Exam 4
What is the mother at an increased risk for later on in her life is she had gestational diabetes?
Complications
What foods should be omitted from an infant's diet and why?
Concentrated sweets, canned vegetables, honey and corn syrup, popcorn, whole grapes, whole beans, hot dog slices, hard candies, and nuts, cow's milk for chewing hazards
How much produce do the Chinese tend to eat daily?
2x as much as Americans
-How many deaths are attributed to food poisoning each year?
351,000
What percentage of fat do Americans get from animal products?
36
-How many times does food change hands from farm to table in the U.S.?
4
When is it recommended to start introducing solid food to an infant?
4-6 months
What foods are common in Asian diets?
Fish, plants, vegetables
What nutrient is associated with a reduction in the risk of NTD's?
Folate
What nutrients related to blood production and cell growth are needed in much greater amounts during pregnancy?
Folate, vitamin b6 and b12, iron, zinc
-How many people work in the food industry in the U.S.?
7.6%
What is a blastocyte?
A smaller cell of a zygote (occurs when zygote breaks into smaller pieces)
Where does the gained pregnancy weight go?
Breast size and fluid volume, placenta, blood supply, amniotic fluid, infant's weight, uterus increasing in size and strength, and mother's fat stores
Why are nutrients used for bone health in pregnancy not necessarily needed in greater amounts?
Calcium absorption is increased w/ pregnancy, Vitamin D from food and sun is sufficient
Why are food-borne illnesses so dangerous for a pregnant woman?
Can cause vomiting diarrhea, meningitis, pneumonia, or fetal death
Why is pica dangerous?
Can ingest harmful toxins
How does maternal weight prior to conception affect the fetus?
Changes risk levels
What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the environment/cost/time savings?
Cheaper, convenient
What are other things that need to be avoided or taken with caution during pregnancy?
Chemicals, cat poop, drugs, smoking, herbal supplements, caffeine, weight loss, sugar substitutes
What are some risk factors that can lead to the development of sarcopenia?
Risk factors- weight loss, little physical activity, smoking, obesity
What is famine?
widespread and extreme scarcity of food in an area that causes starvation and death in a large portion of the population.
What is the scientific name for dry mouth?
xerostomia
Why is cow's milk not recommended before the first birthday of the infant?
Too much protein
What are the recommended weight gain ranges for women who are in each of the following weight categories prior to pregnancy - underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese?
Underweight= 28-40lbs Healthy= 25-35lbs Overweight= 15-25lbs Obese= 11-20lbs
What is food insufficiency?
an inadequate amount of food due to a lack of resources.
What is lactation?
automatic process that nearly all mothers are capable of doing
What other bodily changes occur as we age?
bladder problems, bone weakening
What weight loss occurs after delivery and in the following weeks?
blood volume returns to normal and sheds accumulated fluids
What other things are decreased in the stomach and small intestine as we age?
gastric motility, secretory ability of digestive glands, levels of digestive enzymes
What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?
gender, age, shape, race, lifestyle, diet
What is the first critical period after fertilization and implantation?
gestation
What is preeclampsia characterized by?
gestational hypertension, protein in the urine, fluid retention
What is gestational diabetes?
glucose intolerance with onset or fist recognition during pregnancy.
What are some lifestyle factors that can decrease the risk of sarcopenia?
good nutrition, sufficient protein, regular physical activity
What happens when we have decreased salivary flow (health effects)?
gum disease
-What is irradiation used for?
halting or slowing down spoilage and slowing down the ripening of food, irradiation prolongs the shelf life of goods
Why are older adults as such a greater risk for dehydration than younger adults?
harder to notice, decreased intake, medications, less movement
What is food security?
having access to enough food to sustain a healthy and active life
What are some of the complications of gestational diabetes?
heart damage, limb deformities, and neural tube defects
What is food poverty?
hunger resulting from inadequate access to available food for various reasons
Why is it important for older adults to have social interactions, as well as healthy foods?
improves mental health
What is the definition of low-birth weight?
infants who weigh 5½ pounds or less
How are the needs for kcalories, protein, and folate affected by pregnancy?
kcals: increase most in 2nd sem, some more in 3rd (+340 kcal/day 2nd trimester, + 45- kcal/day 3rd trimester) protein: increases (+25 grams/day) folate: 600 ug/day
Which risk factors for osteoporosis are modifiable?
lifestyle, diet
What is food insecurity?
limited or uncertain access to foods of sufficient quality or quantity to sustain a healthy and active life.
What are the goals of the OAA?
low cost nutritious meals, socialization, shopping help, social services, trasportation
Describe how nutrient needs might change as we age for the following nutrients: water, energy, fiber, protein, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, calcium, iron, and zinc.
more water, less energy, more fiber, same protein, more b12, more vitamin d, more calcium, possibly more iron, more zinc
What is a food desert?
neighborhoods and communities characterized by limited access to nutritious and affordable foods.
What is a anencephaly neural tube defect?
no brain
What is pica?
nonfood cravings
Why is dehydration more serious for older adults?
noticed later
How can you support bone health in all ages?
nutrients, diet, lifestyle
What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant?
nutrients, hormones, development, protective factors,
How does decreased peristalsis affect swallowing, heartburn, and constipation?
painful swallowing, acid reflux, low digestion, Decreased control of epiglottis
What do LBW infants have a great risk of after being born?
physical and mental birth defects, becoming ill, and dying early in life
What nutrients are affected by atrophic gastritis?
protein, calcium, iron, *B12, B6, Zinc, and folate
What nutrients are supplemented in the foods that are provided by WIC?
protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C
What is that fat supposed to be used for?
provide energy for growth, labor, and lactation
How do the programs supported by the OAA provide "more than a meal?"
provide socialization
What does WIC provide and who is supported by it?
provides nutrition education and nutritious foods to infants, children to age 5, and pregnant and breastfeeding women who qualify financially and have a high risk of medical or nutritional problems
What sensory losses are common as we age and why?
reduced taste and smells result from normal aging, medication
What foods are recommended first to prevent allergic reactions?
rice, barley, oats, wheat, colored (Set) veggies
What is dysphagia?
difficulty chewing or swallowing
What are the energy needs during lactation?
+330 kcal/day 1st 6 month +400 kcal/day 2nd 6months
How many times does food change hands in typical Asian countries?
1/2- less than U.S.
What percentage of their fat do Chinese get from animal products?
14.5
-How many miles does our food travel to get to us in the U.S.?
1500
When does the gestation critical period start (how long after implantation?)
17 to 30 days
-What percentage of the millions of chemicals applied to our food actually reaches its target? Where is the rest going?
2%, rest is in air/soil/etc.
What goals should males and females strive for before trying to become pregnant?
Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight Choose an adequate and balanced diet Be physically active Avoid harmful influences
How does maternal malnutrition during critical periods of other tissues and organs affect the infant's risk of developing chronic diseases later on in its life?
Alters blood vessel growth, lipid metabolism, and lean body mass development
What are the main components of the macronutrients found in breast milk?
Antibodies and protection from infections
What protective factors are found in breast milk and how do they contribute to the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant?
Antibodies, oligosaccharides, bifidus factors (healthy bacteria), lactoferrin (binds iron for more absorption and protection from bacteria), lactadherin (inhibits viruses) , growth factor, lipase enzyme
What are some of the risk factors that could lead to a LBW infant?
Any factors of high risk pregnancies
What are the general recommendations for exercise during pregnancy?
Anything you did before you can do, no impact
How does the macronutrient composition of breast milk differ from infant formula and cow's milk?
B- most fat, form-most carbs, c-most protein
What factors can affect the let-down response?
Baby crying, time/routine
How do adverse events during critical periods affect fetal growth and development?
Damages that will never have a full recovery
If medical attention is not received immediately for preeclampsia, what can occur?
Death
-Approx. how many family farms were there in 1910? 1997?
Decrease
How do the decreased functions in the stomach and small intestine as a result of aging affect digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Decreased food intake, reduced absorptive function of GI tract
What is Meals on Wheels?
Delivered to home-bound seniors/disabled only
Why is it so important that all women (except in perhaps very extreme, individual circumstances) gain weight during pregnancy?
Development of baby can be damaged without weight gain
What is the treatment for gestational diabetes?
Diabetic diet to regulate glucose levels
What are some of the specific risk factors for malnutrition and how do they contribute to malnutrition?
Difficulties chewing or swallowing- dysphagia Medications Depression Poverty Oral health problems Difficulties in procuring or preparing food Altered taste and smell Loss of a spouse Confusion Neurological disorders
What foods need to be avoided during pregnancy to reduce the risk of a Listeriosis infection?
Do not eat/drink unpasteurized products, raw foods
What can contribute to developing this type of diabetes?
Excessive weight gain during or after pregnancy
What can alcohol consumption during pregnancy cause?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
How do sensory losses affect digestion and absorption in general?
Gastrointestinal changes
What are the benefits of physical activity for people of all ages, and in particular for older adults?
Greater flexibility, more endurance, better balance, increased mobility, improved sleep, increased blood flow to brain, better heart health
How might dysphagia contribute to decreased food intake?
Harder to chew food and swallow decreases digestion and absorption
-Why is irradiation controversial?
Harmful chemicals and radiation used
What factors can improve fertility?
Healthy lifestyle and diet
Why is a small amount of fat necessary to gain during pregnancy?
Helps with lactation
What nutrients are lower in breast milk if there are inadequate stores in the mother?
Inadequate b6/b12 vitamin A/D may cause decline in nutrients
How is it recommended to introduce foods to watch for allergic reactions?
Introduce one food at a time for a period of time before another one is added
What nutrients are often recommended to be supplemented during pregnancy?
Iron, folate, Vitamin D, Omega 3
Where does the blastocyte travel to?
It becomes embed into uterine wall
What is the seafood recommendation during pregnancy?
Limit to 12oz (cooked or canned) seafood or 6oz tuna a week
What does sarcopenia increase the risk for?
Lose ability to move and balance- falls more likely
What is sarcopenia?
Loss of lean tissue
What are women who were underweight prior to conception as a higher risk for regarding their infant?
Low birth weight and premature births
What are neural tube defects?
Malformation of brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development
What is the most common nutrition-related problem for older adults?
Malnutrition
What part of the breast secretes the milk?
Mammary Glands
What are congregate meals?
Meals for seniors at community centers
Why are the nutrients for blood production and cell growth needed in such large amounts during pregnancy?
NTD, oxygen transportation, brain development, growth
What are some of the common nutrition-related concerns that pregnant woman deal with?
Nausea Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Food cravings and aversions Nonfood cravings
Are nutrients used for bone health in pregnancy necessarily needed in greater amounts?
No
If the mother's diet is deficient in nutrients, will the quality of the breast milk be affected in general?
No
Is meat a main part of dishes in most Asian countries?
No
What causes some of the common nutrition-related concerns that pregnant woman deal with?
Nutrient needs, increased senses, hormones, relaxing of muscles
What program exists to support the nutrition of older adults in the U.S.?
OAA- Older american act
Greeks eat as much fat as Americans, but where are their main sources of fats coming from?
Olive oils (monounsaturated)
What happens during fertilization?
Ovum + sperm --> zygote
What is the age category for older adults?
People 65 years and older
What factors affect the decline in muscle mass and strength as a person ages?
Physical activity and diet
What factors have to be considered before introducing solid food to an infant?
Physiological needs such as depleted iron stores and physical abilities (sit up, chew)
How does the placenta provide nourishment to the embryo?
Placental villi absorb nutrients and releases them to fetus
What 2 hormones are involved in milk production and release?
