Exam 4

Which of these conditions would be an example of positive feedback? A. blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further. B. hot temperature increases your body temperature above normal; you sweat C. cold temperature decreases your body temperature below normal; you shiver. D. blood pressure decreases, as a result, your heart rate increases.

A. Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further.

Which of the following would not be considered a thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals or birds? A. ectothermy B. evaporative heat loss C. countercurrent exchange D. increased heat production (thermogenesis) E. insulation

A. Ectothermy

Three groups of cyclists consumed three different types of diets: high-carbohydrate; a diet of mixed carbohydrates, fat, and protein; or a diet higher in protein and fat. The average time each group could spend cycling over a six-hour period is shown in the graph. What conclusion from the data should a trainer tell athletes to improve their performance? A. maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance B. an early 50 percent drop in blood glucose is associated with improved endurance C. diet is not related to endurance D. a mixed diet yields the most improvement in long-term endurance.

A. Maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance.

Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his partner, who turns down the control. This chills the husband who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband this would be an example of: A positive feedback B. negative feedback C. homeostasis D. regulated change E. integrated control

A. Positive Feedback

You are standing on your head. Your head is to your neck: A. superior B. inferior C. superficial D. medial E. proximal

A. Superior

Which of these statements concerning body regions is correct? A. The trunk region between the thorax and pelvis is the abdomen. B. The leg extends from the hip to the ankle. C. The forearm extends from the shoulder to the wrist. D. The trunk can be divided into the thorax and pelvis. E. The thorax is often subdivided superficially into four quadrants.

A. The trunk region between the thorax and the pelvis is the abdomen.

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____. A. are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures B. alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C C. are endotherms but become thermoconformers when they are in water D. become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

A. are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels? A. conformation B. regulation C. integration D. assimilation

A. conformation

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect? A. connective B. epithelial C. nervous D. striated muscle

A. connective

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall. A. glucagon, insulin B. testosterone, estradiol C. insulin, glucagon D. ADH, prolactin E. acetylcholine, norepinephrine

A. glucagon, insulin

The process of taking food into the body is known as ______ and requires specialized mouthparts. A. Ingestion B. digestion C. absorption D. excretion E. elimination

A. ingestion

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would most likely become: A. malnourished B. obese C. over-nourished D. anemic E. undernourished

A. malnourished.

As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____. A. more branching or folds B. increased thickness C. larger cells D. decreased blood supply

A. more branching or folds

Epithelia are classified based on: A. number of cell layers and cell shape B. cell size and shape C. shape of cells and the secretions they produce D. number of cell layers and cell size E. cell shape, size, and the type of secretion they produce

A. number of cell layers and cell shape

Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation? A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. feedback inhibition D. enzymatic catalysis

A. positive feedback

A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by _____. A. radiation B. convection C. conduction D. evaporation

A. radiation

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a _____. A. sea star living deep in the ocean B. bass living in a farm pond C. hummingbird flying through a prairie D. honeybee in a hive on a rural farm

A. sea star living deep in the ocean

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is: A. simple squamous epithelium B. simple columnar epithelium C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D. stratified squamous epithelium

A. simple squamous epithelium

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____. A. simple squamous epithelium B. stratified squamous epithelium C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D. simple columnar epithelium

A. simple squamous epithelium

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules of food occurs in the: A. small intestine B. large intestine C. gall bladder D. stomach lining

A. small intestine

Cardiac muscle cells are both _____. A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks B. smooth and under voluntary control C. striated and under voluntary control D. smooth and under involuntary control

A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

Which traits helps some animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment? A. a gastrovascular cavity, a two-cell layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape B. an external respiratory surface, a gastrovascular cavity, and a two-cell-layered body C. a large body volume, a long tubular body, and a set of wings D. an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and a thick covering E. a large body volume, a highly branched respiratory system, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin

B. An external respiratory surface, a gastrovascular cavity, and a two-cell-layered body.

Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue? A. bone B. blood C. cell D. phagocytosis

B. Blood

If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____. A. collagenous fibers B. elastic fibers C. reticular fibers D. adipose tissue

B. Elastic fibers

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____. A. respiratory system B. endocrine system (ES) C. integumentary system D. excretory system

B. Endocrine System

This flap of cartilage prevents food from entering the trachea. A. pharynx B. epiglottis C. larynx D. glottis E. esophageal sphincter

B. Epiglottis

Homeostatic mechanisms: A. keep variables exactly at the set point. B. help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body. C. act to keep values out of the normal range. D. usually operate by positive feedback. E. produce most disease condition

B. Help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is called: A. negative feedback B. homeostasis C. physiological control D. phagocytosis E. static equilibrium

B. Homeostasis

The primary responsibility of this segment of the alimentary canal is the recovery of water that has entered the canal as the solvent of digestive juices: A. microvilli B. large intestine C. stomach D. cecum E. pancreas

B. Large intestine

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________. A. less surface area B. less surface area per unit of volume C. a smaller average distance between mitochondria and the external source D. a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio E. equal surface area per unit of volume

B. Less surface area per unit of volume.

How is positive feedback different from negative feedback? A. Positive feedback benefits the organism, but negative feedback is harmful. B. Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction. C. In positive feedback, the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback the parameter decreases. D. Positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E. Positive feedback mechanisms are more frequently encountered in the control of homeostasis than negative feedback mechanisms.

B. Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction.

Which of these planes can divide the body into equal halves? A. frontal (coronal) B. sagittal C. transverse

B. Sagittal

What releases pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach? A. partial cells B. chief cells C. the pancreas D. the liver E. the gallbladder

B. chief cells

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____. A. epithelial tissue B. connective tissue C. skeletal muscle D. nervous tissue

B. connective tissue

___________ is the transfer of thermal energy between an object and an external fluid that is moving (e.g. water or air). A. conduction B. convection C. evaporation D. radiation E. sublimation

B. convection

During this stage of food processing, food is broken down into molecules small enough for that body to absorb: A. ingestion B. digestion C. absorption D. excretion E. elimination

B. digestion

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____. A. thyroid gland B. hypothalamus C. subcutaneous layer of the skin D. liver

B. hypothalamus

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size? A. The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen. B. Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C. The young have a higher basal metabolic rate. D. Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

B. relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____. A. cardiac muscle B. smooth muscle C. striated muscle D. skeletal muscle

B. smooth muscle

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____. A. the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C B. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise C. a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water D. the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume

B. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when the dietary salt levels rise.

Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal? A. to prevent loss of heat to the surrounding water B. to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water C. to prevent protein loss to the surrounding water D. to prevent loss of oxygen to the surrounding water

B. to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water

In an endotherm, which of the following homeostatic processes would be produced by a sudden and prolonged decrease in ambient temperature? A. decreased oxygen uptake B. decreased muscular activity C. decreased blood flow to the skin surface D. decreased rate of internal metabolic processes E. all of the above

C. Decreased blood flow to the skin surface

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is true? A. this form of diabetes usually appears during childhood B. this form of diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system C. excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease D. fewer than 10% of people with diabetes have type II. E. all of the above are true statements

C. Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease.

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers? A. Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do. B. Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environment. C. Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation. D. Fluffing decreases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to the environment.

C. Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.

Which of the following is an evolutionary adaptation that enables animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange with their environment? A. reduced plasma membrane surface area B. insulation C. highly folded internal surfaces D. increased body size E. increased cell volume

C. Highly folded internal surfaces

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. A. it is a part of the vascular system B. because it contains plasma, salt, water, and protein C. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

C. It cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Four students carried out studies to determine whether a newly discovered animal was an ectotherm or endotherm. Each student made one observation and one conclusion. Which is the correct conclusion based on the observation? A. It was not a mammal. The animal is an ectotherm. B. Its body temperature is 37°C. The animal is an endotherm. C. the temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased. the animal is an endotherm. D. Its temperature and metabolism increased when the cage temperature increased. The animal is an endotherm.

C. Its temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased. The animal is an endotherm.

A countercurrent flow system between substance A and substance B: A. maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction B. minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction C. maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions D. minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions E. none of the above

C. Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions.

Homeostasis is an example of which of the following characteristics of life? A. organization B. metabolism C. responsiveness D. growth E. differentiation

C. Responsiveness

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm? A. You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm. B. You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal. C. You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm. D. You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.

C. You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm

Interstitial fluid is _____. A. the internal environment inside animal cells B. identical to the composition of blood C. a common site of exchange between blood and body cells D. found only in the lumen of the small intestine

C. a common site of exchange between blood and body cells

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are: A. absorbed directly into blood B. formed in large intestine C. absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system D. converted into bile by the liver E. absorbed only when glucose is not present

C. absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system.

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is born in freshwater environments and then migrates to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body, and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? A. evolution B. trade-off C. acclimatization D. adaptation

C. acclimatization

Most types of communication between cells rely on: A. the exchange of cytosol between the cells B. the movement of the cells C. chemical or electrical signals D. the exchange of DNA between the cells

C. chemical or electrical signals

You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____. A. adipose B. a tendon C. epithelial D. a neuron

C. epithelial

environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. What type of tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely associated with? A. connective B. muscle C. epithelial D. nervous

C. epithelial

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm ________. A. maintains a higher basal metabolic rate B. expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm C. invests little energy in temperature regulation D. has greater insulation on its body surface

C. invest little energy in temperature regulation

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. A. catalytic feedback B. positive feedback C. negative feedback D. protein-protein interactions

C. negative feedback

The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during _____. A. acclimatization B. torpor C. non-shivering thermogenesis D. shivering thermogenesis

C. non-shivering thermogenesis

The source of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (which are activated into trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenum) is the: A. liver B. gallbladder C. pancreas D. stomach E. small intestine

C. pancreas

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____. A. relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air B. decrease their standard metabolic rate C. rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth D. reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight

C. rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A. Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B. Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C. Round the clay up into a sphere D. Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

C. round the clay up into a sphere

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology? A. The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. B. The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. C. Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. D. The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

C. small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increase as a squared function.

If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____. A. in its skeleton for structure B. in its nervous system for sensing external stimuli C. that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment D. in its muscular system for movement

C. that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? A. The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. B. The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. C. The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. D. They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

C. the mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____. A. all share a recent common ancestor B. all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures C. the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming D. this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water

C. the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming.

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the _____. (Canada Goose) : A. warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function as well B. warmer venous blood transfer heat to the cooler arterial blood C. warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood D. the cooler venous blood is insulated from the warmer arterial blood E. arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose.

C. warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.

"Stratified columnar" is a description that would apply to which type of tissue? A. connective B. striated muscle C. nerve D. epithelial E. bone

D. Epithelial

What happens in the small intestine? A. mostly water is absorbed B. there is no digestion, but nutrients are absorbed C. considerable bacterial action occurs on the food. D. food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed

D. Food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed.

All types of muscle tissue have _____. A. striated banding patterns seen under the microscope B. cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated C. a response that can be consciously controlled D. interactions between actin and myosin

D. Interactions between actin and myosin

Four students carried out studies to determine whether a newly discovered animal was an ectotherm or endotherm. Each student made one observation and one conclusion. Which is the correct conclusion based on the observation? A. It was not a mammal. The animal is an ectotherm. B. Its body temperature is 37°C. The animal is an endotherm. C. Its temperature was less than the temperature of the cage. the animal is an endotherm. D. Its temperature and metabolism increased when the cage temperature increased. The animal is an ectotherm.

D. Its temperature and metabolism increased when the cage temperature increased, the animal is an ectotherm

A(n) _____________ is an animal that has a relatively variable body temperature, whereas a(n) ___________ is an animal that maintains a relatively stable body temperature. A. endotherm, ectotherm B. ectotherm, endotherm C. homeotherm, poikilotherm D. poikilotherm, homeotherm E. ectotherm, poikilotherm

D. Poikilotherm; homeotherm

Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurements of basal metabolic rate ( BMR) and standard metabolic rate ( SMR)? A. An animal must be fasting for SMR. B. BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals. C. An animal must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR. D. SMR must be determined at a specific temperature. E. The BMR of a specific animal is usually lower than the animal's SMR

D. SMR must be determined at a specific temperature

Which of the following statements comparing the endocrine system (ES) and nervous system (NS) signaling is true? A. Hormones are fast acting, but effects are often short-acting. B. In ES signaling, all body cells can respond to the circulating hormone C. Nerve impulses can be received by all cell types within the body. D. The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway. E. ES transmission compared to NS transmission is very fast.

D. The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? A. During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions. B. When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates lactation). C. After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets. D. When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

D. When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decrease, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A. feathers or fur B. vasoconstriction near the skin C. blubber or a fat layer under the skin D. wind blowing across the body surface E. all of the above

D. Wind blowing across the body surface

In the stomach, HCl in gastric juice __________. A. kills bacteria B. breaks down the connective tissue of muscle C. activates pepsin D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following connective tissues consists of cells in a fluid matrix? A. loose connective tissue B. adipose tissue C. bone D. blood E. cartilage

D. blood

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____. A. used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest B. used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions C. both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species D. both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

D. both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____. A. very cold environments B. very hot environments C. environments with a constant food source D. environments with variable and limited food sources

D. environments with variable and limited food sources

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with: A. connective tissue B. smooth muscle cells C. neural tissue D. epithelial tissue

D. epithelial tissue

The four major types of tissues are: A. muscle, nervous, skeletal, connective B. epithelial, skeletal, connective, reticular C. connective, skeletal, epithelial, nervous D. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous E. blood, bone, nervous, epithelial

D. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____. A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. evaporation

D. evaporation

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____. A. countercurrent exchange B. acclimation C. vasoconstriction D. evaporation

D. evaporation

Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is _____. A. less active in winter because the food supply is decreased B. less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators C. more active in summer because that is the period for mating D. more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

D. more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

All animals, whether large or small, have: A. an external body surface that is dry B. a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac C. a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm D. most of their cells are in contact with an aqueous medium

D. most of their cells are in contact with an aqueous medium

Connective tissues typically have _____. A. little space between the membranes of adjacent cells B. the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses C. the ability to shorten upon stimulation D. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

D. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via _____. A. acclimatization B. torpor C. evaporative cooling D. shivering thermogenesis

D. shivering thermogenesis

the type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is _____. A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. intercalated cells D. smooth muscle

D. smooth muscle

Near a goose abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the___________. A. venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet B. loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment C. blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen D. temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized

D. temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to minimized

A major means for conserving heat is: A. enhanced sweating B. increased metabolic rate C. increased convective loss D. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

D. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the LEAST reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of _____. A. food eaten in one day B. heat generated in one day C. oxygen used in mitochondria in one day D. water consumed in one day

D. water consumed in one day

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is(are) the major advantage(s) of having a tube? A. It allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested. B. It permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions. C. It permits more time for enzymatic action. D. Additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus are made possible. E. All of the above are advantages.

E. All of the above are advantages.

Coronal (frontal) planes divide the body into ______ portions. A. right and left. B. anterior and posterior. C. superior and inferior. D. dorsal and ventral. E. both b and d.

E. Both B and D

Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate? A. the amount of ATP produced B. the amount of heat it generates C. the amount of oxygen it consumes D. the amount of carbon dioxide it produces E. the amount of water it drinks

E. The amount of water it drinks

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because: A. only those animals use the nutrients B. those nutrients are subunits of important polymers C. those nutrients are necessary coenzymes D. only some foods contain those nutrients E. those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal

E. Those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal.

Pancreatic secretions contain: A. hormone B. enzymes C. bicarbonate D. hormone, enzymes, and bicarbonate E. hormones and bicarbonate

E. hormones, enzymes, and bicarbonate

Negative feedback mechanisms:

May have a receptor a control center, and an effector.

Vitamins are classified based on:

whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.