Exam 4- Control of Microbial Growth- Ch 7

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Can be used for both skin disinfection and wound treatment A. Triclosan B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Betadine

Betadine

Most commonly used in iodophor A. Triclosan B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Betadine

Betadine

Chlorhexidine is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Biguanide

Kills microorganisms A. Biocides B. fungicides C. virucide D. bacteriostasis E. spesis

Biocides

True/False Disinfectants work better under colder temps

False They work better under warm temps

chemical type used for controling microbes

Heavy metals: denature protein and are effective in small amounts. ( silver, mercury, copper,zinc)

To which category do iodine and chlorine belong? A) biguanide B) halogen

halogen

While waiting for your meal at a restaurant, you read the information on the creamer containers at your table and notice that they do not need to be refrigerated. You are surprised, because dairy products typically must be kept cold to prevent spoilage. How were these products treated to eliminate microbial growth and prevent spoilage? A. UHT treatment B. chemical preservatives C. gamma irradiation D. pasteurization

UHT treatment Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) is a treatment that essentially sterilizes the product

Which of the following shows the moist heat methods in order of the temperature used (highest to lowest)? A. Ultrahigh>Boiling>Autoclave>Batch Pasteurization B. Ultrahigh>Autoclave>Boiling>Batch Pasteurization C. Autoclave>Ultrahigh>Batch Pasteurization>Boiling D. Ultrahigh> Boiling>Batch Pasteurization >Autoclave

Ultrahigh>Autoclave>Boiling>Batch Pasteurization

autoclaving

Use of steam under pressure- 15 psi @ 121C for 15 min

True/ False Soap has little value as an antiseptic. It is only used as a mechanical means to remove microbes

True

True/ False Steam under pressure fails to sterilize when the air is not completely exhausted

True

True/ False The more microbes there are to begin with, the longer it takes to eliminate the entire population

True

True/False Aspetic technique is important in surgery to minimize contamination

True

True/False Ethylene oxide gas is used to sterilize medical equipment that might be damaged by exposure to the heat of autoclaving

True

True/False HEPA filters are used to remove microorganisms from the air

True

True/False Ionizing radiation can be used to sterilize some foods such as spices, meat, and fruits and vegetables.

True

True/False Some species of Pseudomonas not only survive in QUATS but actively grow in them

True

True/False The presence of organic matter, such as blood or saliva, may impair the action of antimicrobial chemicals

True

True/False Times required for sterilization in an autoclave are shorter than those required in a dry oven because moist heat penetrates biological specimens more effectively than does dry heat.

True

True/False When water is made available, after desiccation, micrboes can resume their growth and division

True

What are more resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics A. gram-negative bacteria B. gram-positive bacteria

gram-negative bacteria

Formaldehyde is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Aldehydes

Chlorine is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Halogens

autoclave

steam under pressure, provides reliable sterilization,

virus

not especially resistant to biocide

-cidal

killing m/o

control of m/o: heat

oldest and most widely used way of controling m/o

-static

stop m/o growth

True/False Most viruses are highly resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics

False

antisepsis

chemical on living skin for disinfection

way to kill microbes

damage to nucleic acids

sanitization

lowering m/o to safe public health standards

biocides

not uniformly effective against all microbes

physical type used for controling microbes

radiation: Uv rays, gamma rays

pasteurization

reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens

Factors in chemical Method of controling m/o

-number and types of microbes -concentration of the agent -nature of material: presence of organic material, pH, temp.

Factors in physical method of controling m/o

- number and types of microbes -nature of the material to be treated -environment: presence of organic material, moisture, pH, temp -cost

ultra high temperature UHT

140 degrees for 4 sec, milk does not need to be refridgerated

Food with a pH of ___ or ____, are most susceptible to spoilage by molds A. 7.0, higher B. 5.5, lower C. 9.6, higher D. 7.0, 8.3

5.5, lower

Alcohol is most effective when used as a ________ solution. A. 95% B. 100% C. 60% D. 70% E. 25%

70%

Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective bactericide? A. 100% B. 70% C. 50% D. 40% E. 30%

70%

high temperature short times HTST

72 degrees for 15 sec, most milk pasteurization

A nurse is degerming a patient's arm before giving a vaccination. Which of these concentrations of alcohol is most effective? A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25%

75% Alcohols work by denaturing proteins, and this process requires water. Generally, the most effective alcohol concentration is 70%.

The decimal reduction time is the time required to kill __________ percent of a bacterial population

90%

True/ False One advantage of alcohol is that they act then evaporate rapidly and leave no residue

True

The two microbes most resistant to biocides (pick two) A. prions B. endospores C. viruses with lipid envelopes D. gram-positive bacteria E. gram-negative bacteria

A. prions B. endospores

Their sanitizing ability is related to the negatively charged portion if the molecule, which reacts with the plasma membrane A. QUATS B. Acid-Anionic Sanitizers C. Aldehydes D. Halogens

Acid-Anionic Sanitizers

These sanitizers act on thermoduric bacxteria, nontoxic, noncorrosive and fast-acting A. QUATS B. Acid-Anionic Sanitizers C. Aldehydes D. Halogens

Acid-Anionic Sanitizers

Effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and nonenveloped viruses A. Alcohol B. Metals C. Chlorhexidine D. Iodine

Alcohol

Which disinfectant exerts their action by denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids A. Alcohol B. Metals C. Chlorhexidine D. Iodine

Alcohol

When this two components are combined they make Avagard, which is a biguanide A. Iodine and chlorhexidine B. Alcohol and chlorhexidine C. Triclosan and Alcohol D. phenol and chlorine

Alcohol and chlorhexidine

chemical type used for controling microbes

Alcohols: works by protein denaturation and disruption of lipids.

Glutaraldehyde is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Aldehydes

The MOST effective antimicrobial A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Aldehydes

chemical type used for controling microbes

Aldehydes: work by inactivating proteins and nucleic acids(formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde,cidex)

True/False Iodine is one of the least effective antimicrobial chemicals, effective only against certain very sensitive strains of bacteria.

False

By definition, a tincture contains alcohol. Why would a tincture of an antiseptic be more effective than an aqueous solution? A. Alcohol contributes to the effectiveness of an antiseptic because it denatures proteins. B. Alcohol contributes to the effectiveness of an antiseptic because it dissolves lipids. C. Answers A and B are both correct. D. Neither answer A nor B is correct

Answers A and B are both correct

Treatment is directed at living tissue A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Antisepsis

Best way to sterilize A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

Autoclaving

Temp must be above 100 degree celsius in order to kill all forms of life. A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

Autoclaving

Used in hospital environments to sterilize equipment A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

Autoclaving

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria except pseudomonads A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Biguanide

This disinfectant damages the plasma membrane of vegetative cells A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Biguanide

Hexachlorophene is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Biphenols

Triclosan is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Biphenols

Used to destroy green algae that grows in reservoirs, stock ponds, swimming pools and fish tanks A. silver-sulfadiazine B. Mercuric chloride C. Copper sulfate

Copper sulfate

The MOST vulnerable forms of microbes to biocides are: (pick two) A. prions B. endospores C. viruses with lipid envelopes D. gram-positive bacteria E. gram-negative bacteria

C. viruses with lipid envelopes D. gram-positive bacteria

supercritical fluid

CO2 is compressed into supercritical state (properties of gas and liquid), inactivates most vegetative organisms that cause spoilage and foodborne pathogens, medical implants and bone, tendon and ligament from donor patients

An effective fungistat used in bread, prevents the growth of surface molds and bacillus bacterium A. Sodium nitrate B. Calcium propionate C. Mercuric chloride D. Copper sulfate

Calcium propionate

These organic acids interfer with mold's metabolism or the integrity of the plasma membrane A. Sodium nitrate B. Calcium propionate C. Mercuric chloride D. Copper sulfate

Calcium propionate

Used in hospital surgical scrubs A. Triclosan B. Chlorine C. Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) D. Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine

Germicidal action, is based on when this disinfectant is added to water to create hypochlorous acid A. formaldehyde B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Chlorine

Chlorine

Used to disinfect drinking water, swimming pools and sewage A. formaldehyde B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Chlorine

Chlorine

Widely used disinfectant either as a gas or liquid A. formaldehyde B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Chlorine

Chlorine

Which one is not paired correctly A. Triclosan - Bisphenol B. Chlorhexidine - Biguanide C. Formaldehyde - Aldehydes D. Chlorine - Alcohol

Chlorine - Alcohol

The time in minutes, in which 90% of the population of bacteria at a given temp will be killed A. Decimal reduction time B. Thermal death time C. Thermal death point

Decimal reduction time

The mechanical removal of most microbes in an area A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Degerming

When skin is cleaned with alcohol prior to an injection A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Degerming

The destruction of vegetative pathogens that do not form endospores A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Disinfection

Kills by oxidation effects A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

Dry heat sterilization

Some microbes are very resistant to antimicrobial chemicals. Which of the following would be the easiest to kill? A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis B. E. coli. C. cysts of protozoa D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. Clostridium endospores

E. coli

What are vital to cellular activity A. cell wall B. plasma membrane C. Enzymes D. Nucleic acid

Enzymes

chemical type used for controling microbes

Ethylene Oxide(ETO): can sterlize material by denaturing proteins such as surgical plastics,porous material such as pillows and mattresses. Must be used in an autoclave type chamber.

True/ False Microorganisms placed in high concentrations of salts and sugars undergo lysis.

False

True/ False Prions are not resistant to disinfectants and autoclaving

False

True/ False The pH of the medium has no effect on the activity of the disinfectant being applied.

False

True/False All bacteria die at once when they are exposed to heat or chemical treatment

False

True/False Hydrogen peroxide is a good antiseptic for open wounds

False

True/False Soap is ineffective in killing bacteria. Therefore, hand washing is a rather ineffective measure in preventing disease transmission.

False

True/False The presence of organic matter does not inhibit the action of chemical antimicrobials

False

True/False UV radiation and x-ray radiation are similar in that they damage DNA and have a high penetrating power

False

True/False When milk is pasteurized it is made sterile

False

True/ False Biocides work on microbes in biofilms

False Biocides do NOT reach microbes in biofilms because their activity is due to temp-dependent chemical reactions

True/ False Most chemical agents achieve sterility

False Few chemical agents achieve sterility

Why would filter sterilization be used rather than heat, such as autoclaving? A. Filter sterilization is less expensive than autoclaving. B. Filter sterilization is used when the contents of the liquid could be harmed by heat. C. Filter sterilization is more effective than autoclaving

Filter sterilization is used when the contents of the liquid could be harmed by heat

This is used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials, such as culture media, enzymes, vaccines and antibiotic solutions A. Low Temps B. Moist Heat C. Filtration D. High Pressure E. Osmotic Pressure

Filtration

Which filter is used to remove microorganisms from the air A. Membrane filter B. HEPA filter

HEPA filter

filtration

HEPA filters remove microbes > 0.3um; membrane filters remove microbes > 0.22um; used for heat sensitive materials, enzymes, vaccines, antibiotic solutions

Iodine is a member of this group A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Halogens

chemical type used for controling microbes

Halogens: Iodine, chlorine

__________ bacteria may survive pasteurization

Heat resistant

True/ False Pseudomonas has been found growing in quaternary ammonium compounds (quats).

True

Gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci are susceptible A. Triclosan B. Chlorine C. Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) D. Chlorhexidine

Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex)

This bisphenol is used for hospital microbial control during procedures A. Triclosan B. Chlorine C. Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) D. Chlorhexidine

Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex)

If the pressure is _____ enough, it alters the molecular structures of proteins and carbohydrates. A. Low B. High

High

Advantage of this method is that it preserves the flavors, colors, and nutrient values of products A. Low Temps B. Moist Heat C. Filtration D. High Pressure E. Osmotic Pressure

High Pressure

Pasteurizing at 72C for 15minutes to kill pathogens as well lowers total bacterial counts A. Hot-air sterilization B. High-temp short-time (HTST) pasteurization C. flaming D. ultra-high temp treatment (UHT)

High-temp short-time (HTST) pasteurization

Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170C for 2hours A. Hot-air sterilization B. High-temp short-time (HTST) pasteurization C. flaming D. ultra-high temp treatment (UHT)

Hot-air sterilization

This disinfectant quickly breaks down into water and gaseous oxygen by the action of the enzyme catalase. A. Hydrogen Peroxide B. Plasma C. Peracetic acid D. Alcohol

Hydrogen Peroxide

60 minutes

In the figure, what is the thermal death time? A. 150°C B. 120 minutes C. 100°C D. 60 minutes E. The answer cannot be determined.

Used in resin filters for water treatment A. Triclosan B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Iodine

Iodine

What can be combined with certain amino acids to inactivate enzymes and other cellular proteins A. Alcohol B. Metals C. Chlorhexidine D. Iodine

Iodine

What is effective against all kinds of bacteria, many endospores, various fungi, and some viruses A. Triclosan B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Iodine

Iodine

Forms highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that damage cellular components A. Ionizing radiation B. Nonionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation

Uses gamma rays , X-rays, and high-energy electron beams A. Ionizing radiation B. Nonionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation

Nitrate inhibits _____ containing enzymes A. Copper B. Iron C. Mercury D. Silver

Iron

Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave? A. It requires an excessively long time to achieve sterilization. B. It cannot be used with glassware. C. It cannot inactivate viruses. D. It cannot be used with heat-labile materials. E. It cannot kill endospores

It cannot be used with heat-labile materials

Plasma sterilization requires A. Low Temps B. Moist Heat C. Filtration D. High Pressure

Low Temps

What type of filter is when a sample needs to be sterilized. A. Membrane filter B. HEPA filter

Membrane filter

inorganic compound that is used as a disinfectant A. silver-sulfadiazine B. Mercuric chloride C. Copper sulfate

Mercuric chloride

bacterial endospores

are very resistant to biocide

What affects the choice of chemical and physical control methods A. Time of exposure B. Environment C. Number of microbes D. Microbial characteristics

Microbial characteristics

What resists osmotic pressure the most A. vegetative bacteria B. Molds and yeasts C. pathogenic bacteria

Molds and yeasts

This type of radiation is used to control microbes in the air, such as in hospital rooms, nurseries, and cafeterias A. Ionizing radiation B. Nonionizing radiation

Nonionizing radiation

Uses UV light A. Ionizing radiation B. Nonionizing radiation

Nonionizing radiation

Cells can no longer replicate, nor can it carry out normal metabolic functions if there is damage to what A. cell wall B. plasma membrane C. Enzymes D. Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

chemical type used for controling microbes

Organic acids: added to foods to retard spoilage by altering the plasma membrane of m/o (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium propionate,sodium nitrite)

This processes uses high concentrations of salts and sugars to cause water to leave cells A. Low Temps B. Moist Heat C. Filtration D. High Pressure E. Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure

This process resembles preservation by desiccation, denying it the moisture to grow A. Radiation B. Osmotic pressure C. Filtration D. High Pressure

Osmotic pressure

chemical type used for controling microbes

Oxidizing Agents: hydrogen peroxide,benzoyl peroxide, ozone with chlorine, peracetic acid.

_______________ is a process used to destroy pathogens in food and drinks. It must be done at a lower temperature than other methods so that _______________. A. autoclaving; beneficial microorganisms are not killed B. Pasteurization; beneficial microorganisms are not killed C. autoclaving; the taste of the food or drink will not be altered D. Pasteurization; the taste of the food or drink will not be altered

Pasteurization; the taste of the food or drink will not be altered

One of the most effective liquid chemical sporicides available and can be used as a sterilant A. Hydrogen Peroxide B. Plasma C. Peracetic acid D. Alcohol

Peracetic acid

A group of oxidizing agents that include hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid A. Peroxygens B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Biguanide

Peroxygens

These disinfectant damage to plasma membrane, resulting in leakage of cellular contents A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Phenolics

Phenolics

These disinfectants remain active in the presence of organic material such as pus, saliva, and feces A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Phenolics

Phenolics

This dicinfectant was first used by Joseph Lister to control surgical infections in the OR A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Phenolics

Phenolics

Used in throat lozenges A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Phenolics

Phenolics

What is the main ingredient in the product lysol A. Biphenols B. Halogens C. Aldehydes D. Phenolics

Phenolics

chemical type used for controling microbes

Phenolics: (derivatives of phenol) -work by disrupting the plasma membranes -they do not sterilze -less irritating, remain active in the presence of organic compounds

A state of matter in which a gas is excited to make a mixture of nuclei with assorted electrical charges and free electrons A. Hydrogen Peroxide B. Plasma C. Peracetic acid D. Alcohol

Plasma

This has free radicals that quickly destroy endopore-forming microbes A. Hydrogen Peroxide B. Plasma C. Peracetic acid D. Alcohol

Plasma

You are preparing a medium for growing fastidious bacteria and must add several heat-labile solutions of growth factors. Which of the following is an appropriate strategy for preparing and sterilizing this medium? A. Prepare and autoclave the medium before adding the growth factors. After the medium has cooled, filter sterilize and aseptically add the growth factors. B. Use UV radiation to sterilize this medium. C. Use dry heat to sterilize the medium. D. Prepare the medium, add the growth factors, and autoclave. E. Pasteurize the medium.

