Exam 5
In one study of more than 103,788 American veterans returning home from the United States invasions of Iraq or Afghanistan, approximately _____ was diagnosed with a psychological disorder, most frequently PTSD.
1 in 4
The percentage of Americans who report suffering from OCD in 2008 was:
1.0
At some point during their lifetime, depressive disorders have plagued about _____ percent of Canadian adults and 17 percent of U.S. adults.
12
In one survey of American college and university students, _____ percent reported that on one or more occasion within the last school year, they had felt "so depressed it was difficult to function."
31
The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from a phobia of a specific object or situation in 2008 was
8.7
Finn has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following problems might he be exhibiting?
A person with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder will exhibit all of these behaviors.
_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.
Albert Bandura
_____ is characterized by one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
_____ disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.
Bipolar
This neo-Freudian worked closely with Sigmund Freud but placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence.
Carl Jung
The _____ was published in 2013.
DSM-5
_____ self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior, while _____ self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows people to focus beyond themselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.
Defensive; secure
_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait
Factor analysis
Walter always seems to make judgmental comments about others, whether he is judging their clothing, the way they walk, the way they talk, etc. What might be a reason why Walter acts this way?
He has low self-esteem.
Which of the following provides evidence that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia?
It is observed in all cultures.
Al is applying for a new job with a large company. As part of the application process, Al will need to take a personality test. The test has 10 scales including a scale that assesses depressive tendencies. Al is most likely taking the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
The _____ attempts to classify people according to Carl Jung's personality types
Myers-Brigs Type Indicator
The rate of _____ in Vietnam veterans vary from 10 percent among those who never experienced combat to up to 32 percent among those who had experienced heavy combat.
PTSD
According to the text, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to:
William James
An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach
A person suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) will do best living in
a sunny location with long days (near the equator).
Marsha and Ben have been married for thirty years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad, with each other. This sharing has helped them grow even closer to one another. Which condition of a growth-promoting climate, as proposed by Carl Rogers, does this exemplify?
acceptance
Zach has applied to graduate school and has an interview coming up. He was told that, while extremely rare, his interview would involve being shown images where he is to tell a story about the image. This interview is likely assessing Zach's _____.
achievement motivation
Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as
agoraphobia
Which of the following is not one of the three key symptoms of ADHD?
apathy
The id, ego, and superego of personality can be viewed as a _____ with the ego attempting to balance the two. Bruce has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, a person has to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
balance
In a study in 1973 that examined the _____ power of diagnostic labels, researchers went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying empty, hollow, and thud. This was the only complaint they reported, and they displayed no other symptoms. They were admitted and released an average of 19 days later.
biasing
After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study best illustrates the
biasing power of diagnostic labels.
Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a
biopsychosocial model.
The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is most likely suffering from
bipolar disorder
The primary complaint of people seeking mental health services is
depression
_____ has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders, an expression that describes its pervasiveness but not its seriousness
depression
John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and does not even answer the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from a _____ disorder
depressive
Recent research suggests that the unconscious involves _____ that activate instantly, before conscious analysis.
emotions
The biggest difference between a person suffering from generalized anxiety disorder and a "normal" person is not the _____ of the symptoms, but the _____ of the symptoms.
experiencing; chronicity
This Big Five personality factor involves the following endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.
extraversion
Researchers found that those who possessed a specific gene associated with aggression and were raised in a difficult environment were more likely to exhibit antisocial behaviors as an adult. These findings support
gene-environment interactions related to aggression.
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from _____ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Sigmund Freud described _____ as free-floating anxiety.
generalized anxiety disorder
Rachel is a manager at a large department store. She is popular with her staff. Many of her employees like her because she is honest, frank, and open without any facade. Carl Rogers would argue that Rachel would score highly on
genuineness
According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
If one has too much _____, the brain's alarm centers may become overactive.
glutamate
George, a gay man who is not open about his sexual orientation in his work environment due to fear of discrimination, is likely to
have greater risk for mental health problems due to social stigma.
Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be an environmental factor associated with roller skating for Lin?
having friends that roller skate
Bernidette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?
her academic transcripts
Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be an internal personal factor associated with roller skating for Lin?
her own thoughts and feelings about roller skating
Rogers and Maslow are the key proponents to which personality theory?
humanistic
According to the text, people are often most overconfident when they are most
incompetent.
