Exam 4 - Mastering

List the products of glycolysis.

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Identify the fates of fatty acids.

Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids.

Choose the correct event that occurs during the development of the testes. - At three months of development, the relative position of the testes does not change. - At three months of development, the connective tissue bands elongate as the fetus grows. - At two months of development, the testes form inside the scrotal sac. - Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is

amylase

Each of the following is a function of the liver except inactivation of toxins. storage of glycogen and iron reserves. synthesis of plasma proteins. antibody production. synthesis and secretion of bile.

antibody production

The process of filtration is driven by

blood (glomerular) hydrostatic pressure

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

citric acid cycle

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except ion transport. protein synthesis. diffusion. glycogen synthesis. muscle contraction.

diffusion

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

falciform ligament

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney?

fibrous capsule

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space?

filtration

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

follicle maturation

Secondary spermatocytes divide to produce ________ spermatids, each having ________ chromosomes.

four;23

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

hydrogen ions

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the

infundibulum

Which is true regarding menses? - There is a degeneration of the basilar zone and the deepest uterine glands. - It begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. - It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle. - The uterine glands enlarge, accelerating their rates of secretion.

it marks the beginning of the uterine cycle

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination?

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons.

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system.

kidneys

Which structure(s) of the female reproductive system contain(s) glands that lubricate the vaginal entrance?

labia

The basic functional unit of the liver is the

lobule

A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in

luteinizing hormone

Secondary sex characteristics... - may develop in response to estrogen. - are usually apparent at birth. - may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen. - may develop in response to testosterone. - None of the answers is correct.

may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen

Which stage of spermatogenesis yields four immature (undifferentiated) haploid cells?

meiosis II

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.

minor calyx

What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid?

pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?

pancreatic alpha-amylase

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

parasympathetic stimulation.

Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

parotid glands

Name the three pairs of salivary glands.

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

The ________ is the outer lining of the uterus.

perimetrium

What is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid?

sodium and chloride ions

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of

spermiogenesis

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

ureters

The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?

urinary

Identify the structure labeled "12."

vagina

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "duodenal ampulla"?

where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum

The ________ is the region between the developing oocyte and the granulosa cells.

zona pellucida

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries

Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein.

Hepatocytes

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells?

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine?

It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.

Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs.

LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues and HDLs absorb unused cholesterol and return it to the liver.

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation?

The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism.

When ATP must be produced anaerobically.

Explain the process of metabolic turnover.

When cells continuously replace cellular components

The male gonad is called a(n)

testis

Which of the following is greater? a. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop b. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop c. The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

Which of the following is greater? - the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth - the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at puberty

the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth

Regarding the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle: - it is caused by constriction of the spiral arteries, which reduces endometrial blood flow. - the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo. - it begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. - restoration is inhibited by estrogens.

the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo