exam 9
1. State how de-escalation is defined in the National Consensus Policy on Use of Force
"an officer shall use de-escalation techniques and other alternatives to higher levels of force consistent with his or her training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting to force and to reduce the need for force."
1.) State how de-escalation is defined in the National Consensus Policy on Use of Force
"an officer shall use de-escalation techniques and other alternatives to higher levels of force consistent with his or her training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting to force and to reduce the need for force."
7. Identify the desired environment for an informal (street) interrogation and a formal (station or bureau) interrogation.
(1) A INFORMAL field interrogation is a more spontaneous interrogation, you observe a problem on the street or receive an assignment from a dispatcher. The environment will not be as controlled as an interrogation taking place in your office. (2) A FORMAL field interrogation the ideal room is approximately 8'x 10' with the door behind the interviewer's chair. (This requires the suspect to go "through" the interviewer to leave - both physically and psychologically. Cameras and microphones are more effective when hidden. If video-taped, focus one camera on suspect's face and second camera to side view to show lower torso gestures and interaction between suspect and interviewer. Avoid interruptions from telephone, people walking in and out general distractions can interfere with the train of thought and may create emotional strain which can jeopardize the interview. Conduct the session in private. If more than one officer needs to be present, limit it to just one other if possible.
Define Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD) is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. People with ASD often have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. People with ASD may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention.
3) What are the phases of a burglary scene investigation?
1) The means of gaining entry 2) What the burglar did while in the building 3) Means of exiting the premises
1) What factors determine the skill level of burglars?
1) ability to gain entry 2) business sense
6. Identify the difference between a custodial and non-custodial interview or interrogation and when Miranda may or may not apply to each.
1. An interview takes place in a non-custodial situation. The person is free to go - not deprived of his/her freedom in any way. For example, if you believe a person merely knows something about a criminal act, but do not have reason to believe that he is involved in it, your questioning is not governed by the self-incrimination and tight-to-counsel rules Miranda does not apply to an interview.
Identify the procedure used to record fingerprints on the standard 10-print fingerprint card
1. Completely fill out the print card prior to collecting ink prints. 2. Prepare the ink for processing. 3. Have the contributor wash his/her hands too remove perspiration and dirt and raise (excite) the friction ridges of the digits. 4. Have subject stand to immediate rear of recording officer, approximately a forearm's length away from the fingerprint stand. 5. Apply a thin layer of ink on the underside of the first joint of the fingers by grasping the first joint of each finger and rolling it, from nail to nail, across the ink slab. 6. Collect inked impressions from just below the first joint of each finger from each hand in the following order, rolling them in the same manner as described above: Right thumb, Right index finger, Right middle finger, Right ring finger, Right small finger, Left thumb, Left index finger, Left middle finger, Left ring finger, Left small finger 7. Collect pat inked impressions of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and small finger of the right hand simultaneously by tilting them slightly forward and pressing them in the appropriate box in the lower, right-hand corner of the 10-print card. 8. Collect a pat inked impression of the right thumb in the same manner. 9. Collect pat inked impressions of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and small finger of the left hand simultaneously by titling them slightly forward and pressing them in the appropriate box in, the lower, left-hand corner of the 10-print card. 10.Collect a pat inked impression of the left thumb in the same manner. 11.Check the collected prints to ensure they are legible.
5.) Identify the 4 principles of law enforcement de-escalation
1. Ensure your citizen contact procedures are legitimate and based on respect. Often termed Police Legitimacy where people have trust and confidence in the police, accept police authority. 2. Ensure your officers know their legal limitations prior to engaging the public. Often referred to as Police Legality. 3. Appreciate that to influence a person, you need to understand their perspective and purpose. Social Awareness which is a category of Social Intelligence. 4. Do not presume what makes sense to you makes sense to others.
5. Identify the 4 principles of law enforcement de-escalation
1. Ensure your citizen contact procedures are legitimate and based on respect. Often termed Police Legitimacy where people have trust and confidence in the police, accept police authority. 2. Ensure your officers know their legal limitations prior to engaging the public. Often referred to as Police Legality. Absent reasonable suspicion of a crime, any seizure of a person is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Remember that in the absence of reasonable suspicion, people do not have to stop and speak with officers. While it is hard to watch someone ignore you and walk away, officers need to accept it, deal with it and not take it personally. 3. Appreciate that to influence a person, you need to understand their perspective and purpose. Social Awareness which is a category of Social Intelligence. Understanding someone's perspective requires officers to utilize any available time and opportunity. Greetings and open-ended questions would be better to initiate a conversation than aggressive commands. Communication is only effective if it is done in a manner as to encourage two-way participation. 4. Do not presume what makes sense to you makes sense to others. Following some use of force incidents, we sometimes hear statements from officers such as, "If he didn't do anything wrong, why did he run?" or "He didn't have a weapon; why didn't he just put his hands up and comply?" Such statements are genuine attempts to understand how a situation went tragically wrong, but they miss the point: What makes sense to you may not make sense to the person you're dealing with.
Identify what chronological steps to take in processing a crime scene
1. Properly approach the crime scene area 2. Protect the crime scene 3. Remove and separate witnesses 4. Conduct a preliminary survey of the crime scene 5. Record the Scene · Write a narrative description of the crime scene · Photograph the overall scene and the evidence therein · Sketch the crime scene in its original condition 6. Process the crime scene for latent print impressions 7. Conduct a detailed search of the crime scene 8. Collect, record, mark, and preserve the physical evidence recovered at the crime scene 9. Package and transmit the physical evidence for expert examination 10.Maintain the chain of custody of the physical evidence up to the time of trial
9.) Four conditions for effective De-Escalation.
A) CONTAINTMENT- Sometimes referred to as a "zone of safety," containment is the creation and enforcement of boundaries that limit a suspect's movements to a specific area. B) CONTROL- It doesn't matter that a suspect's freedom of movement has been limited if they are engaged in active assaults, property damage or evidence destruction. In these cases, officers are expected to establish sufficient scene control to ensure that serious crimes are prevented or stopped before engaging in verbal de-escalation. C) CONTACT- Contact as a condition for de-escalation means that both the officer and the suspect are willing and able to engage in verbal de-escalation. Did the officers notice the agitated person appears to be unable, unwilling or actively resisting verbal de-escalation? D) COMMUNICATION- Effective crisis communication requires a high level of emotional intelligence, patience and skill - persuasive communication even more so. It is only reasonable to expect officers to accept risk, delay force and attempt verbal de-escalation after they've been sufficiently trained to that task.
2. List 3 important principles that are argued that ground de-escalation in policing;
A) Centers on the recognition that the sanctity of all human life is at the core of the police mission. B) Is grounded in the recognition that police officers wield tremendous discretion. C) Is anchored in the transactional view of police-citizen encounters: that is, each encounter involves multiple phases, and at each phase, the officer and citizen make decisions and respond to the decisions of the other participant—like a chess match.
2.) List 3 important principles that are argued that ground de-escalation in policing;
A) Centers on the recognition that the sanctity of all human life is at the core of the police mission. B) Is grounded in the recognition that police officers wield tremendous discretion. C) Is anchored in the transactional view of police-citizen encounters: that is, each encounter involves multiple phases, and at each phase, the officer and citizen make decisions and respond to the decisions of the other participant—like a chess match.
7. List 3 fundamental truths about de-escalation
A) De-escalation is a desired outcome; it is a result- De-escalation cannot be measured solely on whether an officer did or did not use force. Sometimes reasonable force is the only way to de-escalate a situation. B) De-escalation is not something that can be forced upon an unwilling subject- It is not a verb; it is not something you can DO to someone. What we CAN do in many circumstances is create enough discretionary time that allow people to calm themselves down and aid them in accessing the services they need. · C) De-escalation cannot be guaranteed- As stated above, it is a choice. All officers can do is utilize de-escalation strategies to help individuals choose the best possible outcome by choosing to de-escalate. The reality is that some people will not de-escalate themselves, regardless of how much we communicate with them and provide them options.
7.) List 3 fundamental truths about de-escalation
A) De-escalation is a desired outcome; it is a result- De-escalation cannot be measured solely on whether an officer did or did not use force. Sometimes reasonable force is the only way to de-escalate a situation. B) De-escalation is not something that can be forced upon an unwilling subject- It is not a verb; it is not something you can DO to someone. What we CAN do in many circumstances is create enough discretionary time that allow people to calm themselves down and aid them in accessing the services they need. · C) De-escalation cannot be guaranteed- As stated above, it is a choice. All officers can do is utilize de-escalation strategies to help individuals choose the best possible outcome by choosing to de-escalate. The reality is that some people will not de-escalate themselves, regardless of how much we communicate with them and provide them options.
3) List 2 core values central to de-escalation
A) Empathy a. The ability to recognize, understand, and share the thoughts and feelings of another person. (Psychology Today) b. The ability to relate to another person's circumstances, as if one has experienced that themselves. (Merriam-Webster) B) Impartiality c. Treating or affecting all equally (Merriam-Webster)
3. List 2 core values central to de-escalation
A) Empathy a. The ability to recognize, understand, and share the thoughts and feelings of another person. (Psychology Today) b. The ability to relate to another person's circumstances, as if one has experienced that themselves. (Merriam-Webster) B) Impartiality c. Treating or affecting all equally (Merriam-Webster)
Identify the main sources of physical evidence at a crime scene.
A) The crime scene B) The suspect C) The victim
6.) Define "Discretionary Time" and list the 2 primary means of creating it
A) the use of physical barriers- Placing a physical barrier between you and the person you're interacting with, will force them to go up, over, around, or through that barrier to be able to engage in an assault, and that will take time. B) the use of movement- Simply changing your position may allow a little extra time to make better decisions. Get off the X means don't be in that position anymore. MOVE
6. Define "Discretionary Time" and list the 2 primary means of creating it
A) the use of physical barriers- Placing a physical barrier between you and the person you're interacting with, will force them to go up, over, around, or through that barrier to be able to engage in an assault, and that will take time. B) the use of movement- Simply changing your position may allow a little extra time to make better decisions. Get off the X means don't be in that position anymore. MOVE!
Identify the contents of a typical crime scene investigation kit, and the typical use for each of its components.
