Exam 4

Energy flows through a system and then is lost. Matter is recycled

True

The number of species is determined by

The rate of speciation - the rate of extinction

The basic unit of ecology is

An organism

Why is availability of P often the limiting factor for primary production?

P is tightly bound in biomass, clay particles

The main source of energy that drives ecosystems on Earth is

Solar

Which quantity is shown by the triangles for Q 27?

The equilibrium between species gain and loss

What is an example of intersexual selection?

Females choosing the best male from a group of competing males

Why do females and males generally have different strategies for maximizing their rate of reproductive success

Females generally have a higher cost of reproduction than males do

Habitat destruction is an example of

Threat to biodiversity

Which theory set was described by MacArthur and Wilson 1966?

Island biogeography

The number of species on an island is determined by?

Island size and island connectivity

Limits to primary productivity in ecosystems are primarily

Light, nutrients, head and water

Mass extinctions are caused by

Major shifts in global climate patterns and ecosystem productivity

What is true about this equation? 6CO2 + 6H2O <—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Primary production is the process that goes from left to right

Which of the following statements is true about the marginal value theorem model of optimal foraging?

The main cost being measured is search time; the model seeks to maximize the rate of energy gained per unit time; short search times result in short patch residency times

What is the difference between weather and climate?

"Weather" describes short-term conditions in local areas whereas "climate" describes long-patterns over entire regions of the globe

The tree domains of life are

bateria, archaea, and eukarya

How many gallons of water does the average American family use per day?

300

A caterpillar eats 200J of leaf material, uses 67J for metabolism and 33J for growth, what is its production efficiency?

33%

How is "biodiversity" measured?

All of the above (the number of species, the number of alleles, the number of habitat types)

What are predictors of same-sex homicide in humans?

All of the above (being male; being young; being unemployed)

Which of the following is not a way in which ecosystem diversity contributes to human life

All of the above (detoxification of wastes; regeneration of preservation of fertile soils; purification of air and water)

Why should we conserve biodiversity?

All of the above (ecosystem services that provide clean air and clean water; moral obligation to take responsibility for the planet; economic benefits of industries such as tourism medicine agriculture, fisheries; aesthetic and recreational reasons)

What are some main causes of loss of genetic diversity?

All of the above (loss of gene flow among components of a metapopulation; habitat loss; reduction of population density

Which of the following is not true of biomagnification?

Animals get bigger and bigger as energy flows up the food chain

Which is not true about why biodiversity hotspots are so specious?

Areas where fewer people live

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?

Artificial selection has a goal but natural selection does not

Agriculture leads to habitat loss, application of fertilizers and pesticides, runoff and erosion that contribute sediments and contaminants to ecosystems. But it also provides food for people. What can regular people do to reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?

Be mindful of how your personal choices for consumption impact the biosphere

Which statement is not true about energy and matter in ecosystems?

Energy transfer between tropic levels is efficient, approaching 100%

What quantity is shown by arrows for Q 26?

Extinction rate

Animals should seek to control the largest territory possible and defend it constantly

False

Niche is defined by gradients in temperature, water, nutrients, space, time, competitions, etc. Niche is a

Hyper volume

What is an example of intrasexual selection?

Males competing with other males for a limiting resource

What are the three conditions required for evolutionary change?

Overproduction of offspring, variation, inheritance of traits

What is nitrification?

Oxidizing NH3 into NO3

What is evidence for the "ghost of competition past" ?

Permanent specialization to a narrow niche

The mating system in which one female mates with multiple males and each male mates with only one female

Polyandry

Which mating system occurs most commonly in nature?

Promiscuity

When mice collect cotton to line their nest, what are the proximate and ultimate causations of this behavior?

Proximate = presence of cotton, ultimate = increased survival of their young

Evolution of animal behavior of "how" or "why", are the ____ and ____ causations

Proximate, ultimate

What is an example of functional diversity?

The number of different ways in which organisms metabolize carbon

What is species diversity?

The number of species in an area

How is island biogeography applied to conservation biology?

To manage isolated island of habitat in a fragmented landscape

What is genetic diversity?

the number of different alleles available for each trait