Exam 4

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?

asthma

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

beliefs and expectations

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

challenge; threat

The ________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life resulting from major life changes.

College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

The HPA axis stands for __________ and regulates body responses to stress.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal

"If it feels good, do it" BEST describes the ________.

ID

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Research reveals that there is a relationship between prolonged stress and certain diseases of adaptation such as high blood pressure and ulcers.

True

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

In "The Big Lebowski," the Dude says this to Mr. Lebowski. "Let me explain something to you. Um, I am not 'Mr. Lebowski'. You're Mr. Lebowski. I'm the Dude. So that's what you call me. You know, that or, uh, His Dudeness, or uh, Duder, or El Duderino if you're not into the whole brevity thing." The Dude represents which personality type?

Type B

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?

William H. Sheldon

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

cross-sectional design

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants ________.

cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.

daily hassle

Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?

emotion focused

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

eustress

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest during the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

exhaustion

Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of hypotheticals?

formal operations

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease?

hostility

Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary's behavior exhibits ________.

imaginary audience

Short-term stress enhances memory while long-term stress has __________.

impairs memory

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________.

increased

Theory of ________ refers to an individual's ability to understand not only their own mental states (including beliefs, intentions, and desires) but also the fact that other people have their own points of view.

mind

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.

object permanence

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

reciprocal determinism

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ________ stage.

sensorimotor

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development?

social interactions

Larry, a ten-year old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water from one of the short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. Larry will likely conclude that ________.

there are equal amounts of water in the shorter, wider and taller, thinner glasses

The theory in which aging is attributed to our bodies' organs and cell tissues simply wearing out with repeated use and abuse is called________.

wear-and-tear theory

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) ________.

zygote

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

Primary

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Stress activates which of the following systems?

Sympathetic nervous system

According to Freud and his followers, what is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage of psychosexual development?

The child is toilet trained.