A)Camera Equipment · Camera, strobe, batteries B) Evidence Equipment · Barrier tape, flashlight, tweezers, measuring tape, envelopes, tongue depressors, cotton swabs, ruler, evidence seals and tags C) Packaging Containers · Plastic bags, paper bags, envelopes, plastic vial containers D) Documents · Maps, search warrant forms, miranda cards and waiver forms, gun identification photos E) Additional Equipments · Axe, shovel, rope, flares, first aid kit, crow bar, traffic cones
Identify the importance of documenting in detail the location where evidence was located and seized
Allows the investigator to recreate the scene at a later date, if necessary.
Identify when an evidence receipt should be prepared
An evidence receipt should be prepared any time evidence is tagged or packaged. This receipt is the identifying feature to show location of the evidence for future court testimony, examination, or returning to the rightful owner. A single evidence form is kept with all names, dates, times, of who handled the evidence.
3. Identify at what point an interview can become an interrogation and the procedures to follow when this occurs.
An interview becomes an interrogation when the interviewer begins to ask guilt-seeking questions of the interviewee. Questions such as those concerning pedigree would not, of course, be guilt-seeking. Guilt-seeking questions refer to those questions concerning the commission of a crime. When the interview does in fact become an interrogation, the Miranda warning must be given and waived if the interviewee is in custody at this time. The word custody is normally associated with a custodial arrest, and is not associated with an investigative stop or detention.
Identify 4 Common signs of autism in adults
Avoiding or not keeping eye contact Appearing not to look at or listen to people who are talking Not responding or being slow to respond to one's name Delayed cognitive ability Difficulty regulating emotion Sensitive to touch Getting too close to other people, or getting very upset if someone touches or gets too close to them Finding it difficult to understand what others are thinking or feeling Getting very anxious Seeming blunt, rude or not interested in others without meaning to Taking things very literally - for example, they may not understand sarcasm or phrases like "break a leg" Having the same routine every day and getting very anxious if it changes. Becoming upset by slight changes in a routine. Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation Not understanding social "rules", such as not talking over people.
Identify why trace evidence is important to a criminal investigation.
Because although it cannot speak for itself, it can lay a strong chain of circumstantial evidence. For example: · Hair fibers note race, color of hair, and if you have enough, DNA. · Clothing fibers may show type of clothes worn. · Shoe sole patterns may lead to the shoes themselves.
List a minimum of 3 examples of restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests related to ASD
COMMUNICATION is inherently social: It requires the ability to share — in an appropriate manner — what you feel or want to say, and also to understand and respond to what others are feeling or saying. As with so many autism features, there is tremendous variability from one person to the next. Still, problems with two aspects of communication stand out: pragmatics and prosody. PRAGMATICS is the appropriate use of language in social situations. Examples include being able to stay on topic and take turns in a conversation, ask appropriate questions and use a tone of voice suitable for the setting. PROSODY is the rhythm of speech and encompasses aspects of both verbal and nonverbal communication. Carried in the spoken words and the pauses in between, prosody has multiple functions. For one, it conveys pragmatic information. A rising tone, for instance, indicates a question. Prosody also communicates emotion.
3 key factors related to a behavioral crisis
Episodic - meaning occurring, appearing, or changing at usually irregular intervals; Creates Instability of Danger; and Other people consider it disruptive and sometimes dangerous (the reason why people call police and not EMS)
Identify the reasons why evidence is marked.
Evidence is marked so that it can be identified at a later time, such as in court.
6) What are the types of physical evidence commonly found at a burglary scene?
Fingerprints Point of entry/exit Items handled Glass Could be fragments in suspect's clothing, Direction of impact can be determined Jimmy Marks aid in Tool identification Safe parts (insulation) Broken tool parts Personal items left at scene Paint May be chips in suspect's clothing Blood Can type and compare to a suspect's blood type Footprints Can be compared to a suspect's shoe Should be photographed (case can also be made) Soil samples can be compared (scene/suspect's shoes) Photographs taken by investigators
8. Identify the steps that should be taken to prepare for an interrogation.
Have all available information at hand. Random questioning lacks direction and is seldom successful The amount of background information required depends on the seriousness of the case, the type of information desired and the attitude of the subject. (a) Review case reports and evidence; know names of all parties involved. (b) Personal information about subject will assist you in evaluating his personality.
Identify when the services of a specialized unit may be required at the scene of an incident.
If the scene contains evidence that requires special training and equipment to collect, a specialized unit should be utilized to do so.
2. Identify the difference between an interview and an interrogation.
In summary, the interview differs from the interrogation in several ways. The interrogation is concerned with establishing the extent of involvement - if any - of a person suspected of committing a crime. The questioning takes place between the officer and the suspect. The interview is an attempt to collect any and all facts relating to an incident substantiate information received from other sources or to provide additional information. The subject of the interview may be the victim, complaint, a witness or any one who can help the officer gain better insight to the case being investigated.
1. Identify the purpose of an interrogation.
Interrogation: a controlled questioning of a suspect while seeking to obtain incriminating facts about him/her regarding an offense. The information extracted is generally accusatory and is obtained in a custodial setting.
Identify the system used when photographing various crime scenes.
Long-range Photographs: Establish location of scene by photo from a distance, and try to include a landmark. Mid-range Photographs: At a general distance 10-20 feet, photograph the area from typical observation points, to show relative positions of all items within the area. Close-up Photographs: Take close-ups of all individual items of evidence.
5) What is the use of "modus operandi" in a burglary investigation and identify the factors which make up a "modus operandi" in a burglary case?
Modus Operandi is used as a tool to eliminate and focus the burglary investigation on one person or group. Seven factors make up a Modus Operandi in a burglary case: Time of day Location: Near highway or wooded area How entrance was gained: Location Method How the search was conducted: Systematically Hasty and sloppy Particular goal The property taken: Money General Specific Removal and escape Escape door unlocked? Property carried away? Vehicle needed? Special tools or vehicle used? Any unique characteristics: Unusual items Eating, defecation, etc.
2) What is the skill level of the perpetrator given a description of a burglary scene or burglar?
NOVICE/ AMATEUR: Most often characterized as juveniles or prowlers. Does not have tools, vehicles, driver's license, entry ability or fence. Leaves the most amount of evidence at scene. Usual means of entry through open doors or windows, hit and run entry. OPPORTUNIST: Usual age group between late teens and early 30s; Looks for burglary targets (quick hits). Usually steals guns, drugs, televisions, VCRs, stereos, jewelry, etc. Usually uses vehicles, partners, fence, tools, and has a higher entry ability. Many times a drug addict. Not a great deal of planning Professional: Usually an older person who makes a living this way. Employs planning and sophistication Able to beat alarm systems, pick, or take out locks. Has inside information from a snitch. Usual means of entry: Roof entry Cut-in entry Safe burglary Picks lock
Identify the various ways to record a crime scene, identifying the strengths of each.
Notes- every person at scene, witness/victim statements, sight, sound, and smell Photographs- provides a visual record of the scene and present the scene in a manner that will relay a story of the event to include the physical setting, appearance of evidence, and physical locations of different items of evidence diagrams/sketches- show the location and relationship of all pieces of evidence and are used for court testimony to eliminate any question as to the location of that evidence
Identify, in general, the reasons for obtaining both suspect and elimination fingerprint impressions
Officers must obtain the fingerprints of victims and suspects to help eliminate unidentified latent prints in any crime scene. It is imperative one collects legible inked fingerprints for comparison purposes and for automated searches in systems such as AFIS.
Identify different evidence containers, tags or markers and the correct uses of each
Paper Bags o Used for small solid items except fingerprint evidence o Items such as holdup notes, suicide notes and other paper items to be processed for fingerprints should NOT be packaged in paper containers unless the item is protected by plastic. Envelopes o Used for small items, paint chips, hair, etc. o Small plain envelopes used for small evidence items should be packaged in another, larger evidence bag or envelope so they will not be lost o Weighing paper can also be used for small items placed in envelope Metal Cans o Used mainly by bomb and arson detectives for arson evidence, accelerants, flammables, etc o Reason - durable and airtight o Must be unlined cans - flammables may react to chemical coating in lined cans Cardboard Boxes o Used for solid, heavy objects o Durable Evidence Tags o Used for large items, bicycles, long rifles o Usually able to wire on
Identify the transfer of evidence theory and give examples of its application.
The Transfer of Evidence Theory posits that it is impossible for someone to enter or leave a crime scene without taking something from the scene or leaving some part of themselves behind. That material is referred to as "trace evidence." · The suspect and the scene · The suspect and the victim · The victim and the scene
9. Four conditions for effective De-Escalation.
The first two conditions for de-escalation - containment and control - concern whether an officer should attempt de-escalation. A) CONTAINTMENT- Sometimes referred to as a "zone of safety," containment is the creation and enforcement of boundaries that limit a suspect's movements to a specific area. B) CONTROL- It doesn't matter that a suspect's freedom of movement has been limited if they are engaged in active assaults, property damage or evidence destruction. In these cases, officers are expected to establish sufficient scene control to ensure that serious crimes are prevented or stopped before engaging in verbal de-escalation. The final two - contact and communication - address whether an officer can effectively influence de-escalation. C) CONTACT- Contact as a condition for de-escalation means that both the officer and the suspect are willing and able to engage in verbal de-escalation. Did the officers notice the agitated person appears to be unable, unwilling or actively resisting verbal de-escalation? D) COMMUNICATION- Effective crisis communication requires a high level of emotional intelligence, patience and skill - persuasive communication even more so. It is only reasonable to expect officers to accept risk, delay force and attempt verbal de-escalation after they've been sufficiently trained to that task.
Identify the generally accepted methods of marking various types of evidence, including those requiring special marking procedures.
The general method of marking evidence is with the seizing officer's initials and DSN (service number).
Identify the person responsible for the preservation and collection of evidence at the crime scene.
The officer assigned to the crime scene
4) What is the special importance of a thorough examination of the point of entry at a burglary scene?
The point of entry is likely to contain the most physical evidence and needs to be closely examined. The point of entry may show tell-tale signs of the MO of a suspect: The type of tool used The kind of shoes are worn The kind of physical condition the suspect may be in order to accomplish the task of forced entry
Identify the point in the investigation when the search actually begins.
The search for evidence actually begins with the effective protection of the crime scene.
Identify the procedure for processing items of evidence which, by their very nature, cannot be marked for identification at a later time.
These type items should be placed in the appropriate evidence container, properly sealed, and the seal properly marked for identification. · Includes bullets, casings, hair, dirt, drugs, any item too small
Identify the purpose of packing evidence.
To assure that the evidence gathered at the scene will retain its original condition until it is processed by the laboratory or presented in court. Proper packaging of evidence prevents breakage, spoiling, loss, and contamination.
Identify those areas generally considered part of a crime scene.
a crime scene is the place where the crime occurred, plus any adjoining entry and/or exit points. Depending on the location and the nature of the crime, the scene can be small and easy to contain or expansive and extremely hard to secure.
5. Identify how "body language" plays an important role during an interrogation.
a. Helps in evaluating the witness, victim or suspect's truthfulness b. Guides and informs the interrogator c. Principles of behavioral analysis (1) Actions speak louder than words (2) Non-verbal behavior makes up more than half of communication (3) Verbal behavior can be modified, emphasized or even contradicted by non-verbal behavior (4) You cannot turn off your behavior (5) Lying causes stress d. External factors influencing the accuracy of behavior symptoms Social responsibility, Seriousness of the offense, Level of involvement, Criminal status of the offender e. Behavioral attitudes common to both truthful and deceptive suspects Nervous, Fearful, Angry, Quiet f. Typical truthful behavioral attitudes Composed, Concerned, Cooperative, Direct and spontaneous, Open, Unyielding, Sincere, Comments g. Typical deceptive behavioral attitudes Overly anxious, Unconcerned, Defensive, Evasive, Acceptant-apologetic, overly polite, Complaining, Guarded, Comments h. Truthful body postures Sit up straight, frontally aligned, Lean forward, Relaxed, Smooth changes in posture i. Deceptive body postures Big body shifts, lean backward, Not frontally aligned, Sit tensely, Takes "runner's position", usually toward door, Head/body slump, Unusual scratching and itching, Guarded defensive posture
9. Identify different styles or approaches that can be used in interrogations.
a. Logical. A logical approach can be used when circumstantial evidence is strong or when the suspect is unemotional. When using this technique, the interrogator should usually sit erect, use a business-like tone of voice, act business-like, and display an air of confidence. The interrogator applies this approach in rationalizing the suspect's actions and "explaining" what it was the "logical" thing to do. b. Sympathetic. Usually used on an emotional type suspect. The interrogator should drop his voice and talk in low tones and have an expression of sympathy on his face. He should sit close and might even put his hand on the suspect's shoulder or pat him on the knee. Some physical contact of a soft nature applied at the right time is very effective. Sympathize with the suspect on any subject that might emotionally arouse him, whether it be himself, his wife, children, mother, religion, his him life, his cat or dog, etc. c. Aggressive. Should not be overdone to the extent that it violates one's civil rights. The interrogator should raise his voice, look aggressive, and act aggressive. d. Combination. Where one officer uses sympathy and the other is aggressive (known as "good-guy - bad guy"). e. Indifferent. The officer may act as if he does not want a confession, that he has made the case. f. Face saving. The interrogator should rationalize the crime and give the suspect a justification for committing it. Give him an "out" so good that he can use it as a defense in court. g. Egotistical. Play on the suspect's pride: brag on his good looks, intelligence, the smartness of the crime or anything else that might cause him to want to satisfy his ego.
10. Basic rules of interrogation.
a. Use caution and courtesy b. Gather as much information about the suspect and the suspected crime as soon as possible. c. Constantly keep in mind your goal. What could you charge the person with? What do I need to do to prove the case? d. Separate suspects and compare stories. e. Don't discuss the facts of the offense in front of the suspect. f. If you can't communicate with the suspect, let your partner or another officer try. g. Maintain eye-to-eye contact with the suspect at all times. h. Don't make promises you can't keep. Don't promise the suspect a light sentence or probation in exchange for a confession. This would make a confession inadmissible in court. The only thing you can do is report the confession to the District Attorney. i. Don't forget that sometimes the most simple solution to a crime is "asking the suspect if he did it." j. Avoid a superior attitude. k. Control your temper. l. Discount personal feelings. m. Keep an open mind.
4. Identify the difference between: statements, admission, and confession
a. statements- a declaration concerning the facts of an incident. Both interviews and interrogation elicit statements from subjects. b. admissions- Admissions: an incriminating statement that indicates, but does not acknowledge, guilt. Since an interrogation seeks to obtain incriminating facts, an admission would develop in an interrogation. c. confessions- a direct acknowledgement of guilt on the part of the accused. With the evolution of democratic principles, use of force to obtain a confession was prohibited. Although a confession will strengthen the position of the prosecution and is frequently the deciding incriminating factor against the defendant, should never be considered a short cut to the end of an investigation. Additional evidence linking the suspect to the crime is needed.
Identify why physical evidence is important in criminal investigation.
because it can be used to show contact between individuals (e.g., victim and suspect) or between an individual and a crime scene.
Identify what one study points to as the major barrier for people with autism and police officers
communication as a major barrier for people with autism and police officers, whether the person with autism is a witness or a victim.
Identify the equipment needed to record suspect and elimination fingerprints
· 10-print fingerprint card · Device for holding 10-print card · Glass plate to hold ink · Printer's ink or commercial fingerprint ink · Ink roller · Cleaning material
7) Identify the requirements of recording certain suspect criminal interrogations.
· All custodial interrogations of persons suspected of committing or attempting to commit certain criminal offenses shall be recorded when feasible · The officer may record the interrogation any format; audiotape, videotape, or digital recording · Interrogations required to be recorded are: Murder in the 1, 2, 3 Assault in the 1, Domestic Assault in the 1st, Elder Abuse in the 1st, Robbery in the 1st, Arson in the 1st, Rape in the 1st · Interrogations may be recorded in any circumstance with or without the knowledge or consent of a suspect
7. Identify the requirements of recording certain suspect criminal interrogations.
· All custodial interrogations of persons suspected of committing or attempting to commit certain criminal offenses shall be recorded when feasible · The officer may record the interrogation any format; audiotape, videotape, or digital recording · Interrogations required to be recorded are: Murder in the 1, 2, 3 Assault in the 1, Domestic Assault in the 1st, Elder Abuse in the 1st, Robbery in the 1st, Arson in the 1st, Rape in the 1st · Interrogations may be recorded in any circumstance with or without the knowledge or consent of a suspect
Identify the three pattern groups used to classify fingerprints
· Arches- make up 5% of all fingerprint patterns · Loops- make up 60% of all fingerprint patterns · Whorls- make up 35% of all fingerprint patterns
1) Identify the primary goals and/or objectives of a successful criminal investigation.
· Determine whether a crime has been committed - does it meet the elements of the crime · Follow a logical investigative sequence · All leads are thoroughly developed · Legally obtain information and evidence to identify the suspect(s) involved in the crime ex. search warrant · Legally locate, document, and preserve all physical evidence of the crime ex. photographs All witnesses and effectively interviewed All willing suspects are legally and effectively interrogated Arrest the suspect(s) who committed the crime Recover stolen property Prepare accurate, comprehensive, and detailed reports, case statements, and other required documentation so the best possible case can be presented to the prosecuting attorney
1. Identify the primary goals and/or objectives of a successful criminal investigation
· Determine whether a crime has been committed - does it meet the elements of the crime · Follow a logical investigative sequence · All leads are thoroughly developed · Legally obtain information and evidence to identify the suspect(s) involved in the crime ex. search warrant · Legally locate, document, and preserve all physical evidence of the crime ex. photographs All witnesses and effectively interviewed All willing suspects are legally and effectively interrogated Arrest the suspect(s) who committed the crime Recover stolen property Prepare accurate, comprehensive, and detailed reports, case statements, and other required documentation so the best possible case can be presented to the prosecuting attorney
Identify the guidelines for determining which pieces of evidence can be packaged together and which must be packaged separately.
· Evidence recovered from different sources - victim, scene, suspect, etc., must be placed in separate evidence containers. · Use appropriate size containers for the items of evidence - never squeeze or force an item into a container. · Use the appropriate type of container for the item - know which items require paper packaging/containers versus plastic containers
Identify the responsibilities of the officer in charge of the crime scene when the scene is to be processed by the specialized unit.
· If a specialized unit is to process the scene, the officer-in-charge is to maintain the crime scene until that unit arrives. · When a specialized unit/crime scene investigator responds to the scene, he/she takes over the scene and is in charge of it and the evidence.
10) Identify factors that could cause an officer to be unable or ineffective to provide testimony in either federal or state court.
· If an officer has been found to have provided untruthful/false information in an official investigation, report, or in any court preceding that untruthfulness must be disclosed to the prosecuting attorney · Many agencies have adopted a policy that if an officer is untruthful in an official criminal, civil, or administrative investigation that the officer then cannot effectively testify in court so the officer is subsequently terminated from the agency
10. Identify factors that could cause an officer to be unable or ineffective to provide testimony in either federal or state court.
· If an officer has been found to have provided untruthful/false information in an official investigation, report, or in any court preceding that untruthfulness must be disclosed to the prosecuting attorney · Many agencies have adopted a policy that if an officer is untruthful in an official criminal, civil, or administrative investigation that the officer then cannot effectively testify in court so the officer is subsequently terminated from the agency
Identify the capabilities of a crime laboratory for processing various types of physical evidence and methods for delivering items to the lab
· In general, crime labs can process most anything that you can preserve and protect, and transport from a scene. · Can be submitted in person or shipped by mail
Identify the person responsible for protecting the crime scene and the general principles of protection.
· It is the responsibility of the first officer on the scene to protect it. · Once you lose the crime scene, it's gone forever, so secure it right the first time. · Seal off at least twice the size of the apparent crime scene to give yourself a buffer zone. · Common methods of sealing off a scene include: o Police line tape o Rope o Barricades o Personnel · If fragile evidence is evident, it can be protected by boxes, traffic cones,
Identify the four requirements that must be satisfied to properly maintain the integrity of evidence.
· It must be maintained in its original state - it may not be altered. · You must maintain a chain of custody on the physical evidence - complete and short as possible; done with evidence receipt. · The evidence must be properly packaged - to prevent damage and maintain original state. · The evidence must be properly marked - to be identified in court and so as not to damage it.
3) Identify the types of resources available to an investigator in any given criminal investigation.
· Major case squads - well trained and equipped criminal investigator from other department within the same geographical region · National Center for Missing and Exploited Children - http://www.missingkids.com · STAT - State Technical Assistance Team · MIAC - Missouri Information Analysis Center (Covered in the criminal intelligence section) · AMBER Alert - broadcasts of missing children and suspect information across all media resources in order to increase public participation in safely recovering abducted children · Cyber crimes task forces - assist with computer crime related investigations, as well as, recovery of digital evidence in all formats · The prosecuting attorney is your legal advisor for all legal criminal investigations legal matters including search warrants · Crime laboratories - known as criminalistics - the application of physical and biological sciences and technology to the scientific examination of physical evidence
3. Identify the types of resources available to an investigator in any given criminal investigation.
· Major case squads - well trained and equipped criminal investigator from other department within the same geographical region · National Center for Missing and Exploited Children - http://www.missingkids.com · STAT - State Technical Assistance Team · MIAC - Missouri Information Analysis Center (Covered in the criminal intelligence section) · AMBER Alert - broadcasts of missing children and suspect information across all media resources in order to increase public participation in safely recovering abducted children · Cyber crimes task forces - assist with computer crime related investigations, as well as, recovery of digital evidence in all formats · The prosecuting attorney is your legal advisor for all legal criminal investigations legal matters including search warrants · Crime laboratories - known as criminalistics - the application of physical and biological sciences and technology to the scientific examination of physical evidence
Identify the reasons for photographing items of evidence.
· Make a permanent graphic record of items involved in the crime · Provide a pictorial supplement to accompany the investigator's report · Record the condition of individual items before recovery · Clarify the physical appearance of an item of evidence that would be otherwise hard to describe · Reproduce shoe, tire, and similar impressions that can be recorded in no other way prior to attempts to lift or cast them
Identify the information that should be displayed on packaged evidence
· Name, DSN and complaint number · Victim's name · Suspect's name · Date · Contents
Identify the types of fingerprint impressions and where they are commonly found
· Patent impressions are visible reproductions of friction ridge skin produced by foreign matter, such as paint, blood, or dirt, on the skin when it contacts an object. · Latent impressions are often difficult to see and usually require the application of powders or chemicals to make them readily visible for preservation as evidence. Can be seen with the naked eye with proper lighting. · Plastic impressions are a visible reproduction of friction ridge skin in malleable surfaces, such as wax, clay, tar, soap, window putty, etc.
2) Identify the proper crime scene response procedures
· Proceed to the scene quickly and without delay but safely · Perform a protective sweep of the crime scene upon arrival · Handle emergency situations- medical emergencies, dangerous conditions, hazardous materials · Secure the scene · Request additional resources and equipment as needed- additional uniform personnel, hazardous materials personnel
2. Identify the proper crime scene response procedures.
· Proceed to the scene quickly and without delay but safely · Perform a protective sweep of the crime scene upon arrival · Handle emergency situations- medical emergencies, dangerous conditions, hazardous materials · Secure the scene · Request additional resources and equipment as needed- additional uniform personnel, hazardous materials personnel
Identify the potential uses of the video camera in criminal investigations.
· Record the scene · Record re-enactments · Record confessions · Supplement still photographs and sketches
Explain the difference between rolled fingerprint impressions and plain (PAT) impressions
· Rolled impressions are collected by rolling each finger individually. · Pat (plain) impressions are collected by pressing the inked fingers onto a print card.
Identify the types of circumstance what would require the removal of evidence from a crime scene before the scene is properly processed.
· Safety: Weapons may have to be retrieved by responding officers for their own protection. · Inclement weather: Evidence may have to be removed to protect it from weather damage. · Prevent contamination: Evidence may have to be removed to protect it from other forms of contamination. · Prevent theft: Evidence may have to be removed to prevent it from being stolen.
Identify the kinds of non-fingerprint impressions that may be found at a crime scene
· Shoe impressions · Tire impressions · Teeth impressions · Tool impressions
Identify commonly used crime scene search methods and the circumstances most appropriate for the use of each.
· Strip Search (line search)- most appropriately used for exterior searches and large areas, larger interior areas. Searchers go back and forth across the scene, straight lines. · Grid Search- most appropriately used for exterior searches and large areas, larger interior areas. Similar to strip search except all 4 compass directions are used. · Circular Search (spiral or concentric search)- most appropriately used for exterior searches and large areas, larger interior areas. Useful when an item is missing from the center of the scene and investigators must conduct the search quickly, such as inclement weather. · Quadrant Search (sector or zone search)- appropriately used for both interior and exterior searches. Searchers divide area into sections and search each section.
Identify the uses of crime scene photography as an investigative aid.
· Supplement notes and sketches · Clarify written reports · Provide a permanent record of fragile or perishable evidence · Aid in the identification of persons involved
9) Identify the purpose and requirements of the Safe at Home program.
· The Safe at Home program helps survivors of domestic violence, rape, sexual assault, or stalking, who have relocated or are about to relocate to conceal their new location from the suspect · The Safe at Home program provides for a designated address to use when creating new records with state and local agencies and the courts EX. DL, voter registration, school records, court, city and county records. · Safe at Home is not a witness protection program; rather it is a mail forwarding service.
9. Identify the purpose and requirements of the Safe at Home program.
· The Safe at Home program helps survivors of domestic violence, rape, sexual assault, or stalking, who have relocated or are about to relocate to conceal their new location from the suspect · The Safe at Home program provides for a designated address to use when creating new records with state and local agencies and the courts EX. DL, voter registration, school records, court, city and county records. · Safe at Home is not a witness protection program; rather it is a mail forwarding service.
8) Identify the purpose and requirements of the Missouri Crime Victims' Compensation Fund.
· The State of Missouri has a fund to reimburse some crime victims for certain financial losses · For an individual to be eligible for compensation under the program they must be:
8. Identify the purpose and requirements of the Missouri Crime Victims' Compensation Fund.
· The State of Missouri has a fund to reimburse some crime victims for certain financial losses · For an individual to be eligible for compensation under the program they must be:
5) Identify the components of a complete flash description.
· The broadcast is issued so other officers from all jurisdictions are searching for the suspect even while the officer issuing the BOLO continues to investigate and obtain information at the crime scene · BOLO information is: Type of crime, location of the crime, and time of occurrence. The number of suspects involved, If the suspects are armed - identify weapon · The physical descriptors of the suspects - given individually in a top to bottom and inside to out format: race, gender, height, weight, hair color, eye color, facial hair, clothing description, tattoos, scars · Weapons used and means of escape: CYMBOL Method (color, year, make, body, occupants, license)
5. Identify the components of a complete flash description.
· The broadcast is issued so other officers from all jurisdictions are searching for the suspect even while the officer issuing the BOLO continues to investigate and obtain information at the crime scene · BOLO information is: Type of crime, location of the crime, and time of occurrence. The number of suspects involved, If the suspects are armed - identify weapon · The physical descriptors of the suspects - given individually in a top to bottom and inside to out format: race, gender, height, weight, hair color, eye color, facial hair, clothing description, tattoos, scars · Weapons used and means of escape: CYMBOL Method (color, year, make, body, occupants, license)
Identify the factors that affect the quality of fingerprint impressions
· The condition of the hand: the hands must be clean and dry. · Age can affect the friction ridges. · Occupation of subject can affect the friction ridges. · The type of surface o Smooth, hard, clean surfaces are most likely to reveal prints. o Rough, porous, dusty, dirty, or greasy surfaces are least likely to reveal fingerprint impressions. · Atmospheric conditions: cold, rain, snow
Identify the basic rules for court admissibility of photographic evidence.
· The item pictured must be material, competent, and relative to the point in issue. · The photo must not be inflammatory or appeal to the emotions or tend to prejudice the court or jury. · The photo must be free from distortion and not misrepresent the scene. · The photographer or other witness must be able to state that the photo is a true representation of the scene. · Proper chain of custody must be followed, as with any other type of evidence.
4) Identify when the preliminary investigation begins and who is responsible for initiating the preliminary investigation.
· The preliminary investigation begins when an officer is assigned to the call. · The first officer's actions or inactions at the scene can greatly contribute to the success or failure of the investigation · The planning of tactics, observation of the area, and mental note-taking occurs at this time. · The preliminary investigation is the responsibility of the first officer at the scene of the crime. · The first officer is responsible for the preliminary investigations until they are relieved by someone of higher rank of higher authority.
4. Identify when the preliminary investigation begins and who is responsible for initiating the preliminary investigation.
· The preliminary investigation begins when an officer is assigned to the call. · The first officer's actions or inactions at the scene can greatly contribute to the success or failure of the investigation · The planning of tactics, observation of the area, and mental note-taking occurs at this time. · The preliminary investigation is the responsibility of the first officer at the scene of the crime. · The first officer is responsible for the preliminary investigations until they are relieved by someone of higher rank of higher authority.
6. Identify the characteristics and purpose of a neighborhood canvass.
· To locate individuals in the area who might have knowledge of the crime · To locate any evidence that was discarded or lost as the suspect(s) fled the scene or deposited while they waited to commit the offense · A report should be written detailing: name, identification, and address of individuals contacted
6.) Identify the characteristics and purpose of a neighborhood canvass.
· To locate individuals in the area who might have knowledge of the crime · To locate any evidence that was discarded or lost as the suspect(s) fled the scene or deposited while they waited to commit the offense · A report should be written detailing: name, identification, and address of individuals contacted
Identify general guidelines for maintaining an accurate and complete chain of custody on packaged evidence
· When transferring custody of evidence, investigators should record the date and time, to whom it was delivered, and why. · Anyone who handles the evidence should affix his or her name and badge number to the evidence or evidence tag. · Always obtain a signed receipt from the person accepting the evidence.
