EXAM COM 102

Practicing Your Speech

Budget Your Time Practice Your Speech Out Loud Practice Your Speech Out Loud Pace Yourself Get Feedback from Critical Listeners Practice with a Study Buddy Practice in the Speaking Room Practice with a Modified Outline

Situational Analysis

Situational analysis considers the audience size, room size, and the physical setting.

Straw man fallacy

occurs when an arguer distorts an opponent's argument for the purposes of more easily attacking it.

Either-or fallacy

occurs when an arguer gives only two choices when more than two choices exist.

Red herring fallacy

occurs when the arguer diverts attention away from the subject of the argument (to another topic that is somewhat related), and then draws a conclusion about the related subject (instead of the subject of the argument).

Circular reasoning fallacy

occurs when the arguer says A is true because of B, and B is true because of A.

Slippery slope fallacy

occurs when the conclusion of an argument relies on the alleged chain reaction, and there isn't sufficient reason to think that the chain reaction will actually take place.

Hasty generalization fallacy

occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the group.

Bandwagon fallacy

occurs when you accept an idea as being correct because it is popular (

Observational Analysis

or taking a close look at the audience prior to the speech, is one of the more common ways to conduct audience analysis.

Incremental

plagiarism occurs when one periodically quotes or paraphrases the content from their sources but doesn't give credit to the source.

Patchwork

plagiarism occurs when one takes from multiple sources and tries to pass the material off as their own.

Audience analysis

refers to careful consideration and examination of the audience, specifically their interests, attitudes, values, beliefs, and experiences.

Psychological Analysis

refers to the close examination of the audience's attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and values.

Kinesthetic learners:

retain information best if they are moving while they are learning, or get hands-on experience. For example, if you are giving a speech on how to tie different types of knots for sailing, a kinesthetic learner would learn best by having a piece of rope in their hands while they are listening to your speech so they can follow along and actually tie the knot.

Ethical Absolutism

states that we should always behave the same in every situation. For example, it would never be acceptable to plagiarize.

Culturally Relative Ethics

teaches that we need to keep in mind that an audience will surely contain people of different cultures and backgrounds and what is considered ethical in one culture might be considered unethical in another.

reinforce

the audience's opinion, to convert the audience's opinion, or to actuate the audience.

is a mistaken belief based on shaky reasoning.

the red herring, ad hominem, straw man, either-or, bandwagon, slippery slope, hasty generalization, and circular reasoning.

For a speech about a person, two different types of organizational patterns work best.

topical or chronological. If you are starting with the person's early years and progressing through their life to the current day (or until their death), chronological organization will work best.

Visual learners:

will learn best by looking at something, but not necessarily touching it like a kinesthetic learner. So back to the knots, a visual learner would watch you tie a knot while you are explaining it, and not need to have the rope in hand, but be able to tie the knot based on watching you do it.

fallacy

is a mistaken belief based on shaky reasoning.

Delivery Audience Adaptation

Adapting in Advance Adapting in the Moment

Audience Adaptation Methods

After conducting audience analysis, gathering and interpreting the results, it is now time to use those insights to tailor the speech message.

Age

Age is one of the most influential demographic factors

Oppositional Audience

Arguably one of the most difficult audiences to speak to, the oppositional audience is comprised of a majority of individuals who enter into your speech disagreeing with the position you are advocating.

take a closer look at four basic goals of arguments:

Arguments can help us to discover truth. Arguments can help us to communicate effectively. Arguments can aid us in resolving disagreements or misunderstandings Arguments can assist us in formulating solutions to problems.

General Informative Speaking Guidelines

Be accurate Avoid information overload Use plenty of examples, illustrations, and analogies Use repetition and restatement Don't get too technical Personalize Educate, don't advocate "Don't overestimate your audience's knowledge, but don't underestimate their intelligence"

Demographic Analysis

Demographics are probably one of the first factors or characteristics you may notice about your audience.

information to your audience at once, which guideline of effective informative speaking are you utilizing?

Use plenty of examples

Types of Informative Speeches

People Concepts or Ideas An idea or concept speech will be dealing with an intangible topic, such as a belief, a theory, or a principle, which can be quite challenging to describe effectively. Events Objects Processes explains how to do something, how a process works, or how something is made.

'Because trial juries in the United States are ineffective, future trials should be tried in front of judicial panels' is what type of claim?