Prepare and autoclave the medium before adding the growth factors. After the medium has cooled, filter sterilize and aseptically add the growth factors.

MOst widely used surface agents, they are related to the positively charged portion of the molecule A. QUATS B. Acid-Anionic Sanitizers C. Aldehydes D. Halogens

QUATS

They are strongly bactericidal, fungicidal, amebicidal, and virucidal against enveloped viruses A. QUATS B. Acid-Anionic Sanitizers C. Aldehydes D. Halogens

QUATS

__________ ammonium compounds are less effective against gram-negative bacteria and more effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Quaternary

chemical type used for controling microbes

Quats: (Quaternary Ammonium compounds) positively charged that affect the plasma membrane. They work better on gram+ and are not effective against endospores and mycobacteria. ex: Benzalkonium chloirde, Zephiran,cetylpyridium chloride (cepacol)

HIgh energy electron beams are used for the sterilization of pharmaceuticals and disposable dental and medical supplies A. Radiation B. Osmotic pressure C. Filtration D. High Pressure

Radiation

Ionization of water, which forms highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that damage cellular components A. Radiation B. Osmotic pressure C. Filtration D. High Pressure

Radiation

Treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eatting and drinking utensils to safe public health levels A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Sanitization

When a restaurant washes its dishes in a high-temp dishwasher A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

Sanitization

Added to meat products A. Sodium nitrate B. Calcium propionate C. Mercuric chloride D. Copper sulfate

Sodium nitrate

Prevent germation and growth of any botulism endospores A. Sodium nitrate B. Calcium propionate C. Mercuric chloride D. Copper sulfate

Sodium nitrate

True/ False Bacteria are to large to pass through a filter and are retained on it.

True

True/ False Heating is the most common use for killing microbes

True

A nurse is working in southeast Asia, where the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very high. Why is it necessary to select a specific method of disinfection for this organism ? A. The presence of a capsule makes this organism more resistant to disinfectants. B. Bacterial endospores made by this organism are resistant to disinfectants. C. The presence of an envelope makes this organism relatively resistant to disinfectants. D. The waxy, lipid-rich components of the cell wall make this organism relatively resistant to disinfectants.

The waxy, lipid-rich components of the cell wall make this organism relatively resistant to disinfectants

The lowest temp at which all microorganisms in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes A. Decimal reduction time B. Thermal death time C. Thermal death point

Thermal death point

MInimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temp will be killed A. Decimal reduction time B. Thermal death time C. Thermal death point

Thermal death time

What is required to affect more resistant microbes or endospores A. Time of exposure B. Environment C. bacteriostasis D. filtration

Time of exposure

The main effect of cold treatment is to A. kill pathogenic microbes B. To sterilize an item C. To slow microbial growth D. To destroy vegetative cells

To slow microbial growth

Can be found in household antibacterial soaps A. Triclosan B. Chlorine C. Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) D. Chlorhexidine

Triclosan

Effective against most bacteria and fungi A. Triclosan B. Chlorine C. Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) D. Chlorhexidine

Triclosan

________ is a compound found in antimicrobial soaps that targets gram-positive bacteria. A. Sodium nitrate B. Mercuric chloride C. Formaldehyde D. Triclosan E. Hydrogen peroxide

Triclosan

True/ False Mycobacteria, endo spores and protozoan cysts are very resistant to disinfectants and antispetics

True

What are resistant to desiccation A. Molds and yeast B. Viruses C. bacteria

Viruses

Chlorine

a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens, forms hypochlorous acid(HOCI) when added to water. Works by inactivating enzyme systems.

sepsis

a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection

peracetic acid

a liquid sterilant used to disinfect food-processing and medical equipment

bacteriostasis

a method or agent which inhibits microbial growth

equivalent treatments

as temp increases, much less time is needed to kill the same number of organisms

Object or area is free of pathogens, absence of significant contamination A. Biocides B. aspetic C. virucide D. bacteriostasis E. spesis

aspetic

oligodynamic action

ability of very small amounts of heavy metals, especially silver and copper, to exert antimicrobial activity

asepsis

absence of significant contamination, aseptic surgery techniques prevent microbial contamination of wounds

desiccation

absence of water prevents metabolism, but can remain viable for years, resume growth when water is made available

chemical agents action

affected by concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH, direct contact, time

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. organic acids food preservation B. H2O2 open wounds C. alcohols open wounds D. Ag wound dressings E. CuSO4 algicide

alcohols open wounds

chlorine

also a halogen, bleach- hypochlorous acid, oxidizing agent, prevents cellular enzymes from functioning, used for disinfecting drinking water, swimming pools and sewage

actions of microbial control agents

alteration of membrane permeability, damage to protien (enzyme), damage to nucleic acids (replicate, metabolic functions)

way to kill microbes

alteration of membrane permeabiltity

high pressure

alters molecular structure of carbohydrates and protiens, preserves color, flavor and nutrient value of fruit juices

Oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, are useful for irrigating deep wounds where released oxygen will inhibit the growth of __________.

anaerobic bacteria

The chemical disinfection of living tissue is known as A) antisepsis B) degerming

antisepsis Antisepsis is the chemical disinfection of living tissues

halogen

any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine) that are all monovalent and readily form negative ions

surfactant

any substance that interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension

Which method achieves sterilization? A) pasteurization B) the autoclave

autoclave The autoclave uses heat under pressure to allow temperatures above the boiling point of water to be reached.

Which of the following treatments achieves sterilization? A. pasteurization B. freezing C. bringing water to a boil D. autoclaving

autoclaving Autoclaving destroys all living organisms, spores, and endospores, thereby sterilizing heat-stable items

Treatments that inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria A. sterilization B. bacteriostasis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

bacteriostasis

Some antimicrobial treatments kill microbes; some inhibit growth. Which term refers to an agent that inhibits bacterial growth? A. germicidal B. bacteriostatic C. homeostatic D. fungicidal E. bacteriocidal

bacteriostatic

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? A. virucide - inactivates viruses B. fungicide kills yeasts and molds C. sterilant destroys all living microorganisms D. bacteriostatic kills vegetative bacterial cells E. germicide - kills microbes

bacteriostatic kills vegetative bacterial cells

All of the following are examples of microbial control using heavy metals except ________. A. mouthwash solution containing zinc chloride. B. burn treatment using silver-sulfadiazine ointment C. algae control in swimming pools using copper sulfate D. benzoyl peroxide used for acne treatment E. antiseptic solution containing mercurochrome

benzoyl peroxide used for acne treatment

chemical type used for controling microbes

biguanides: - chlorhexidine, used on skin and mucous membranes - does not kill mycobacteria, endospres,prtozoan cysts, and some viruses - blocks enzyme needed for lipid sythesis(interfering with plasma membrane)

What group of chemicals does triclosan fall into? A) a halogen B) a bisphenol

bisphenol Triclosan is a bisphenol found in many antimicrobial products, including antibacterial soaps

Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane? A. heavy metals B. halogens C. bisphenols D. soaps E. aldehydes

bisphenols

__________ is a common household disinfectant that has been used to disinfectant everything from dairies to drinking water.

bleach

Can kill vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens, but does not kill virueses and endospores A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

boiling

Not a reliable sterilization procedure A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

boiling

Some hepatitis viruses can survive up to 30 minutes of A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

boiling

Useful to sanitize glass A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

boiling

moist heat

boiling(100C) kills most microbes within minutes but ineffective against endospores and some viruses

biguinides

broad spectrum of activity, disrupts plasma membrane, effective on gram + and some gram - bacteria, some effectiveness against enveloped virus; chlorohexidine used for microbial control on skin and mucous membranes-surgical hand scrub

How does alcohol kill bacteria? A) by denaturing proteins B) by inhibiting DNA synthesis

by denaturing proteins

chemical methods

can control microbes on living tissue and inanimate objects; few achieve sterility; agent selection in a common problem (read label)

Refrigeration has a bacteriostatic effect on most microbes so they A. grow farily well B. will not grow at all C. cannot reproduce or make toxins

cannot reproduce or make toxins

bacteriocidal

capable of killing bacteria. Antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants can be bactericidal.

phenol

carbolic acid, Lister used to control surgical infections in the operating room; rarely used today because of odor and irritates the skin

osmotic pressure

cause plasmolysis, high concentration of sugar or salt creates hypertonic environment

mycobacteria

cell wall has waxy lipid-rich component and exhibit greater than normal resisitance

organic acids

chemical preservative inhibits metabolism, sorbic acid and sodium benzoate prevent mold from growing on surface of foods

chloramine

chlorime and ammonia, chlor-floc clarifies water; sanitize glassware, eating utensils and dairy equipment

Which one of the following substances is effective against bacterial endospores? A. bisphenols B. quaternary compounds C. mercury D. chlorine

chlorine

Which one of these halogen compounds would be considered an antiseptic? A. hypochlorous acid B. calcium hypochlorite C. chlorine dioxide D. chlorine gas

chlorine dioxide

iodophor

combined with an organic molecule, from which the iodine is released slowly; Betadine for skin disinfection and wound treatment

way to kill microbes

damage to proteins

Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT A. alteration of membrane permeability. B. denaturation of enzymes. C. decreased thermal death time. D. damage to nucleic acids. E. breaking of hydrogen bonds

decreased thermal death time

physical type used for controling microbes

deep freeze: (-50 to -95C) formation of ice crystals will kill some and die at a slow rate.

What is removal of microbes from skin by mechanical cleansing or by an antiseptic called? A) sanitization B) degerming

degerming Degerming removes microbes from the skin, such as when an alcohol swab is used prior to an injection.

Moist heat kills microbes by __________ of cellular components

denaturation

This effect is produced by the action of heavy sulfhydryl groups on cellular proteins A. emulsification B. denaturation

denaturation

Why is water needed to make alcohol more effective

denaturation

The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control? A. filtration B. lyophilization C. desiccation D. supercritical CO2 E. ionizing radiation

desiccation

physical type used for controling microbes

desiccation: -removes water - bacteriostatic -often combined with another method to control microbes

Sterilization is the ________. A. destruction of all life-forms B. destruction of all forms of microbial life except endospores C. effective removal of all microbes on a surface D. control of all microbial growth E. same as sanitization

destruction of all life-forms

All of the following methods are used for food preservation except ________. A. dessication B. osmotic pressure C. direct flaming D. deep freezing E. commercial canning

direct flaming

dry heat

direct flaming, incineration, hot air; requires a longer period at higher temperatures

Disk-diffusion method

disk or filter paper soaked in disinfectant, placed on agar plate previosly inoculated and incubated

physical type used for controling microbes

dry heat: 1.incineration, 2. hot air method at 170C for 2 hrs.

acid-anionic sanitizer

effectivness related to the negative anion reacting with the plasma membrane of a wide spectrum of organisms, nontoxic, non corrosive and fast acting; cleaning dairy equipment and utensils

radiation

effects on cells depend on wavelength, intesity and duration

What is the best definition of sterilization? A. removal of unwanted microorganisms B. removal of viruses C. elimination of bacteria D. elimination of all microorganisms

elimination of all microorganisms

Break down of oily film into tiny droplets A. emulsification B. denaturation

emulsification

QUATS do Not kill A. fungus B. endospores C. enveloped viruses

endospores

Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization? A. phenolics B. ethylene oxide C. alcohol D. soap E. chlorine

ethylene oxide

Which one of these chemical treatments kills cells by causing cross-linking of nucleic acids and proteins and inhibits vital cellular functions? A. alcohol B. ethylene oxide C. heavy metals D. soaps and detergents

ethylene oxide

True/False Household bleach contains chlorhexidine as the active ingredient

false

physical type used for controling microbes

filtration: separation of microbes from a gas or liquid by passing through a screen-like material small enough to retain microorganisms

Which of the following is not a major target for action of antimicrobials? A. proteins B. nucleic acids C. enzymes D. cell membranes E. flagella

flagella

Process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame A. Hot-air sterilization B. High-temp short-time (HTST) pasteurization C. flaming D. ultra-high temp treatment (UHT)

flaming

Used by morticians for embalming A. formaldehyde B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Chlorine

formaldehyde

Used to preserve biological specimens A. formaldehyde B. hexachlorophene C. Chlorhexidine D. Chlorine

formaldehyde

plasma

free radicals destroy even endospore forming microbes; in a container plasma is formed by vacuum, electromagnetic field and chemicals, only requires low temperatures, is expensive; used for tubular instruments

A chemical that reduces spoilage in fruit by destroying fungi, but does not appear to affect other microbes, would be called a __________. A. fungicidal agent B. fungistatic agent C. sterilant D. bactericidal agent

fungicidal agent

Kills fungus A. Biocides B. fungicides C. virucide D. bacteriostasis E. spesis

fungicides

Which one of these products is most useful for disinfecting medical instruments? A. iodine B. glutaraldehyde C. alcohols D. soap and detergents

glutaraldehyde

What are more resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics A. gram-negative bacteria B. gram-positve bacteria C. viruses D. mold and fungi

gram-negative bacteria

Psychrotrophs _______ at refrigerator temps A. grow farily well B. will not grow at all C. cannot reproduce or make toxins

grow farily well

What is more effective under acidic conditions A. heat B. UV radiation C. chemicals D. gases

heat

thermoduric

heat resistant bacteria that survive pasteurization, but are unlikely to cause disease or spoilage

Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids? A. heat B. radiation C. certain chemicals D. heat and radiation E. heat, radiation, and some chemicals

heat, radiation, and some chemicals

peroxygens

hydrogen peroxide, not good for open wounds, food industry for aseptic packaging, disinfect inanimate objects; benzoyl peroxide for over the counter acne treatment

tinctures

in a solution of aqueous alcohol

aldehydes

inactivates by crosslinking with a functional group; formaldehyde (formalin) preserves biological specimens and inactivates bacteria and viruses in vaccines; glutaraldehyde used for endoscopes- cidex, bactericidal, chemical sterilizing agent

Which one of the following physical methods of microbial control is bactericidal? A. refrigeration B. deep-freezing C. desiccation D. incineration

incineration

prions

infectious protien that causes neurological diseases (spongiform encephalopathies); animal carcasses are incinerated, surgical instruments are autoclaved at 134 degree, use protease enzyme or disposabe

bacteriostasis

inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria; once agent is removed, growth might resume

lower temperature

inhibits microbial growth; depends on the microbe and intensity of application

autoclave

instrument for sterilization by means moist heat under pressure

halogens

iodine- effective against bacteria, endospores, fungi and some virus; water treatment for campers; alters protien synthesis and membranes

When iodine is combined with an organic molecule, it is called A) an iodophor B) tincture

iodophor When iodine is combined with an organic molecule, it is called an iodophor.

rate of bacterial death

is usually constant and depends on the number of cells, load

microwaves

kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial

commercial sterilization

killing Clostridium botulinum endospores

moist heat sterilization

killls microorganisms by denaturing protiens

alcohols

kills bacteria and fungi, not endospores and noneveloped virus; denatures protien, dissolves lipids; act evaporate and leave no residue, swabbing skin wipes away dirt, microbes and oil; on wounds cause layer of protien under which bacteria could grow

dry heat

kills by oxidation effects. (ex: incineration, hot-air)

boiling

kills in +/- 10 minutes vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens, almost all viruses, fungi and their spores

biocide/germicide

kills microbes

nonionizing radiation

longer wavelengths, uv light, germicidal lamps in nurseries, hospital rooms, operating rooms, cafeterias; can damage eyes

physical type used for controling microbes

low temp: inhibits growth by decreasing the rate of chemical reactions in a cell. Used as a preservation method.

sanitization

lowering microbial counts on eating utensils

thermal death point TDP

lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes

physical type used for controling microbes

lyophilization: cells are quickly frozen, dehydrated and cells can remain viable for years

degerming

mechanical removal of micro organizisms

Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions? A. dry heat B. autoclave C. pasteurization D. freezing E. membrane filtration

membrane filtration

Most pathogenic bacteria are A. mesophilic B. psychotrophic C. thermophilic

mesophilic

What is the typical mechanism of action for chemical food preservatives? A. oxidation B. surface-active agents for removal of microbes C. metabolic inhibition D. disruption of plasma membranes

metabolic inhibition

Use-Dillution tests

metal rings are dipped in bacteria and dried, cultures are placed in disinfectant for 10 minutes at 20 degrees, rings are tranferred to culture medium

Which type of radiation is least effective in killing microbes? A. gamma rays B. microwaves C. x-rays D. high-energy electron beams E. ultraviolet rays

microwaves

decimal reduction time DRT

minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature

physical type used for controling microbes

moist heat: 1.boiling, 2. Autoclaving

prions

most resistant microbes, virus-like particles, only protein, NO DNA OR RNA

antibiotics

nisin and natamycin prevent spoilage of cheese

Which are generally more resistant to disinfectants A. nonenveloped viruses B. enveloped viruses

nonenveloped viruses

Which of the following are NOT typically destroyed by antimicrobial agents? A. nuclei B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. plasma membranes

nuclei Bacteria do not contain nuclei, and since most disinfectants target bacteria, nuclei are not a typical target

effectiveness of antimicrobial treament

number of microbe, environmental influences, time of exposure, microbial characteristics

nitrite

prevents endospore germination

Recently, silver has been considered in new applications for microbial control, such as impregnating surgical dressings and infusing food containers with silver. These new applications are important because silver is__________. A. useful as a surface-active agent B. effective in dissolving lipids in the plasma membrane C. oligodynamic and unaffected by antimicrobial resistance D. effective as an oxidizing agent

oligodynamic and unaffected by antimicrobial resistance

peracetic acid

one of themost effective liquid chemical sporicides, can be used as a sterilant, FDA approved for washing fruits and vegetables

Which method of control is it when we use concentrated salt solutions to cure meats? A) osmotic pressure B) high pressure

osmotic pressure

physical type used for controling microbes

osmotic pressure: causes loss of water from cells by creating a hypertonic enviorment, bacteriostatic

The purpose of this method to control microbial growth is to eliminate pathogenic microbes and reduce microbial numbers A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

pasteurization

This process gives the product a longer shelf life A. boiling B. Autoclaving C. pasteurization D. Dry heat sterilization

pasteurization

Which of the following does not kill endospores? A) autoclaving B) pasteurization

pasteurization Pasteurization does not kill endospores

physical type used for controling microbes

pasteurization: the process of treating a substance with heat to destroy or slow the growth of pathogens. Does not sterilize material.

bisphenol

phenol deririvites; hexachlorophene used for surgical and hospital microbial control, gram + strep and staph; Triclosan used in soap, toothpaste affect plasma membrane, widespread use and resistant bacteria being reported

phenolics

phenol derivities have lower irritating qualities and higher antimicrobial qualities; attacks lipid membrane; suitable for disinfecting pus, saliva and feces; cresol is derived from coal tar and ingredient in lysol

Is the target of many microbial control agents A. cell wall B. plasma membrane C. Enzymes D. Nucleic acid

plasma membrane

What regulates the passage of nutrients into the cell and eliminates waste A. cell wall B. plasma membrane C. Enzymes D. Nucleic acid

plasma membrane

Which of the following infectious agents challenges current sterilization strategies that have been accepted and in use for decades? A. endospores B. mycobacteria C. HIV D. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) E. prions

prions

Which of the following is least likely to be damaged by exposure to gamma radiation? A. protozoa B. prions C. bacteria D. fungi E. viruses

prions

Disinfection methods have NOT completely solved the problem of destroying which of the following? A. prions B. endospores C. protozoan cysts D. enveloped viruses

prions Prions are especially difficult to destroy. Incineration has been used for infected organisms. but effective treatment for equipment is still being determined. Even autoclaving requires the addition of sodium hydroxide.

Which of these microbes is the most difficult to destroy using either chemical or physical methods? A. prions B. HIV C. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) D. bacterial endospores

prions Prions are the most difficult infectious particles to destroy. Currently, a combination of very high temperature and sodium hydroxide is used

Moist heat kills cells by denaturing their A. plasma membrane B. cell wall C. proteins D. nuclei

proteins

ethanol

pure is less effective than mixed with water; ingredient in purell

quats

quaternary ammonium compounds; cationic detergent, strong bactericidal against gram + organisms, not mycobacteria or endospores, most widely used surface acting sanitizer; brands are Zephiran and Cepacol, colorless odorless, stabel easily diluted, notoxic at low concentrations

sepsis

refers to microbial contamination

physical type used for controling microbes

refigeration: (0-70C) psychrotrophs can grow but most pathogens genreally will not

gram negative bacteria

relative resistance to biocides, external lipopolysaccharide layer, pseudomonas and burholderia can grow in some antibiotics; resistant due to porin characteristics

sterilization

remaval of all microbial life

Which of the following correctly describes antisepsis? A. destruction of vegetative microorganisms on inanimate surfaces B. removal of vegetative microorganisms from living tissue C. reduction of microbial cells on eating or drinking utensils D. destruction of all organisms on any surface

removal of vegetative microorganisms from living tissue

degerming

removing microbes from a limited area, mostly mechanical removal

disinfect

removing non-endospore forming pathogens, not equal to sterilization, usually a chemical on an inert surface

antisepsis

removing pathogens from living tissue; often a chemical

Which type of treatment is it when a restaurant washes its eating utensils? A) sanitization B) degerming

sanitization Sanitization lowers the microbial count to safe public health levels

filtration

separation of microbes from a gas or liquid by passing through a screen-like material small enough to retain microorganisms

ionizing radiation

shorter wavelength carries more energy, damages DNA, low level for some foods, high energy to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable medical and dental supplies

Ag, Hg and Cu

silver for surgical dressing and topical cream, murcury in paints, copper as algicide- metals used as antimicrobials

