Exam 4 HW Renal
What change in renal regulation of H+ would help compensate for a metabolic acidosis? A decrease in the tubular production of ammonia An increase in the secretion of H+ A decrease in the filtered load of organic molecules An increase in the production of new plasma HCO3-
An increase in the secretion of H+ An increase in the production of new plasma HCO3-
In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine? A) The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption. B) The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption. C) Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells. D) The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
B) The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
Which of the following would occur if a person lost the ability to synthesize vasopressin? A) Blood pressure would increase significantly. B) The urine would become hypoosmotic compared to plasma. C) The urine production would decrease dramatically, and the urine osmolarity would be hypertonic compared to plasma. D) The ability to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule would be lost.
B) The urine would become hypoosmotic compared to plasma.
Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption? A) Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule. B) Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle. C) Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate. D) Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
C) Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct? A) The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration. B) The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration. C) The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. D) All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
C) The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.
Which of the following would be likely to increase GFR? Sympathetic stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle Constricting efferent arterioles A decrease in plasma volume An increase in the concentration of plasma proteins Dilation of the afferent arteriole
Constricting efferent arterioles Dilation of the afferent arteriole
In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed? A) The descending limb of the loop of Henle B) The collecting ducts C) The ascending limb of the loop of Henle D) The distal convoluted tubule E) The proximal tubule
E) The proximal tubule
You are designing a urinalysis test to be used in doctors' offices. You want the test to be able to indicate a variety of problems with kidney function, but you want the test to be as simple and inexpensive as possible. Testing for the presence of which of the following in the urine would indicate a potential problem with kidney function? (select all) Na+ H+ K+ Protein glucose
Protein glucose
In which of the following ways do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis? Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity Regulation of systemic pH Regulation of blood glucose concentration Regulation of blood pressure Recycling of old red blood cells Secretion of cholesterol
Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity Regulation of systemic pH Regulation of blood glucose concentration Regulation of blood pressure
How would the kidneys respond to hypoventilation? A) Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3- B) Increasing excretion of CO2 C) Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3- D) Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
A) Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
Which of the following substances undergoes renal tubular secretion? A) K+ B) Na+ C) Ca2+ D) H2O
A) K+
You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence). Which of the following drugs would be effective? A) A drug that inhibits the effects of sympathetic neurons on the internal urethral sphincter B) A drug that enhances the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle C) A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle D) A drug that inhibits the action of sympathetic neurons on the external urethral sphincter
C) A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle
Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone? A) Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule. B) Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule. C) Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. D) Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts. E) Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
C) Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine? A) It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine. B) By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct. C) By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present. D) It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
C) By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
Which of the following would cause a decrease in the excretion of Na+ and water? A) Increased atrial distension B) Decreased aldosterone secretion C) Decreased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion D) Increased mean arterial blood pressure
C) Decreased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion
Tom is on a health kick and wants to make sure that he is always in balance in terms of total body water. Which of the following is important for him to keep in mind? A) The amount ingested plus that metabolically produced must equal the amount of water in the urine. B) He must ingest less water than is lost in the urine. C) He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine. D) He must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined. E) The water filtered into Bowman's capsule must be 100% reabsorbed.
C) He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine.
Which correctly describes renin? A) It is secreted by the liver in response to low blood pressure. B) It acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion. C) It is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles. D) Its secretion is enhanced by high levels of Na+ in the macula densa. E) Its secretion is stimulated by elevated blood pressure in the renal afferent arterioles.
C) It is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles
Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid-base balance is TRUE? A) When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism. B) The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2production. C) Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration. D) Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D) Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________. A) secreted; reabsorbed; filtered B) reabsorbed; secreted; filtered C) filtered; reabsorbed; secreted D) filtered; secreted; reabsorbed E) reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
D) filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine? A) H+ B) K+ C) HPO42- D) Glucose
D) Glucose
