validity

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Cronbach's alpha b. Kappa c. A scatterplot d. Pearson's r

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? a. Fence sitting b. Faking good c. Faking bad d. People self-reporting more than they can know

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. Reactivity d. Nay-saying

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? a. The time spent solving a math problem b. The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) c. Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem d. The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? a. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? b. Do I know that this measure is valid? c. Does this measure have the right kind of validity? d. Has an expert said that this measure is valid?

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? a. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. b. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. c. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. d. Reliability and validity are the same concept.

Which of the following is another term for response sets? a. Observer bias b. Nondifferentiation c. Socially desirable responding d. Uniqueness

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? a. r=1.0 b. r =−1.0 c. r=0.83 d. r=−0.18

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: a. A response set b. Acquiescence c. Yea-saying d. Fence sitting

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a. A concrete construct b. A behavior that is directly observable c. Physical measurements (e.g., length) d. An abstract concept

Which of the following is NOT true of scatterplots? a. They can be used to examine interrater reliability. b. They can be used to examine internal reliability. c. They should not be used for examining reliability. d. They are the preferred method for examining all types of reliability.

Faking good is also known as a. A response set b. Acquiescence c. Socially desirable responding d. Fence sitting

Another word for observer effects is: a. Observer bias b. Expectancy effects c. Interrater reliability d. Unobtrusive observation

How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? a. "How often do you eat lunch?" b. "Have you ever hit your relationship partner?" c. "When was the last time you texted a friend?" d. "Why did you choose to be a psychology major?"

In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? a. A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth b. A study examining the health of children born via natural childbirth c. A study examining discussions about natural childbirth between mothers and doctors d. A study examining the breathing styles used during natural child birth

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve subjective judgments. b. Both involve judgments based on participants' opinions. c. Both are preferred by psychologists as measures of validity. d. Both are necessary for predictive validity.

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey questions? a. How well it is worded b. How many people answer it c. How short it is d. How many response options it has

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? a. Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream b. Blood pressure measurements c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports d. A brain scan made using an fMRI

Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? a. It is measured with an ICC. b. It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters. c. It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained. d. If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid.

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of blood pressure b. A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week c. A measure of religiosity d. A measure of obesity

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a. An ordinal scale of measurement b. A self-report measurement c. A categorical measurement d. An interval scale of measurement

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr. Ewell's study? a. His research topic is interesting. b. People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private. c. Research with children is generally not risky. d. Observing children is the only way to collect data about this topic.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions? a. The answers provided are often spontaneous. b. The answers are unscientific. c. The answers must be coded. d. The answers are not taken seriously by participants.

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children in the park. Which of the following is true? a. He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so. b. If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped. c. He will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children. d. He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees.

Todd is also studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? a. A ratio scale of measurement b. A qualitative variable c. An other-report measure d. A categorical variable

Why are double-barreled questions problematic? a. They may have poor construct validity. b. They may have poor internal reliability. c. They are leading questions. d. They are too conceptual.

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. b. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. c. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. d. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast).

Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: a. Yea-saying biases b. Bystander effect c. Observer bias d. Faking good

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Refer to Research Study 5.1 to answer the following seven questions Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Refer to Research Study 5.2 to answer the following nine questions. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? a. They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. b. They give people more answer options. c. They are easier for people to read. d. They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Refer to Research Study 5.1 to answer the following seven questions Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. Dr. Valencia is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on day 1 and day 2. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? a. A strong relationship b. A nonrelationship c. A valid finding d. A negative finding

Which of the following is true? a. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. b. People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. c. People are better able to remember vivid memories. d. If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: a. Nay-saying response sets b. Fence-sitting c. Reverse-worded questions d. Acquiescence

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1-5 STRONGLY AGREE - STRONGLY DISAGREE C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1-5 EASY - STRONG Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D

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