Exam 4 bio
Identify the type of energy found in food, ATP, muscle contraction.
cellular respiration
what are lipids relationship with water
hydrophobic-hate it
• Identify the structural hierarchy of mammals
it goes cell tissue(integrated group of similar cells that together performa. function) organ(two or more types of tissue that work together for a function) organ system organism
Relate the concept of food calories to cellular respiration and the generation of ATP.
the calories you consume produce ATP just like cellular respiration
Monosaccharides are Simple Carbohydrates
-"hydrated carbon" individual saccharide molecules are simple sugars and are also called monosaccharides -carbohydrates consist of one or more monosaccharides joined together Simple carbohydrates--"hydrated carbon" -monosaccharides form ring like structures -two common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose
Define diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, and explain whether it is an Active Process or a Passive Process of membrane transport.
--Passive transport: when substances move from high concentration to low concentration -diffusion: the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration -facilitated diffusion: substances that can't cross a membrane on their own are transported through specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane osmosis: the diffusion of water ABOVE ARE ALL PASSIVE TRANSPORT ---Active transport: substances move from low concentration to high concentration -endocytosis: transport of large substances into the cell. -exocytosis: export of large quantities from the cell THE TWO ABOVE ARE ALL ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Explain the need for varied amino acids in the protein we consume
-20 amino acids (9 are essential) -we are only able to make 11 amino acids ourselves -which means we need to get 9 amino acids from our diet
disaccharide-simple carbohydrate
-you can form a disaccharides(2 monomers)
Explain what happens to the amino acids in the protein that we consume
-20 amino acids (9 are essential) -we are only able to make 11 amino acids ourselves -which means we need to get 9 amino acids from our diet -not all protein sources are created equal -animal sources give you all the amino acids you need -some plant sources give you all the amino acids you need like soybeans, soy proteins,a nd quinoa
Define the difference between Active Processes and Passive Processes of membrane transport.
-Passive transport: when substances move from high concentration to low concentration -Active transport: substances move from low concentration to high concentration
Describe the importance of chemical elements to living organisms.
-all living organisms are composed of matter, and matter is composed of elements which are substances that cannot be broken down. -cells cant survive without 14 trace elements
• Define a chemical reaction and explain how it changes the composition of matter.
-atoms remain whole, but they are swapped as molecules are broken down and built up, they have reactants on the left and products on the right -they change the composition of matter by rearranging atoms, but atoms are never created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
Identify the four classes of organic macronutrients
-carbohydrates like bread, pasta -proteins like meat -lipids like butter -nucleic acids which is in everything
Describe how fats can be stored and broken down for energy
-cells are surrounded by a membrane that regulates the passage of material in and out -cell membranes are made by stacking two layers of a molecule called a phospholipid -the heads are hydrophilic which means they love water, and the tails are hydrophobic which means afraid of water -cells are just a layer of grease surrounding a droplet of water
Define and describe the process of cellular respiration
-cellular respiration: breaks down glucose to give cells energy (ATP) -happens in the cytoplasm: glycolysis to citric acid cycle to electron transport chain -end result is co2, h2o, and atp (energy)
Describe how carbohydrate consumption is related to diabetes (insulin signaling)
-diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels) resulting from the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy -pancreas is not producing enough insulin type 1-nothing to do with diet, destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin type 2-desensitization of insulin receptors due to overly high consumption of simple sugars
• Identify and describe the three functions of the urinary system, and describe what could happen if the system is unable to carry out its function--CHECK
-disposes of wastes -helps regulate concentration of water in the body -produces urine through a nephron in the kidney
Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem, including conversions from one form of energy to another
-every living organism metabolizes energy-taking it in from the environment and converting it to useful forms, and releasing some back as heat.
Describe how the process of fermentation produces energy in different species.
-fermentation is when food energy can be harvested in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic fermentation -fermentation in Humans: if you don't have enough oxygen you will collapse -fermentation in bacteria: break down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid -fermentation in yeast: yeast will ferment sugars, producing Co2 and ethanol
Describe plasma membrane structure, and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.
-has a phospholipid bilayer which has a phosphate group as the head, and two fatty acids as tails -has a fluid mosaic which allows molecules to move freely past one another
how a detox can affect your body
-hyponeatremia is when you have low levels of sodium in your blood, the sodium ions are less concetrated out of his cells ad will leave his blood -detoxes prevent the absorption of glucose molecules -you can't absorb your nutrients with detoxes!!
• Distinguish between ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds.
-ionic: transfer of electrons. The atom that receives the electron becomes negative and the atom that donates the electron becomes positive, they are held together by their attraction of their opposite charges -covalent: sharing of electrons between O and H forms H2O. Atoms are held together in molecules. -hydrogen: water molecules align themselves so that a negatively charged oxygen faces a positively charged hydrogen from another water molecule, it is WEAK
what are isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions in osmosis
-isotonic solution: solute concentration is equal, no net water movement -hypotonic solution: solute concentration is greater INSIDE the cell, cell gains water, cell is lysed -hypertonic: solute concentration is greater OUTSIDE cell, cell loses water will shrink and shrivel
• Identify homeostasis and describe how is it maintained
-maintain relatively constant internal conditions even when the external environment changes -maintained through negative feedback: a form a regulation in which the result of a process inhibits taht very process.(if something is too high negative feedback brings it down and vice versa)
Distinguish between matter, mass, elements, and compounds. Give examples of each.
-matter: anything that occupies space and has mass -mass: amount of matter in an object (measured in grams or kilograms) -elements: substances that cannot be broken down into other substances (hydrogen carbon, etc) compounds: substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio (sodium chloride=sodium+cholrine)
Describe the building blocks of cells, and why they are the fundamental units of life.
-monomers are what your digestive system breaks down into macromolecules that you eat -monomers are building blocks to create new polymers by building new muscle proteins for example
lipid structure
-most are called fatty acids -they have fatty acid tails, a head followed by a long chain of carbons and hydrogens which is the fatty acid tail -some lipids can have multiple fatty acid tails A typical dietary fat consists of a molecule called a triglyceride -the carbon/hydrogen chains in the triglyceride tails store energy (calores) -a triglyceride is one glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules
Describe the many functions of proteins
-perform a variety of tasks -keratin (your hair) -enzymes (jumpstarting biochemical reactions in your cells like in your digestive system for example) -antibodies (imbedded in the membrane of your cells to keep you healthy and fend off bacteria) -movement (allows muscles to move) -insulin(blood sugar levels regulation)
Describe and give examples of the difference between Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy and Thermal Energy
-potential energy: the energy an object has due to its location or structure, like the energy contained by a child at the top of a slide -kinetic energy: the energy of motion, like when a child moves down a slide -thermal energy: a form of kinetic energy stored in the random motions of atoms and molecules. every time energy is converted, the entropy(amount of disorder in a system) increases.
what are the 3 classes of lipids
-saturated fat: animals -unsaturated fat: vegetable products like canola oil -trans fat: crisco: margarine -omega 3-fatty acids
omega 3 fatty acids
-some fats are essential to a healthy diet -fats containing omega-3 fatty acids are known to reduce the risk of heart disease -EPA, DHA, and ALA=HEALTHY -foods rich in essential fats should be part of a well balanced diet -FISH is rich in omega-3 fatty acids
• Describe what the statement Form follow Function means.
-studying the structure of a body part or system reveals information about what it does and how it works and vice versal
Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane, and relate it to membrane functions--CHECK
-thin, flexible sheet forms the boundary between each living cell and its surroundings *Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids*Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity*Glycococalyx is a glycoprotein area next to the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another*differ in the amount and kind of lipids that they contain*Glycolipids are found only in the outer membrane surface*20% of all membrane lipids is cholesterol
Explain why we need carbohydrates and how our cells use it
-when you eat a polysaccharide it is converted into monosaccharide then into a monomer which is glucose -the sugars are converted to glucose before metabolized or converted into something like glycogen for storage or something
Describe the three stages of cellular respiration, including the molecules that act as the inputs and outputs of each stage, and the structures involved.
1. glycolysis This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. 2. citiric acid cycle (This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the) 2. electron transport chain:(This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the)
Explain how proteins are made up of individual amino acids and how that relates to shape and function of a protein
20 Amino Acids that make up all the proteins your body needs to function -some are polar, some are non polar, and some are electrically charged -"R" groups are different for all and used to see which amino acid is which Protein function is determined by a precise amino acid sequence and shape -the protein may not perform if the amino acid sequence is changed even a little -what would cause the sequence of amino acids to change: mutations which lead to a change in dna, leads to rna, which leads to amino acids and a new protein that may serve a different function -ex: hemoglobin that is mutated with a slight change in shape results in sickled red blood cells instead of normal red blood cells
Polysaccarides are Complex Carbohydrates
A polysaccharide is made by joining many monosaccharides together -plants put together the polysaccharides starch and cellulose from glucose -2 most common types of polysaccharides from plants are starch and cellulose -difference between starch and cellulose: starch is a long and simple chain of glucose molecules that are stored in the plants body for food while cellulose has a lot of glucose molecules but it is structured differently, the polymers of glucose are flip flopped, it is a strucural molecule that you CANT digest
differences between HDL and LDL
LDL-low density lipoprotein, bad cholesterol, increased through poor diet HDL-high density lipoprotein, good cholesterol, increased through exercise
saturated fats
NO double bonds -they are triglycerides that have no double bonds in their carbon/hydrogen chains Characteristics: -contain maximum number of hydrogens -solid at room temperature -higher amounts in animal products -all single bonds -straight shape in tails, all single bonds -less healthy
Explain how nutrients are absorbed by the process of diffusion/ osmosis
Passive transport: diffusion of a substance across a membrane Diffusion: tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space -at equilibrium, as many molecules cross the membrane inn one direction as in the other -Na+ can diffuse down their concentration gradient and no energy invested Osmosis-a special type of passive transport -osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane -water diffuses from lower solute to higher solute concentration -osmosis in living cells helps maintain homeostasis
Describe the best sources for micronutrients
Sodium-too much though causes hypertension which is high blood pressure Calcium-keeps bones and teeth strong Iron-hemoglobin for red blood cells
trans fats
Unsaturated fat can be made solid by adding chemical bonds though -Hydrogenation is a process that can produce a TRANS FAT,, a type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond -trans fats are quite unhealthy -many deep fried fast foods like donuts contain trans fats
Unsaturated fats
have double bonds -they are triglycerides that have double bonds in their carbon chains -contain less than maximum number of hydrogens -liquid at room temp -=higher amounts in plant products -contain double bonds -bent shape tail -more healthy