Exam Three THE 541 Review
paradis
"Heavens"- In French Neoclassical theatre, the third tier of galleries along the side walls.
cazuela
("stew pot"): Special seating for women in upper rear of theatre
Ludovico Castelvetro
(1504-1571) Italian Neoclassical Critic, trained in law. Puts more emphasis on audience, theater was created to "please the ignorant multitude" and greater significance on the theatrical experience than on the text. The dramatic action should mirror the actual time of the performance and that a change of location appears ridiculous to an audience aware of being in one place themselves. His Three unities (Time, place, Action) was one of the first cornerstones of Neoclassical dramatic theory.
Lope de Rueda
(1510-1565) was a Spanish dramatist and author, regarded by some as the best of his era. A very versatile writer, he also wrote comedies, farces, and pasos. He was the precursor to what is considered the golden age of Spanish literature.Famous actor, Wrote for popular audiences, Best known for Pasos (farces), Planned theatre in 1558; never built
Christopher Marlowe
(1564-1593)Cambridge educated; worked as a spy for Elizabeth, Died in Barroom fight, perhaps as part of Botched Assassination. The "mighty Line", Elevated blank verse that carried emotional weight . Showed what could be done with blank verse, how powerful it could be . Development of History plays. Influence on Shakespeare and Others. Co-author of Henry VI Plays. Focus on protagonist; exploration of Machiavellian characters. Deeply flawed renaissance people who overrach themselves (bring their own destruction upon them). Roots in Medieval Drama. Most famous for Doctor Faustus.
Ben Jonson
(1572-1637) Satirist, known for comedies of humours, "city" comedies, and masques, Classical precedents and neoclassical principle. The contemporary of Shakespeare's who sought to reform human behavior through the comedies he wrote was
Inigo Jones
(1573-1652) Trained in Italy under Parigi, studied Palladio, Fascination with machinery, 1640 Salmacida Spolia—groove system with flat wings
Giocomo Torelli
(1608-1678) The "great wizard" of 17th century scenic design. Revolutionized stage machinery. Pole and chariot system allowed for instantaneous scene changes by one operator. Adopted almost everywhere through 19thC. Helped bring Italian innovation to France in 1640s; returned to Italy in1661
Moliere
(1622-1673) Greatest comic playwright in france. Influenced strongly by Commedia, but wrote in neoclassical dorm (rhyming alexandrines). Used stock characters and situations (and Deus ex machine). Father was employed in royal household.Moliere founded troupe, failed, toured provinces for years, then returned to Paris successfully in 1658. Eventually gained Louis XIV's patronage .VERY SUCCESSFUL TROUPE. often introuble with authorities, but liked by the King. Best known plays" Tartuffe, the Miser, The Misanthrope. Later in his career, wrote comedies-ballets with Jean-Baptiste Lully. first head of the Paris opera- double crossed Moliere after his death and disbanded his company. Tartuffe- all of the middle class concerns (marriage, property, children, husband and wives). Also see the staple of the smart servant character, not bound by obligation to the people that employ her (Dorene) . Clayeant- the author's voice, insufferably right . Have a number of strong female charcaters
Thomas Betterton
(1635-1710) Leading actor of Restoration stage- both in comedy and tragedy, Noted for attention to detail and restraint; oratorical style, Leading roles in Shakespeare and tragic heroes such as Jaffier (Otway's Venice Preserved), Also worked as playwright and managed companies and led revolt against manager Christopher Rich. Outside investors put up money, but manager of company had all the risk, Rich family was important, but Christopher Rich was a bad manager
Jean Racine
(1639-1699) Most famous tragic playwright in French history, concentration of effect; based plays on Greek models but changed them to fit neoclassical ideal . Noted for beauty of his alexandrines (12 syllable lines). Strict form and focus on character. Phadre (considered his best plays, based on the Hippolytus story)-Racine adds a character- a servant character who brings about the whole storyline (classist), Andromache, Bernice are his best known plays . Last of the great tragic playwrights in theatre history- there's less of a sense of divine connection-gods creating dissent/ now it's changed ot humans creating it for themselves
Aphra Behn
(1640-1689) first successful English professional playwright Wrote the ROVER , Lived in West Indies, worked as spy in Netherlands, wrote novels, Began writing for stage in 1670 (partly because she needs money), Successful plays, often bawdy, Very successful, especially with comedies of intrigue (The Rover), Broke ground for other female playwrights in Restoration.
