exam 4

respiratory rate of sheep and goats

16-34 bpm

heart rate of sheep and goats

70-80 bpm

intact male, mature

boar

common meat breed, large size; white with red head, roman nose; horned

boer goats

-brucella ovis (sheep): ewes- clinical signs inlcude abortion, stillbirths, and weak lambs. Rams-infertility due to poor quality semen and epididymitis -brucella melitensis (goats) -abortion, anthritis, orchitis -organism present in milk and in reproductive fluids -b melitensis is zoonotic and highly pathogenic to people (malta fever) -no treatment for brucellosis: test before introducing new sheep to flock: cull positive animals

brucellosis

-intact male goats are known for their offensive odor, "buck odor" -two causes: self urination and scent glands at base of horns -best to combine with disbudding at early age -can also be done with sedation/local anesthesia at any age

de-scenting

-common procedure in goats, manual restraint used -heat cautery popular method with goat kids -clip hair around horn bud; tetanus prophylaxis -local anesthesia recommended -electric disbudding irons most common -over heating the area with disbudding iron can cause heat induced meningitis and malacia -if horns fully developed, requires use of anesthesia, gigli wire

dehorning/disbudding

originated in spain, popular in US. medium size, white face and legs with wool on face and legs. Rams are horned and ewes are polled. fine wool sheep breed; their fiber is desirable for clothing

delaine merino

sus scrofa

domestic pig

from southern england, very popular in the US. medium size, white with wooled head and legs. Ewes will breed out of season (produce fall lambs)

dorset

-chlamydophila abortus -a major cause of abortion in sheeps: #1 cause of abortion in goats -later term abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs, placentitis -transmitted by ingestion or veneral spread -vaccine available to prevent abortions: oxytetracycline used to treat pregnant ewes during outbreaks

enzootic abortion in ewes (EAE)

removal of wool around face to help ewe see lambs

facing in sheep

-small ruminant scoring system for haemonchus contortus infection -estimates level of anemia -used to determine severity of infection, allows owners to plan treatment options

famacha scoring system

act of giving birth to piglets

farrowing

adapted to harsh climates of the middle east. raised for milk or meat, tail fat used for cooking

fat tailed sheep: turki, karakul

doe/nanny goat

female

ewe

female

-sheep, goats- may be used for fiber and/or meat -animals usually raised on pasture, little labor/expense -wool-sheep: production declining in US due to low prices/synthetic fibers. Considered a by-product of the meat industry -mohair- goat fiber (angora goats) -cashmere- soft winter undercoat of many breeds of goats

fiber industry

fineland, fleece/meat; prolific, commonly have multiple lambs, often used in crossbreeding programs

finnish sheep (finnish landrace)

group of sheep

flock

colors range from white to multicolor combo; dairy breed

french alpine

-similar precautions for all ruminants: bloat, regurgitation, aspiration -facemask induction possible for animals <150lbs -intubation requires long blade laryngoscope -ketamine/valium and propofol a popular combination in small ruminants for induction

general anesthesia

a young female

gilt

-watch out for horns -may try to head butt you -capture lead goat, rest will follow -restrain like dog -hold up one leg to get goat to stand still -do not set up like sheep

goat restraints

>200 breeds worldwide; majority of goats in middle east/asia -one of the first domesticated mammals -browsers: will eat forages, grains, but also shrubs, weeds, can adapt to poor quality roughage -sociable, curious, intelligent, independent animals; herd animals -housing tricky; fencing considerations (good climbers)

goats

-abomasum, sucks blood -causes anemia, protein loss; pale mm, "bottle jaw" edema, weight loss, death

haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm)

-black with a white belt that extends from one front leg, over the shoulder, and down the other front leg -erect ears -considered a terminal breed

hampshire

-sheep -transmissible spongiform encephalopathy -prion protein -signs develop slowly: weight loss, pruritus with wool loss, ataxia, head pressing, abnormal gait, disorientation -reportable dz -no treatment; US scrapie eradication program since 2003-goal is to eliminate the dz from the country

scrapie

-similar procedures as in cattle -standing surgery: -L block and paravertebral block used for flank surgery -caudal epidural anesthesia (dose not to exceed 0.5 to 1 ml of 2% solution per 50 kg body weight) -sheep/goats more sensitive to lidocaine than other species -toxic dose as low as 10mg/kg total dose -lethargy, depression, ataxia, muscle tremors -use low concentration lidocaine-2% dilute to 1% in goats

small ruminant surgery and anesthesia

meat or milk production prolific, adaptable, common in texas; long horns, variety of colors

spanish goats

large polled breed, black wool free head and legs. meat breed

suffolk

-may use sedation/local anesthesia, but not common if performed when animal is several days old -testicles removed by traction in young animals; emasculator or ligation of the cord in older animals

surgical knife castration

-commonly performed in sheep -reduces accumulation of feces on tail; fecal material can lead to maggot infestation ("fly strike") -best time is young lambs; 2-3 days to 2 weeks of age -local anesthesia optional -no shorter than distal end of caudal tail fold -methods: emasculator, heat cautery "hot docker", sharp excision (scalpel), elastrator band (controversial, painful)

tail docking

supply genetics that produce fast growth, heavier muscling, leaner meat

terminal lines

red rubber catheter/60cc syringe; orogastric route ok without speculum

tube feeding in lambs

-genetic abnormality in chloride channels of muscle cells -myotonic-muscles will freeze up for 10-15 seconds when animal is started -meat breed; large muscles -various colors, mostly black and white

"fainting goats" (myotonic goats)

temperature of sheep and goats

101-103.5

-originated in the US -reddish color with droopy ears -good feed conversion/efficiency -considered a terminal breed -one of the most popular breed in US

Duroc

-lateral cervical muscles -longissimus muscles for small volumes <5mL -avoid gluteal muscles, or use very short needle

IM injection sites

dairy breeds; little/no ear pinna; colors vary

LaMancha

-takes place all over country; top three producers are Iowa, NC, Minnesota (>55% pig sales) -confinement housing in large hog operations largely replaced free range systems -more commercial swine operations -fewer stresses on animals: better control of environment (temp, humidity), ventilation, fans, sprinkler systems, cleaner for pigs, less competition for food/water. Easier to prevent disease ("all in all out") -less labor: automatic watering and feeding systems, easier sanitation -time from farrowing to market is only about 5-6 months: market weight 220-260lbs four systems 1. farrowing operation: breeding, gestation, and farrowing (weaning 3-8 weeks, 10-25# 2. Grower/nursery facility (weaning to 40 to 60#) 3. Finishing facility (fed until market weight) 4. Farrow to finish-all stages

Pig (hog) farming

-coxiella burnetil (intracellular gram negative coccobacillus) -worldwide distribution -sheep, goats, cattle are reservoirs for human infection -infection in ruminants usually subclinical, bacterial shedding increases at parturition -may cause placentitis, stillbirth, or abortion in late gestation -high concentration of bacteria in placenta, fetal fluids and in raw milk -transmitted by inhalation (aerosolizaiton) or ingestion -zoonotic dz (flu-like symptoms, hepatitis, endocarditis) -highly infectious (single organisms may cause dz in people) -bioterrorism concern

Q feverq

-many infectious causes in small ruminants -2-3% fairly normal in herds; often "cause unknown" -"abortion storms" >5% up to 20-30% in herd -many causes are zoonotix (abortion in humans) -infectious organisms in fetal tissues, fluids, fetus -pregnant women should use caution during lambing season -enzootic abortion in ewes (chlamydia) -vibriosis (campylobacter) -brucellosis (brucella) -Q fever (coxiella) -salmonella -listeriosis -toxoplasmosis-transmitted by cats -bluetongue (Virus)

abortion in small ruminants

-originated in denmark -long bodies, deep smooth sides -white with large, floppy ears -good mothers, large litters

american landrace

-most popular meat breed in the US -one of the largest breeds, adults can weigh over 600# -good mothers, large litters -large, long, white pig -large upright white ears -can get sunburned

american yorkshire

-swine, hogs, and pigs

animals of the porcine family

turkey/asia; used for fiber production (mohair)

angora goats

common before lambing (wool removal around vulva and udder)

crutching in sheep

-clostridium perfringens; multiple subtypes, produce necrotizing neurotoxins -common, fatal dz of young kids/lambs two presentations: -type B, C enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, pigs, foals, goats: "overeating dz" -type D enterotoxemia of sheep : "pulpy kidney dz" -goat enterotoxemia: dairy goats raised in intensive conditions (severe diarrhea, colic, death) -lamb dysentery: lambs raised in feedlots on grain concentrates (lethargy, neurological signs, diarrhea, death) -lambs/kids- vaccinate dams 2-6 weeks before parturition; vaccinate young animals at 4-6 weeks, at weaning, then every 6-12 months

bacterial dz: enterotoxemia

similar to cattle but smaller

balling gun, drenching syringes used for oral meds

a neutered male

barrow

-black with six white points (nose, tail, and legs) -erect ears and a short dished snout -good sires

berkshire

-viral dz of dairy goats (retrovirus) -three forms: neurologic, arthritis, mastitis -arthritis in adult goats (esp carpus) -progressive paresis in kids -transmitted through colostrum/milk to kid -no treatment/prevention -ELISA test -test and cull animals from herd; keep closed herds

caprine Arthritis-encephalitis (CAE)

-corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: highly contagious bacterial dz of sheep/goats -most common cause of lymph node abscesses in small ruminants -peripheral or internal lymph nodes affected -major cause of carcass condemnation in sheep -culling recommended for herds with outbreaks -rarely zoonotic

caseous lymphadenitis

-not a distinct goat breed -cashmere is the soft, fine downy undercoat -fiber is collected by combing out the undercoat each spring

cashmere

wether

castrated male

-usually done the first week of life in sheep/goats -adult males should be sedated because of pain/stress and increased risk of hemorrhage -lambs/kids may be restrained on their backs -tetanus toxoid or antitoxin should always be given at time of surgery

castration

-protozoa; small intestine -lambs/kids: weight loss, weakness, diarrhea (blood/mucous), can be fatal -more of a problem with confined sheep/goats, stress, overcrowding -prevention: amprolium (corid) in water supply or coccidiostat in feed -treatment: outbreaks treated with sulfa drugs/amprolium; supportive care for ill animals

coccidia (eimeria)

-most swine producers use crossbreeding in their breeding programs to produce heterosis: offspring superior to parents -breeds classified as maternal lines or terminal line

common pig breeds

1. pregnancy toxemia (last 6 weeks pregnancy) -inadequate energy consumption in late gestation -hypoglycemia, hepatic lipidosis, ketosis -anorexia, neurological sings, recumbency, death -prevent with good feeding managment, pay attention to BCS 2. vaginal, uterine, and rectal prolapses common in sheep 3. dystocia and retained placenta -4 abortion-many infectious causes

common reproductive dz/problems

-dichelobacter nodosus acts synergistically with fusobacterium necrophorum as the causative agents -D. nodosus is a gram negative, anaerobic rod -F. necrophorum is a gram negative, anaerobic coccobacillus -moist environments necessary for spread (contaminated soil/mud) -clinical signs: lameness in one or more feet, walking on the knees, or recumbency. interdigital skin becomes inflamed; underminin of the sole. distinct foul odor (anaerobic bacteria) -treatments: pare hooves to expose anaerobic bacteria to air. 10% zinc sulfate foot baths (daily or hour long soaks every 5 days) -cavvine available (only 60-80% effective) -prevention by keeping a closed flock is best-once it is in a flock it is difficult to eradicate

contagious foot rot

-used for dehorning -two nerve branches in goats -mostly used for goats -sheep rarely dehorned; have one nerve branch to horn (A)

cornual nerve block

long wool breeds

cotswold, wensleydale

-popular with farmers; technically simple -used only on very young animals <3 weeks old -risk of tetanus higher than with other methods

elastrator

-older lambs and kids -bloodless, crushes spermatic cords

emasculatome (burdizzo)

yearling sheep

hogget

buck/billy goat

intact male

ram

intact male

coarse grade of wool, double coated, long outer coat

karakul sheep

meat breed; do not grow fleece and therefore do not require shearing

katahdin hair sheep

used to supply genetics that supply more pigs per litter, more milk production, docile temperament

maternal lines

-hanford, yucatan, yucatan micro, sinclair, and gottingburg

minipig breeds

-routine neonatal care similar to that of calves -lambs/kids susceptible to hypothermia first 36 hours of life: use heat lambs, blankets, warm water bottles -dipping umbilicus recommended -ensure adequate colostrum intake -maternal/fetal bonding period first 6-12 hours; do not interfere unless emergency situation arises -starvation (hypoglycemia), diarrhea primary causes of neonatal death -rejected or weak neonates at highest risk -diarrhea in neonates- C. perfringens type C and E. coli -hypothermia and hypoglycemia can cause weakness/depression: if body temp <100 degrees: treat for hypothermia. Keep warm, dry and give nutritional support (IV fluids, PO fluids, electrolytes, glucose). May use orogastric route: bottle feed is possible

neonatal care

kids (buck kid, doe kid)

newborns

lamb (ram lamb, ewe lamb)

newborns

dairy breed, big floppy ears, popular as pets; colors vary

nubian

swiss dairy breed; always brown with black markings

oberhasil

-anthrax (B. anthracis) -"big head" (clostridia novyi, sordelli, or chauvoei) -black dz (c. novyi), malignant edema (c. septicum) -tetanus, botulism -"joint-ill" in kids- (septic arthritis, various bacterial pathogens) -Johnes dz -pinkeye (moraxella bovis) -toxoplasmosis (T. gondii)-abortion in sheeps/goats; zoonotic -leptospirosis-abortion; reportable dz -listeriosis-neurologic dz, abortion (esp goats)other bac

other bacterial dz of sheep/goats

-hereford, spotted, tamworth, poland china

other pig breeds

-all sheep and goats become parasitized -grazing habits (close to ground) expose sheep to parasites; heavy stocking rates -less problems on open range -stomach worms and coccidia most common -parasite resistance to anthelmintic common -preparturient egg rise common in small ruminants: temporary loss of natural immunity to parasites. 2 weeks before to up to 8 weeks after lambing. Deworm ewes 2-4 months before lambing -lambs slow to develop parasite immunity (10-12 months)

parasites

-vets involved with husbandry, preventative health care -smaller breeds, teacup breeds? -ethical issues?

pet pigs

very young small pigs, birth to weaning

piglet

-minipig strains used most often in research today; developed through selective breeding -reach sexual maturity quicker (4-6 months) -minipigs 150-200 lbs at maturity (most pigs 225 lbs by 6 months, adult weight over 500 lbs) -raised specifically for laboratory purposes, pathogen free (SPF) -anatomically, physiologically similar to humans, organ size similar; true omnivores(similar GI system) -used in translational research, surgical models, procedural training, alternatives to dogs and monkeys -cardiovascular-arthrosclerosis, myocardial infarction, devices (stents, catheters), heart valves -nutritional research -organ transplantation research (heart, kidney, pancreas, intestine) -wound healing, reconstructive surgery, plastic surgery -toxicology -insulin, other hormones

pigs used as research models

adaptable, used for milk or meat but commonly kept as pets. many colors, small 50-88lbs

pygmy goats

fine wool breed; large body, white/wooled face and body, rams polled or horned, all ewes polled. common in western US; adaptable to many climates

rambouillet

-estrous cycle: seasonally polyestrous, short day breeder (breed dependents). ewes 17 day cycle; does 21 day cycles -gestation length: 5 months (150 days); 1-3 offspring per dam -vaccinate ewes/does in late pregnancy: clostridia perfringens C and D, tetanus (passive immunity to lambs); deworm in late pregnancy -dystocia: common in sheep, uncommon in goats (usually fetal malposition)

reproduction

-nervous when separated from flock -will try to run away -rams may head butt -can restrain similar to dog -setting up for shearing, feet trimming, blood draw or other medical procedures

restraint in sheep

requires use of PVC tube or wooden block placed between incisors (do not use frick speculum); use medium size foal stomach tube

rumen intubation: orogastric route

swiss dairy breed; large size, all white/cream; heavy milk producer

saanen

ilk, meat, fiber, vegetation control, pets, companion animals

sheep and goats

>1000 breeds worldwide -classified according to wool or fiber type/meat/milk/color: fine wool sheep, long wool sheep, medium wool meat sheep, carpet wool sheep, fat tailed sheep, prolific breeds, primitive breeds

