Exam four physcholgy

. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. A. Congruence B. Egotism C. Incongruence D. Self--efficacy

A. Congruence

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. A. actions that are internally motivated B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded C. reactions that are externally motivated D. actions that occur without conscious thou

B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________. A. cognitive mediational theory B. facial feedback hypothesis C. James-Lange theory of emotion D. Yerkes-Dodson law

B. facial feedback hypothesis

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? A. forcing them to be independent from a nearly age B. giving them unconditional positive regard C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms D. pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them

B. giving them unconditional positive regard

Stanley really loves being outdoors. He likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. He and his wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________. A. compartmentalization B. migration C. relocation D. homesteading

B. migration

Instincts describe the wants ot needs that direct behavior toward a goal. True False

False

Most contemporary psychologists don't believe temperament has a biological basis. True False

False

Self-esteem is an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task. True False

False

Self-esteem is defined as an individual's belief in his or her own capabilities or capacities to complete a task. True False

False

Hans and Sybil Eysenck focused on temperament in their studies and according to their theory people high on the neuroticism scale tend to be calm. True False

False

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments. A. Collectivism B. Dispositionism C. Moralism D. Situationism

B. Dispositionism

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior? A. babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee B. dating an abusive partner because you believe you don't deserve good treatment C. jerking your hand back from a hot burner D. mowing your elderly neighbor's lawn for free because he can't do it himself

A. babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization. A. biological; social B. social; biological C. aesthetic; esteem D. esteem; aesthetic

A. biological; social

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition B. ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics C. prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes D. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. A. in-group B. out-group C. confirmation D. scapegoating

A. in-group

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior B. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately C. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority D. when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone

A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? A. They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts. B. They are universal to virtually all cultures studied. C. They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions. D. They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans.

C. They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying? A. because girls are more likely to share photographs of themselves on social media sites B. because girls are found to spend more time online C. because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying D. because girls' parents tend spend less time monitoring their daughters' online activities

C. because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions. A. ally B. associate C. confederate D. union

C. confederate

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. A. equal status B. come-uppance C. just-world D. equipoentiality

C. just-world

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. A. discrimination B. a stereotype C. prejudice D. conformity

C. prejudice

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. the esteem of others B. connections and affiliation C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy

C. self-actualization

Name three of the characteristics of groupthink.

Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world? A. Marta, who lives in Brazil B. Aaron, who lives in South Africa C. Margaret, who lives in South Korea D. James, who lives in England

D. James, who lives in England

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we'd experience in response to that event? A. Walter Cannon B. Stanley Schachter C. Arnold Lazarus D. Magda Arnold

D. Magda Arnold

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. A. John Cacioppo B. Solomon Asch C. Stanley Milgram D. Philip Zimbardo

D. Philip Zimbardo

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. Biological B. Neo-Freudian C. Humanistic D. Trait

D. Trait

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________. A. emotion B. habit C. drive D. motivation

D. motivation

Accoding to Albert Bandura, self-efficay plays no role in motivating behavior. True zc

False

According to Maslow, it is not necessary to satisfy lower-level needs before addressing those needs that occur higher in the pyramid. True False

False

Behaviorists believe in biological determinism meaning you are born with your personality. True False

False

Focusing solely in receiving an 'A' in a class is an example of intrinsic motivation. True False

False

An emotion is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings, and mood refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. True False

True

If you are currently in college because you enjoy learning and want to purue an education solely to make yourself a more well-rounded individual, you are displaying intrinsic motivation. True False

True

In addition to ways and needs, culture may influence motivation. True False

True

In the overjustification effect, instrinsic (internal) motivation is diminished when extrinsic (external) motivation is given. (page 342) True False

True

Melancholy is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter. True False

True

Oklahoma falls into Cluster 1: Friendly and conventional category from the regional personality study by Renfrow and colleagues. True False

True

One of Carl Rogers's main ideas about personality regards self-concept, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. True False

True

Psychologists who favor the biological approach believe that inherited perdispositions as well as physiological processes can be used to explain differences in our personalities. True False

True

Receving money, a grade, or praise for a task are examples of extrinsic motivation. True False

True

Security is a level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. True False

True

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic perspective of personality was the first comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety fo both normal and abnormal behaviors. True False

True

The limbic system is the area of the brain involved in emotion and memory. True False

True

The pseudosicence of measuring the areas of a person's skull is know as phrenology. True False

True

Trait theorists believe personality can be understood via the approach that all people have certain traits, or characteristic ways of behaving. True False

True

Name the seven universal emotions identified by Paul Ekman and others.

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger.