exam 5

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. True False

False

Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. True False

False

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. True False

False

The main component of semen is sperm. True False

False

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. True False

False

The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney. True False

False

Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop. True False

False

In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls. True False

True

The corpus luteum is formed at the site of ________. aa) implantation bb) fertilization cc) ovulation dd) parturition

cc) ovulation

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. generating Na+ ions generating new HCO3- reabsorbing CO2 reabsorbing H+

generating new HCO3-

________ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte. e) Maturation f)Ejaculation g) Activation h) Capacitation

h) Capacitation

Most water is excreted via the __________. skin lungs kidneys intestines

kidneys

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion. intestines; increase kidneys; decrease intestines; decrease kidneys; increase

kidneys; decrease

When a woman's "water breaks" just before delivery, it is the ________ that ruptures. jj) allantois kk) amnion ll) yolk sac mm) chorion

kk) amnion

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. 50 liters 100 liters 200 liters 500 liters

200 liters

The diploid chromosome number in humans is __________. 12 23 24 46

46

Of the filtrate that enters the nephron, about what percent is reabsorbed during urine formation? A)99% B)80% D)65% E)19%

A)99%

Which of these is not a function of the kidneys? A)The kidneys deactivate vitamin D and stimulated the activity of osteoclasts .B)The kidneys help control the rate of red blood cell production. C)The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure. D)The kidneys regulate the com

A)The kidneys deactivate vitamin D and stimulated the activity of osteoclasts

Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone _______________ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ________________ regulates water reabsorption. A)aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B)cortisol; atrial natriuretic peptide C)renin; angiotensin II D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH); epinephrine

A)aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The innermost layer of the uterus is the A)endometrium B)myometrium

A)endometrium

What is the term for the primary human sex organs? A)gonads B)genitals C)ova D)gametes

A)gonads

Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane? A)hemoglobin B)water C)sodium ions D)bicarbonate ions E)glucose

A)hemoglobin

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water. A)impermeable B)moderately permeable C)permeable

A)impermeable

What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female? A)length of urethra B)presence of bacteria in rectum C)hygiene D)dietary factors

A)length of urethra

The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the _____. A)proximal convoluted tubule B)distal convoluted tubule C)Bowman capsule D)loop of Henle

A)proximal convoluted tubule

Which structure is not found within the spermatic cord? A)urethra B)blood vessel C)nerve D)smooth muscle

A)urethra

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus? A. Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed. B. Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose. C. When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine. D. Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.

A. Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.

When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug? A. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. B. It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the kidney. C. It is used to determine the healing rate of an infection. D. All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate.

A. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.

7. Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH? A. Secretion B. Reabsorption C. Filtration D. Countercurrent multiplication

A. Secretion

5. What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited? A. The volume would increase. B. The volume would decrease, then quickly resume. C. The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration. D. The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration.

A. The volume would increase.

The detection of the hormone _______________ is the basis of pregnancy tests. A. hCGB B. hGHC C. progesterone D. estrogen

A. hCGB

Which sometimes asymptomatic sexually transmitted disease is also associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in females?A)genital herpes B)chlamydia infection C)genital warts D)syphilis

B)chlamydia infection

A comma-shaped structure on the posterior testis; maturation of sperm cells occurs here: A)prostatic urethra B)epididymis C)ductus deferens D)ejaculatory duct E)sperm bank

B)epididymis

What is the source of the male androgen testosterone?A)seminiferous tubule B)interstitial cells C)epididymis D)prostate

B)interstitial cells

Males have a number of internal accessory organs. Which one(s) is/are responsible for secreting fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins? A)epididymis B)seminal vesicles C)vas deferens D)prostate gland

B)seminal vesicles

What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra? A. Males have three urethral sphincters. B. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system. C. The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis. D. The female urethra is much longer than a male's.

B. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.

n which of these locations is the osmolality of the filtrate the highest?A)Bowman's capsule B)proximal tubule C)bottom of the loop of Henle D)distal tubule E)top of the collecting duct

C)bottom of the loop of Henle

2. The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the ________. A. glomerular capsule B. renal tubule C. glomerulus D. nephron

C. glomerulus

The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ______________ buffer system, and the protein buffer system. A)calcium B)sodium C)phosphate D)hemoglobi

C)phosphate

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete A)ADH. B)oxytocin. C)renin. D)aldosterone. E)angiotensin

C)renin.

Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called A)filtration. B)tubular reabsorption. C)tubular secretion.

C)tubular secretion.

1. What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute? A. 1/1000 B. 1/2 C. 1/4 D. 3/4

C. 1/4

. How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine? A. ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water. B. ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water. C. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane. D. ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane. E. ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane.

C. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane.

Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Urea D. creatine

C. Urea

prophase I

Crossovers form.

From each primary spermatocyte, __________ sperm cell(s) is (are) produced; from each primary oocyte, __________ secondary oocyte(s) is (are) produced. A)1, 2 B)1, 4 C)2, 2 D)4, 1 E)4, 2

D)4, 1

Which male accessory gland lies inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra like a donut? A)epididymis B)bulbourethral glands C)vas deferens D)prostate gland

D)prostate gland

In the testis, sperm cells develop in the A)efferent ductules C)rete testis D)seminiferous tubules E)tunica albuginea.

D)seminiferous tubules

The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called A)filtration. B)tubular secretion. C)backflow. D)tubular reabsorption. E)micturition.

D)tubular reabsorption.

Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow? A)ureter B)kidney C)bladder D)urethra

D)urethra

Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen? A. Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. B. Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption. C. Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion. D. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

D. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? A. Water conservation B. Blood pressure elevation C. Lowering blood sodium levels D. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma? A. The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid. B. Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid. C. The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity. D. Both gg and hh occur.

D. Both gg and hh occur.

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the ________. A. glomerular capsules B. renal tubules C. glomeruli D. nephrons

D. nephrons

Urea diffuses out of the __________ , and into the __________ . A)proximal tubule, distal tubule B)proximal tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle C)descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle D)ascending limb of the loop of Henle, descending limb of the loop of Henle E)collecting duct, descending limb of the loop of Henle

E)collecting duct, descending limb of the loop of Henle

The part of a nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is the A)collecting duct B)distal tubule. C)juxtaglomerular apparatus. D)macula densa. E)proximal tubule.

E)proximal tubule.

telophase II

Four genetically unique haploid cells are formed.

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person? A given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water. It is slightly aromatic. It is clear and pale to deep yellow It is slightly basic in pH.

It is slightly basic in pH.

Which of the following is true about meiosis? Meiosis leads to the production of genetically identical cells. Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number. Meiosis involves only one cell division event. Meiosis is how most cells in the body divide.

Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number.

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. Nephrons Major calyces Renal pyramids Glomerular capsules

Nephrons

Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics True False

True

The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water. True False

True

The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True False

True

The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women. True False

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults? physical pressure during pregnancy nervous system problems emotional problems a side effect after general anesthesia

a side effect after general anesthesia

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration? hydronephrosis anuria renal ptosis pyelitis

anuria

During development, the conceptus is called a(n) _______ from fertilization through week 8, and a(n) ________ from week 9 through birth. a) baby; fertilized oocyte b) embryo; fetus c)fetus; embryo d) zygote; neonate

b) embryo; fetus

pampiniform venous plexus

cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temperature

The fluid in the capsular space is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of: a. Glucose b. Sodium c. H+ d. Albumin

d. Albumin

tunica albuginea

fibrous capsule of the testes

n humans, the thirst center is located in the: e. Adrenal cortex f. Pons g. Hypothalamus h. Medulla Oblongata i. Thalamus

g. Hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? sodium potassium chloride glucose

glucose

Which of the following structures form the placenta? ee) Chorionic villi and lacunae ff) Decidua capsularis and decidua basalis gg) Trophoblast and decidua capsularis hh) Chorionic villi and decidua basalis

hh) Chorionic villi and decidua basalis

Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? edema hypoproteinemia hypotonic hydration dehydration

hypotonic hydration

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? in the collecting duct in the distal convoluted tubule in the proximal convoluted tubule in the renal corpuscle

in the renal corpuscle

In response to warmth, the scrotum __________. increases its surface area becomes heavily wrinkled pulls the testes closer to the body decreases blood flow to the testes

increases its surface area

Which of the following is part of the renal corpuscle? j. Glomerulus k. PCT l. DCT m. Collecting duct

j. Glomerulus

How many sperm cells are required to break through the outer corona radiata of the oocyte for fertilization to occur? j)None k) One l)20-30 m) Hundreds

m) Hundreds

interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells)

make testosterone

The functional unit of the kidney is the ____________.

nephron

Which of the following is NOT a stage in urine formation? n. Glomerular filtration o. Glomerular secretion p. Tubular reabsorption q. Tubular secretion

o. Glomerular secretion

Which of the following stages is the true moment of fertilization?n) When the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane o) Once the male pronucleus is present inside the oocyte p) Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronuclei are united q) When the zygote implants in the wall of the uterus

p) Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronuclei are united

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? progesterone estrogens glucocorticoids aldosterone

progesterone

Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to the ________ in the adult organism. nn) ski oo) nervous tissue pp) epithelial lining of the gut qq) both a and b

qq) both a and b

What is the definition of cleavage? r)A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth s)The attachment and burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterus t)Formation of the placenta u) The transformation of the two-layered embryonic disc into a three-layered embryo

r)A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. interlobar renal segmental cortical radiate

renal

The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. renal medulla renal pelvis renal column renal cortex

renal medulla

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis

respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation can lead to __________. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis

respiratory alkalosis

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following? disposing of substances, such as certain drugs eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes controlling blood pH ridding the body of excess glucose

ridding the body of excess glucose

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production in the testes

epididymis

site of sperm storage

Which of the following is considered a primary sex organ in males? testes prostate gland scrotum penis

testes

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. water balance in the body the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma the level of aldosterone in the plasma the concentration of K+ in the ECF

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma? the bicarbonate buffer system the protein buffer system the phosphate buffer system respiratory rate

the phosphate buffer system

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________. glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? their high residual lung volume their low surface area to volume ratio their inefficient kidneys their low metabolic rate

their inefficient kidneys

Breast-feeding provides several advantages to newborns. For example, ________. ss) breast milk, especially colostrum, is rich in maternal antibodies tt) the fat in breast milk is fully absorbed by the infant uu) breast milk contains antimicrobial molecules vv) all of the above are benefits of breast-feeding

vv) all of the above are benefits of breast-feeding

Which of the following is not an assisted reproductive technology procedure? xx) IVF yy) MAP zz) ZIFT aaa) GIFT

yy) MAP

How many days after ovulation does the conceptus implant on the uterine wall? w) One to two x) Three to four y) Four to five z)Six to seven

z)Six to seven