Used as a topical cream for use on burns A. silver-sulfadiazine B. Mercuric chloride C. Copper sulfate

silver-sulfadiazine

An antiseptic is used to remove microbes from ________. A. restaurant glassware B. food preparation areas C. toilet surfaces D. skin, before an injection E. foods, before canning them

skin, before an injection

isopropanol

slightly superior to to ethanol as antiseptic/disinfectant, less expensive, less volatile

What is the main effect of refrigeration on microbes? A) kills microbes B) slows microbial growth

slows microbial growth

surface acting agents

soap (degerming); acid anionic detergent (sanitizing); Quat (cationic detergent-bactericidal, denatures protien)

The decay or putrid, indicates bacterial contamination A. Biocides B. aspetic C. virucide D. bacteriostasis E. spesis

spesis

Food is subjected to enough heat to destroy the endospores A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

sterilization

The destruction or removal of all forms of life A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

sterilization

Usually done by steam under pressure or ethylene oxide A. sterilization B. Antisepsis C. Disinfection D. Degerming E. Sanitization

sterilization

Destroying all forms of microbial life is known as A) disinfection B) sterilization

sterilization Sterilization is the destruction of all forms of microbial life

What would be an appropriate use of ultra-high-temperature treatment? A) sterilizing rubber tubing B) sterilizing coffee creamers.

sterilizing coffee creamers

gasous chemosterilants

substitute for physical sterilization, denatures protiens and used on heat sensitive materials; ethylene oxide- kills microbes and endospores at ambient temperatures, highly penetrating (mattresses can be sterilized), toxic and explosive in pure form

ozone

supplements chlorine disinfection of water, neutralizes tastes and odor

surfactants

surface acting agents, decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid- soaps and detergents; mechanical removal of microbes

chemical type used for controling microbes

surfactants: soap,and detergents decrease surface tension among molecules in a liquid.

What does UV radiation damage in a cell? A) proteins B) the DNA

the DNA

What makes mycobacterium susceptible to phenolics A. the cell wall B. the plasma mebrane C. nucleic acid D. ribosomes

the cell wall

Pasteurized milk in an unopened container spoils in the refrigerator. A sample reveals the presence of microorganisms. The most likely explanation is ________. A. the microbes that survived pasteurization were able to grow at 4°C. B. the microbes are pathogens C. the pasteurization process was ineffective D. a leak in the milk carton allowed microbes to enter E. pasteurization-resistant mutants developed after pasteurization

the microbes that survived pasteurization were able to grow at 4°C.

sterilization

the procedure of making some object free of live bacteria or other microorganisms (usually by heat or chemical means)

pasteurization

the process of treating a substance with heat to destroy or slow the growth of pathogens. Does not sterilize material.

Which of these is not a characteristic of the autoclave? A. the use of moist heat B. the requirement for long (hours) exposure times C. the ability to sterilize solutions with endospores D. the use of high temperatures E. the use of high pressures

the requirement for long (hours) exposure times

WHat happens to vegetative cells when the pressure is high A. the vegetative cells become deystroyed, rapidly B. the vegetative cells grow slowly over a longer period of time C. the vegetative cells multiply at a faster rate

the vegetative cells become deystroyed, rapidly

thermal death time TDT

time taken to kill al cells in a culture at a specific temperature

Hydrogen peroxide is best used A. as a antiseptic for open wounds B. to disinfect inanimate objects C. To clean a surgical site D. To kill prions

to disinfect inanimate objects

For which of the following would it be appropriate to use high-energy electron beams as a means to control microbial growth? A) to sterilize disposable dental supplies B) to disinfect the air going into a nursery

to sterilize disposable dental supplies

disinfection

treatment to destroy harmful microorganisms

Which of these chemicals inhibits an enzyme required for synthesis of membrane lipids? A. chlorine B. hydrogen peroxide C. ozone D. triclosan

triclosan

True/False The most commonly used iodophor is Betadine

true

A method of treating food with high temps for very short times to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temp. A. Hot-air sterilization B. High-temp short-time (HTST) pasteurization C. flaming D. ultra-high temp treatment (UHT)

ultra-high temp treatment (UHT)

Packages of milk and coffee creamers may be stored without refrigeration if they have been sterilized by ________. A. boiling B. ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment C. autoclaving D. treatment with phenol E. high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization

ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment

moist heat sterilization

used for sterilization culture media, instruments, dressings, intravenous equipment, applicators, solutions, syringes, etc steam must contact all surfaces

sodium nitrite

used in meat products to prevent the growth of C. bolulinum

Inactivates viruses A. Biocides B. fungicides C. virucide D. bacteriostasis E. spesis

virucide

For control of microbial growth on a surface, which of these conditions is LEAST likely to interfere with the effectiveness of an antiseptic or disinfectant? A. presence of organic matter B. high numbers of microbes C. presence of biofilms D. warm environmental conditions

warm environmental conditions

When would it be appropriate to use glutaraldehyde? A) when embalming corpses B) when disinfecting water for swimming pools

when embalming corpses

Bacteria that are mesophilic _____ at refrigerator temps A. grow farily well B. will not grow at all C. cannot reproduce or make toxins

will not grow at all

Pasteurization was first used by Pasteur to control spoilage of ________. A. milk B. yogurt C. wine D. cheese E. canned foods

wine

The following may be listed on the ingredients of your favorite snack food. Which of these products is not antimicrobial? A. sodium benzoate B. sorbic acid C. xanthan D. potassium sorbate E. calcium propionate

xanthan

During a flood, a community's well water system is contaminated with a pathogenic fungus. If the residents boil their water for 15 minutes prior to consumption, will they be protected? A. yes, most likely B. probably not C. definitely not

yes, most likely


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