Prolactin and Oxytocin
What are the two goals that older adults usually have in relation to health?
Quality of life and healthy habits
What types of fish are high in mercury and should be avoided during pregnancy?
Shark, swordfish, king mackeral, tilefish (golden snapper/bass)
What is a zygote?
Single cell organism
What are the 6 habits that are known to promote health in all ages, including older adults?
Sleeping regularly and adequately Eating well balanced meals (rich in F/V) Physical activity regularly Not smoking Not using alcohol, or in moderation Maintaining healthy body weight
What are some ways to reduce the common complaints/discomforts during pregnancy?
Slower movements, healthier meals, exercise, hydration
What are some strategies to save money and promote healthy meals for older adults and those living by themselves?
Spend wisely, buy only what you will use, buy the staples -rice, pasta, legumes- fresh seasonal produce and whole cheeses, be creative
How does the mother's diet affect the flavor of breast milk?
Spicy or strong (garlic) can change flavor of milk
What are the two types of neural tube defects?
Spina Bifida Anencephaly
What is the let-down reflex?
Stimulates Mammary Glands to Eject Milk
Why does Malnutrition go unrecognized in elderly?
Symptoms similar to the aging process
What are critical periods?
Times of intense development and rapid cell division
What nutrients are important for bone health of developing fetus?
Vitamin d, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride
What exchanges occur between the mother and embryo/fetus?
Wastes are transported from fetal blood to mother's blood
What are some of the factors that increase the risk of a pregnancy?
Weight, nutrition, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, age, previous pregnancies, health
What is implantation?
When the blastocyte becomes embed into uterine wall
What is osteoporosis?
a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals
What is WIC?
a high-quality, cost-effective health-care and nutrition services program for women, infants, and children in the United States.
-What is the Green Revolution and what are some side effects?
a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
Why is preeclampsia so dangerous?
affects almost all of the mother's organs including the blood flow, liver, kidneys, brain, etc.
How can nutrient deficiencies affect the health of our brains as we get older?
b12, E, C, Folate, zinc, A, omega 3
How do sensory losses affect food intake and the risk of food poisoning?
can't smell bad food, no pleasure from taste
What chronic diseases are more likely?
cardiovascular health issues
What are the main stages of bone growth and loss, associated with age in years?
childhood/adolescence- growth late adulthood- loss
How is lactation different from breastfeeding?
choice to follow through with lactation, learned behavior
What is atrophic gastritis?
chronic inflammation of the stomach, no HCl
What is food recovery?
collecting wholesome food for distribution to low-income people who are hungry.
What dangers increase for women who are overweight/obese prior to conception?
complications (gestational diabetes, hypertension) and c-section for larger babies
Why are older adults at a great risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies?
decreased gi functions of digestion and absorption
What are some of the risk factors for dehydration?
decreased intake (bladder), medications (diuretic), movement problems
What factors affect the success of breastfeeding?
education and support, adequate nutrition, adequate rest. Support of partner and family
What are food banks?
facilities that collect and distribute food donations to authorized organizations feeding the hungry.
What may that influence later on in the child's life?
food preferences
Describe all the physiological changes that occur due to aging.
sensory losses (reduced taste and smell) decreased salivary flow- dry mouth (xerostomia) decreased peristalsis heartburn decreased gastric mobility, secretion, levels of enzymes atrophic gastritis (chronic inflam. of stomach, no HCl) decreased absorption decreased cardiac output decreased kidney and liver function decreased immune function and blood volume
What is preeclampsia?
serious medical condition among some pregnant women
What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the mother?
slows return of periods, contracts uterus, weight loss, reduced chance of breast cancer
What is a spina bifida neural tube defect?
split spine
What is fetal programming?
the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life
What is hunger (food shortage version)?
the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior; a consequence of food insecurity that, because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond the usual uneasy sensation
What develops after implantation?
the placenta
What other nutrients may need to be increased/supplemented during lactation?
water, Vitamin d, iron, omega 3.