sheep breeds

-meat and fiber -meat industry four systems: 1. fall lambs (born before dec 25)- utilize specific breeds of sheep that lamb out of season; lambs marketed from early spring to june 2. early spring lambs: breed by august 1; lambs born in January/february; good housing and parasite control necessary 3. late spring lambs: lambs born march-may 4. accelerated lambing: produces 3 lamb crops in two years, must use breeds that lamb out of season; intensive system that requires feedlots

sheep industry

intact male before puberty

shoat

oldest domestic dairy breed; distinctive coloration

toggenburg

-urinary crystals or urolith formaiton ("stones" or calcuil): -struvite, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, or silica uroliths occur depending on diet -common in feedlot steers, goats, sheep, llamas, and alpacas -caused by dietary imbalances: -calcium: phosphorous ratio should be in range of 2:1 to 2.5:1 -some grain rations have high phosphorous levels -forage (hay) high in calcium and/or oxalates (alfalfa, clover, some weeds that may be browsed) -inadequate water intake -grazing on silica rich soils -no sex predileciton to developing uroliths, but males more likely to become obstructed (sommon in male goats) -can lead to urethral obstruction: causes stranguria, pain, +/- bladder rupture, possible septicemia and death -two features of male ruminant and camelid anatomy predispose to obstruction: sigmoid flexure of penis (all ruminants), urethral process (small ruminants) -presenation: straining and/or posturing to urinate (may appear as if trying to deffecate) blood and/or cyrstals may be seen on preputial hairs, increaseing discomfort as bladder fills, kick at abdomen, stretch, treat with hind legs -anorexia, lethargy -treatment, nursing care: urinary bladder rupture most severe complication: monitor for increased abdominal distension, signs of pain. Animal will become more comfortable right after bladder ruptures, then will become increasingly ill and metabolically unstable with uroabdomen -treatment is usually surgical, rate of recurrence is high: surgery-perineal urethrostomy, may be limited by monetary value of animal, salvage procedure, may postpone euthanasia -prevention: herbivores have alkaline urine, addition of urinary acidifiers such as ammonium chlorid to the ration may help prevent urolith formaiton

urolithiasis and obstruction

-jugular vein or cephalic vein; performed standing -femoral vein-lateral recumbency

venipuncture

-campylobacter fetus and C. jejuni -#1 cause of sheep abortion in N. America -clinical signs include abortion, which occurs in the last 6 weeks of gestation -also may see stillbirths, weak lambs, retained fetuses, peritonitis, and metritis -vaccinate prior to breeding -c. jejuni-common cause of foodborne illness of humans

vibriosis

-dwarf breed -used as companion animal -full grown weigh around 125-150lbs

vietnamese potbelly pig

-orbivirus, systemic vascular dz, transmitted by a biting midge vector of the culicoides spp. (not directly contagious between animals). occurs worldwide -clinical dz most common in sheep -cattle and wild ruminants may be subclinical carriers -occurs later summer and fall -clinical signs: transient fever (106+), facial edema (including lips, muzzle, and ears), hyperemic mucous membranes, cyanotic tongue, excessive salivation, nasal discharge. Then petechial hemorrhage, erosions, and ulcerations in mouth. can also cause the sloughing of hooves, wool break, diarrhea, and death -vaccine in endemic areas

viral dz: bluetongue

-aka orf or sore mouth -parapoxvirus in sheep/goats -transmitted by contact -highly contagious, common in young animals -clinical signs: loss of appetite, vesicles appear on lips, gums, tongue causing redness or swelling, vesicles break, form sores that become crusted with scabs -virus remains in scabs, is highly resistant to desiccation (remains in environment for years) -self-resolving (1-4 weeks), often no treatment needed -in severe cases, symptomatic treatment (analgesics, antibiotics if secondary infection) -if infected naturally, animals are highly resistant to re-infection -vaccination may help prevent dz(not as strong as natural infection) -zoonotic (usually on hands)

viral dz: contagious ecthyma