Policy

You conducted a survey gauging the audience's general knowledge and attitudes about your speech topic. The results show that most of the audience is unfamiliar with the issue. How could you adapt the content to take into account the audience's knowledge?

Present points clearly and define basic terms and concepts

Choosing an Effective Organizational Structure for Persuasive Speeches

Problem-Solution-Feasibility Cause-Effect-Solution Monroe's Motivated Sequence Refutation Pattern Comparative Advantage

Content Audience Adaptation

Reference the Audience's Experiences, Interests, or Knowledge: Make comparisons to the familiar/use analogies Place the audience in real or novel situations

Keeping Your Audience's Interest: Directly Relate Your Topic to Your Audience

Relating your topic to your audience is necessary to keep their attention. If a topic doesn't relate to the audience, no one is going to listen. Imagine a student giving a speech to a college class on how to get into college.

Which of the following is an example of external research on a target audience?

Research studies from an academic journal Statistics from a government website

Assistance in Locating Resources

Source 1 - Books Source 2 - Periodicals Source 3 - Newspapers Source 4 -Interviews Source 5 -Websites Source 6- Interview Evaluating Source Credibility

Favorable Audience

Speaking to a favorable audience is like 'preaching to the choir,' since there will be few, if any, disagreements with your points.

In academic terms, what is an argument?

Statements that express a point of view on a subject and support it with evidence.

What Constitutes Persuasion

The purpose of persuasive speeches is to provide a strategic message that has a goal of moving the audience towards a specific belief, value, or behavior.

Vocal Delivery Skills

Volume Projection Emotional Tone Expression Rate This refers to the speed of speaking. Articulation This refers to the crispness of the words they are speaking. Pronunciation Pausing it makes them nervous to have their peers staring at them while they fumble for their next point.

Which of the following is a benefit of studying argumentation?

We can be better at evaluating the arguments of others. We can become more aware of persuasion in our daily lives. We can be more efficient and effective when we compose arguments.

Cognitive consistency

When speaking to an environmental club on campus and you tell them that you didn't print handouts because you thought it would be wasteful, you may be trying to accomplish what with your audience?

There are three main types of claims that can be addressed within a persuasive speech

a claim of fact, a claim of value, or a claim of policy.

take some sort of behavioral action

actuate

The primary way to achieve an audience-centered speech is by using

audience analysis and audience adaptation methods.

we can divide audience adaptation into two categories:

content adaptation and delivery adaptation.

Speeches to _______ aim to move the audience away from where they are currently, to align them more closely with the message being delivered.

convert

Pathos

convey an emotional connection to the audience

Ethos

credibility (or character) of the speaker

There are five common forms of reasoning:

deductive, inductive, causal, sign, and analogical

Audience Analysis Types

demographic analysis, psychological analysis, and situational analysis.

When delivering a speech, one wields a lot of power. Therefore, be sure to speak __________

ethically

Ad hominem

fallacy occurs when an arguer attacks the person instead of the argument.

Persuasive messages that don't align with the audience's current beliefs shouldn't be shared, as it will only lead to conflict.

false

Situational Ethics

holds that our behavior should be dependent upon the situation we are in at the time.

Positive ethos

includes competence (knowledge of the subject matter), good moral character (honesty, trustworthiness and straightforwardness) and goodwill (respect toward the audience and the occasion).

An argument that moves from specific examples to a general conclusion is a(n) ______ argument.

inductive

According to your text, one of the quickest and most direct approaches to gathering information is through an _.

interview

Sign reasoning

is a fourth type of reasoning where a relationship between two things is inferred.

Causal reasoning

is a third type reasoning that attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two events.

Cognitive Dissonance

is helpful for persuasive speakers to understand, as it will be extremely relevant whenever you are presenting new information that clashes with the listeners' current opinions.the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

Middle-of-the-Road Audience

is perhaps the most important audience of all. This audience is comprised of individuals whose opinions, motivations, and knowledge on your topic are diverse.

Ethics

is the branch of philosophy that deals with good vs. bad, right vs. wrong, ethical vs. unethical, moral vs. immoral, and honest vs. dishonest in human communication.

Analogical reasoning

is the fifth type of reasoning. It attempts to prove that what is true in one case must be true in another.

Deductive reasoning

is the logical (thinking) process that starts with easily understood general knowledge and works its way down to an undeniable specific conclusion.

Inductive reasoning

is the logical (thinking) process that takes specific information to make broader generalizations that leads to probable conclusions.

Reasoning

is the logical process of forming conclusions or judgments from the evidence stated.

Audience adaptation

is the process of creating and modifying content that matches up with the audience's attitudes, values, experiences, and interests.

Auditory learners:

learn best and retain information if they listen to what you are saying. Looking at the same example, if you were giving a speech on how to tie different knots for sailing, an auditory listener would listen to your explanation of how to tie a knot and be able to replicate the knot based solely on what you said. No visual aids are necessary for this type of learner.

An argument is central to the study of argumentation and _____.

logic

Logos

logical argument

Keeping Your Audience's Interest: Being Clear

1. Remember to clearly state the purpose of your speech in the introduction. 2. Pick a specific organizational pattern. 3. Talk to the level of your audience. exclusive language. You want to use inclusive language, to "include" the 4. Use presentational aids so your audience can see what you're talking about.

How many types of general questions could be included in a survey?

2

To adequately prepare for a speech, you just have a minimum of __________ dress rehearsals.

4

How many times do you have to repeat something for someone to remember?

7

Use Plenty of Examples, Illustrations and Analogies

Examples: are people or things that are representative of a group or type, such as, 'Tony Robbins is an example of a motivational speaker,' or 'Black Sabbath is an example of classic heavy metal music.' Illustrations: Illustrations are more detailed examples that give the audience a more complete and clearer understanding, such as 'Motivational speaker Tony Robbins often encourages people to walk across hot coals to gain inner confidence. Analogies: compare two things that are similar in some way. If you are giving a speech on an idea or something abstract, an analogy can help the audience understand the concept more easily. For example, if you are giving a speech on positive thinking, you can compare positive thinking to weight lifting for your brain. That way the audience can see how positive thinking can strengthen both the mind and actions.

Non-Vocal Delivery Skills

Eye Contact Looking over your audience's heads is a good way to cope with anxiety if eye contact makes you nervous. Facial Expression Posture Gestures Gestures Physical Movement Personal Appearance

'Social media causes damage to personal relationships' is what type of claim?

Fact

If you are giving a speech on a topic you already have experience with, you do not need to gather outside information.

False

Global

Global plagiarism occurs when one takes from a single source and tries to pass it off as their own.

Which of the following is not a guideline for informative speaking?

Have fun

Conducting a focus group is a helpful audience analysis tool because

It provides in-depth insights that are not necessarily provided through a Survey.

Keeping Your Audience's Interest: Appeal to Different Learning Styles

Kinesthetic learners: retain information best if they are moving while they are learning, or get hands-on experience. For example, if you are giving a speech on how to tie different types of knots for sailing, a kinesthetic learner would learn best by having a piece of rope in their hands while they are listening to your speech so they can follow along and actually tie the knot. Auditory learners: learn best and retain information if they listen to what you are saying. Looking at the same example, if you were giving a speech on how to tie different knots for sailing, an auditory listener would listen to your explanation of how to tie a knot and be able to replicate the knot based solely on what you said. No visual aids are necessary for this type of learner. Visual learners: will learn best by looking at something, but not necessarily touching it like a kinesthetic learner. So back to the knots, a visual learner would watch you tie a knot while you are explaining it, and not need to have the rope in hand, but be able to tie the knot based on watching you do it.

Why Research?

Learning About Your Topic To Gather Evidence To Gain Credibility

You go to your campus library to locate a certain book on hiking and discover the text is not available in the library. Which of the following options (if any) are possible solutions? Select all that apply.

Locate an electronic copy of the book or request an interlibrary loan. Continue to scan the shelf to locate the text or another text that may prove just as helpful.

Poor audience analysis can _______.

Make the speech less audience-centered Make the speech content less meaningful to the audience Result in failing to achieve the speech goal

Types of Speech Delivery

Manuscript Reading Memorized Extemporaneous

There are several explanations for why the audience is in the middle-of-the-road:

Mixed Apathetic Uninformed

If you deliver a speech that clearly addresses your perspective and does not address any viewpoints beyond your own, you are employing what type of approach to persuasion?

One-sided approach

All of the following are reasons people might engage in argumentation

To test out a well-developed argument. To find the weaknesses in an argument. To try out new ideas.

Fallacious reasoning might be used intentionally.

True

If you deliver a speech that acknowledges other viewpoints and offers reasons for why they are inferior to your own ideas, you are employing what type of approach to persuasion?

Two-sided approach

'Hockey is a more challenging sport to play than basketball' is what type of claim?

Value