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are distinguished by
intensity of symptoms.
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality
is not classified as an illness.
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective.
learning
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a(n) _____ perspective.
learning
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
learning how to ride horses
Eighteen-year-old Bianca is an unmarried, white American high school senior. Bianca is experiencing a major depressive episode and her depression is at its lowest point. However, Bianca does NOT drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca is
less likely to attempt suicide than her friends that drink alcohol
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the _____ model.
medical
Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
medical
Personality inventories are to _____ as projective tests are to _____.
objective scoring; subjective scoring
Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n)
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from:
panic attacks
A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors and is used to assess selected personality traits is known as a(n)
personality inventory
The question "Are we more like J.R. Tolkien's Sam Gamgee or Luigi Pirandello's Lamberto Laudisi?" relates to the
personality-situation controversy
If one avoids situations in which help may not be available when panic strikes, that person may be suffering from a _____.
phobia
If one avoids situations in which help may not be available when panic strikes, that person may be suffering from a(n)
phobia
Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a
phobia
Melissa is a high school junior who wants to be a veterinarian. She is envisioning one of her _____.
possible selves
Many of today's researchers refer to _____ as the false consensus effect.
projection
Roy Baumeister found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Sigmund Freud called:
projection
Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples' driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as _____, while today researchers would describe this as _____.
projection; false consensus effect
The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
psychoanalytic
According to Sigmund Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of:
psychosexual development.
Bruce has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, a person has to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism k
rationalization
This defense mechanism, known as _____, offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
rationalization
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Sigmund Freud's concept of:
represson
In European and North American psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.
self
Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display
self-actualization
Maria believes that she is a very bright and caring person. These qualities help make up her
self-concept
When asked "Who are you?", 15-year-old Samantha answers that she is a sophomore in high school, that her favorite music artist is Taylor Swift, and that her favorite T.V. show is Once Upon a Time. She is describing her
self-concept
A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way to describe
self-concepts
The significant difference between suicidal behavior and self-injury is
self-injury is an attempt at coping
People tend to have a _____, which is a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
self-serving bias
According to Abraham Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for
self-transcendence.
The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of _____.
serotonin
Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a(n) _____ phobia.
social
The medical model, one of the two models currently in use for understanding and treating psychological disorders, uses medical terms. Which of the following is NOT a term from the medical model?
social stressors
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations; the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.
social-cognitive
This theoretical perspective emphasizes the importance of mental processes in personality development.
social-cognitive
Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this blaming of herself rather than the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a
social-cognitive perspective.
One of the most significant symptoms that can be present in major depressive disorder (MDD) but is not present in persistent depressive disorder is
suicidal thoughts
The _____ theory explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
terror-management
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the nation with the HIGHEST rate of reported mental disorders was _____.
the United States
One of the strengths of the biopsychosocial model, in comparison to the medical model, is that the biopsychosocial model incorporates _____ into an understanding of psychological disorders
the effect of culture
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:
the false consensus effect
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to
the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Changes in the rate, production, and content of speech is a significant marker of the shift between depression and mania. How does speech change when someone is suffering from a manic episode?
the person talks non-stop
Depression research has shown that it's not the experience of trauma per se that leads to depression, but _____ that leads to depression
the person's interpretation of that experience
Carolos is applying for a new job. They have asked for copies of his transcripts, a list of personal references, and letters of recommendations from his past employers. He also has to complete a face to face interview. Which of these is the best indicator of his potential performance at this new job?
the recommendations from his past employers
According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
the superego
Many researchers believe this does not involve passions and repressive censoring as Sigmund Freud once believed.
the unconscious
One of the criticisms about the DSM-5 involves how clinicians go about defining behavior as a disorder. This is because
these diagnostic labels are determined subjectively rather than scientifically.
A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
trait
According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of
traits
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:
unconditional positive regard
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as
unconditional positive regard
Marsha and Ben have been married for thirty years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad, with each other. This sharing has helped them grow even closer to one another. Carl Rogers would say that they have
unconditional positive regard
Based on decades of psychological research, most psychologists agree with the psychoanalytic perspective that much of one's mental life is:
unconscious