William Wycherley
(1640-1716) Satirist of Restoration society, Witty, bawdy plays that focused on dissolution of Restoration England, Borrowed from Moliere and Terence, The Country Wife is his most famous play, Like many restoration plays, names indicate character, Bawdy and immoral, focuses on wit
Proscenium Arch Stage
Also known as the picture frame, fourth Wall or conventional stage- it is the best-known type of theatre space. Developed during the Italian renaissance.
Susanna Centlivre
Female dramatist, wrote 16 full plays including, THe gamester, The busy body, and A bold stroke for a wife.
Comedy of manners
Form of Comic Drama that became popular in the latter half of the 17th century in France and among English playwrights during the restoration. It emphasizes a cultivated or sophisticated atmosphere, witty dialogue and characters whose concern with social polish is charming, ridiculous or both.
Confrerie de la Passion
French confraternity presented religious plays after 1402. In 1548, built a theatre, Hotel de Bourgogne (pit box and gallery, neutral platform stage, no proscenium arch, no Italian scenery Yet ). First permanent theatre in Europe since Roman times?. Theatre never used for confreeries productions (banning of religious plays) rented it out (they still had a monopoly over performance in paris.
Alexandre Hardy (1572-1632)
Generally considered to be the first professional French playwright. He wrote several hundred plays using the three unities and five act structure but also presented violence onstage and supernatural characters.
Hotel de Bourgogne
In 1548, built a theatre by the confrere de le passion (pit box and gallery, neutral platform stage, no proscenium arch, no Italian scenery Yet ). First permanent theatre in Europe since Roman times?. Theatre never used for confreeries productions (banning of religious plays) rented it out (they still had a monopoly over performance in paris
tiring house
In English Renaisseeance Theatre a three-story stage house behind the raised platform stage.
parterre
In French Neoclassical Theatre, the pit where the audience members stood.
loges
In French neoclassical theatre, boxes around the side and backwalls of the theatre.
doyen
In the Comedie Francaise, the head of the company and the actor with the longest service.
Paris Opera
Jean Baptiste Lully founded this theatre in 1672; ended machine plays at other theatres after 1670s
liberties
Land outside jurisdiction of City Authorities, Former Monastic Lands (owned by the catholic church, and Henry took them for protestant power) Now crown lands , These lands are outside of the city and can now be used for theatres (always on the outside of the city)
Dorset Garden
London Theatre designed by Christopher Wren and built in 1671
breeches roles
Male roles played by females particularly popular in restoration and 18th century drama.
corrales
Public Theatres in Spain that were constructed in existing courtyards, Like elizabethan public theatres. They were open air spaces with galleries and boxes protected by a roof. Two of the most famous were the corral de la Cruz and Corral Del Principe. Audiences on three sides, No proscenium, Raised stage (with traps), about 26 ft wide and 16 ft deep, Side stages were also available if necessary, Stage façade had 2 or 3 levels, both with "discovery spaces" at least 8 ½ ft deep, Flying machinery available in roof over stage , Setting change indicated by movement or speech, Painted flats used in façade after 1650, Setting change indicated by movement or speech, façade with three oepnnigs for entrances and revelas, upper playing space, painted backdrops, Mansions, Probably guided by practical concerns or convernience
Pit, Box, And Gallery
Standing spectators in open area. lower, divided seating areas along walls, and upper tiers of seating, undivided, open-bench seating. Became standard seating practice for about 300 years.
Householders
Star memebers of the lord's chamberlains men who were given part ownership in the theatre as a inducement to remain with the company. Also used for people who owned theatre buildings and rented them to acting companies.
Blank verse
Unrhyming Iambic Pentameter.
Discovery space
a device used in Elizabethan drama on the first level of a theatre. Used for discovery or reveal scenes in the plays
pole and chariot system
allowed for instantaneous scene changes by one operator. Poles were attached to scene flats; these poles went below the stage floor, where they were connected to wheels (The chariots) that ran in tracks. This system was adopted widely throughout the western work (except England, Netherlands and US).
Soliloquy
an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.
Nell Gwynn
comic and Breech roles) (1650-1687), Of lower-class parentage, began as "orange wench" at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Became protégé of Charles Hart, and his mistress , Specialized in comic roles and was noted for her singing, Eventually became mistress of Charles II and left stage
pensionnaire
contract players in an acting company.
masque
court entertainment, the rich/noble have money on their hands and they pay for a court entertainment (music and dancing and elaborate stage entertainment- often allegorical interpretations of the world), Allegorical subjects, staged to praise king (and show off wealth)
spoken decor
dialogue indicating locale.
Mlle. Champmesle
famed french tragic actress
Jean Baptiste Lully
first head of the Paris opera- double crossed Moliere after his death and disbanded his company
Edward Alleyn
first man to perform Dr. Faustus So acting to the life that he made any part to become home,Saw devils onstage (while performing Faustus), That's it for me (Founded Dullage College)
Marie Sallé
innovative French dancer and choreographer who performed expressive, dramatic dances during a period when displays of technical virtuosity were more popular. The first woman to choreograph the ballets in which she appeared, she anticipated the late 18th-century reforms of Jean-Georges Noverre by integrating the music, costumes, and dance styles of her ballets with their themes.
Bearbaiting
is a blood sport involving the worrying or tormenting (baiting) of bears. It may involve pitting a bear against another animal.
Zarzuela
light plays with dance and music, based on classical or pastoral subjects, became a popular form and remained so for a long time. Developed by Calderon de la Barca
groundlings
lower class spectators who resided in the pit
Armande Bejart
(1642-1700) Younger sister to madeline bejart, with whome moliere had an extended affair, Married to moliere (rumors of her parentage persisted in 1662, talnedted comic actor, singer and dancer, Created many of moliere's famous women charcaters (Elmire), One of the founding memebers of C-F
Elizabeth Barry
(1658-1713) Was the leading actress with the famous tragedian Thomas Betterton, at the Drury Lane theatre.
William Congreve
(1670-1729)-whose plays are most produced nowadays, Only wrote four comedies, but made lasting reputation, First play: The Old Bachelor (1693), Love for Love (starring Betterton) was very successful, The Way of the World (1700) marks the apotheosis and the end of Restoration comedy, A bridge to the more sentimental comedy of the early 18th Century, Triumph of love over wickedness
Anne Bracegirdle
(1671-1748):Made name playing clever city women, Millamant in The Way of the World is most famous role, written for her by Congreve. Trained by Betterton; first appeared on stage in 1688; worked with him and Elizabeth Barry, Eventually helped Betterton manage Lincoln's Inn Fields theatre, Celebrated for beauty and virtue (had a reputation for being irreproachably virtuous).
Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx
(d. ca. 1587, Paris) was an Italian violinist, composer, and choreographer. He participated in the masquerade Défense du paradis in 1572 and mounted the Ballet aux ambassadeurs polonais in 1573: one of the first works to be recognized as a true court ballet, staged to honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris upon the accession of Henry of Anjou to the throne of Poland.
Processional Staging
(used mainly in England, Spain and Netherlands). Audiences assembled and each play, mounted on a wagon would stop at stations in sequence Peagent Wagons: Could have been two story (top story for acting, bottom for dressing and storage): could have had single story, with another platform pulled up to serve as platea (used in Spain for Autos Sacramentales). Ort they could have been paraded and then pulled. Have to be very narrow to accommodate narrow city streets
The Theatre
1576 built by James Burbage, North of City, in Shoreditch, Polygonal , Dismantled ad used to built globe in 1599
Le Cid controversy
1636-8 led to triumph of neoclassical ideal (unities, verisimilitude, decorum, pure genres, etc.). French academy created by Richelieu to set standards for French literature. It violated neoclassical ideal; Academy criticizes it, establishing priority of neoclassical ideal in France for next 200 years or so . don't see the final crashing down of the neoclassical ideal until 1830 (Hugo's Hernani) . Comedy and tragedy in this time tend to stagnate due to these mandates. Boulevard theatres rise up in opposition of the neoclassical ideals (develop forms like ballad opera and melodrama)
Restoration Comedy
A bridge to the more sentimental comedy of the early 18th Century, Triumph of love over wickedness
Raked stage
A concept developed by Serlio, slightly inclined or slanted stage.
decorum
A concept from the Roman philosopher Horace. It means that the language and actions of characters must fit traditional ideas of suitable behavior for their age, gender social status and emotional state.
Comedy of intrigue
A genre championed by Aphra Behn, inlfuenced by spanish theatre and italian commedie d'ell arte, which dealt with msytery.
The Pleiades
A literary group made to further writing and culture; out of this group came French plays based on Neoclassical ideals.
Licensing Act of 1737
A new attempt to regulate London Theatre. Under the act only two theatres were permitted to present Tragedy, comedy, opera, play, farce or other entertainment for the the stage for gain, hire or reward, and the lord Chamberlain became responsable for licensing plays. THe two theatres were covent gardena and Drury Lane.
John Webb
A theatre architect and scene designer after Inigo Jones' tutelage. He helped créate the Sieg of Rhodes a play that used a proscenium arch and a wing and shutter setting.
Contract system
Actors during the restoration were hired for a specific period of time for a set salary. The move form the sharing plan to this system marked a decline of actors' control over theatre in London.
Pedro Calderon de la Barca
After Lope de Vega's death he became the most popular playwright in spain. Wrote primarily for the church and the court Wrote all of the autos in Madrid from 1647-1681, Secular plays before 1640, including cape and sword and serious plays; court plays ad autos thereafter, Life is a Dream (1636): Philosophical allegory about power and honor Developed form called zarzuela for the court, Wrote around 180 plays; 10 survive
Calderon de la Barca
After Lope de Vega's death he became the most popular playwright in spain. Wrote primarily for the church and the court Wrote all of the autos in Madrid from 1647-1681, Secular plays before 1640, including cape and sword and serious plays; court plays ad autos thereafter, Life is a Dream (1636): Philosophical allegory about power and honor.Developed form called zarzuela for the court, Wrote around 180 plays; 10 survive
Revenge Tragedy
An idea that comes from the structure of Seneca's tragedies.
Lincoln's Inn Fields
Anne Bracegirdle Eventually helped Betterton manage this theatre
Michel Baron
Baron (1653-1729) worked with moliere and excelled as comic performer, Later established himself as tragic actor with H de B troupe, Founding shareholder of C-F, Natural style, careful preparation of roles (less oratorical), Returned in 18th c to c-f led movement towards natural acting style
Pierre Corneille
Began writing plays in late 1620s , Le Cid (based on Castro plays) was wildly popular but criticized as well, Corneille stopped writing plays
taburetes
Benches in spanish theatre
The Fortune
Built by Henslowe/Alleyn North of city when globe opened
Second Blackfriars
Built by James Burbage in 1596- Shakespeares company- but not allowed to use it because it is in the city walls , Neutral platform stage , In "liberty" within London, Used for Blackfriars Boys from 1600-1608, King's Men after 1609. Measured 46 ft. x 66 ft.. Boxes, galleries, pit with seats, Stage (30 x 23 ft) raised about 4 ft, Used by King's Men mid-Oct-mid May
Drury Lane Theatre
Built first by Killigrew in 1663; burned and rebuilt by Wren in 1672-74, Building seated 650 people, stage 34 feet deep, Closed from 1676-1682; bankrupt in 1709 because of Christopher Rich,Riots in mid 18th century; taken over by David Garrick in 1747 and became successful
Petit Bourbon
By 1645 Torelli was brought to France, Transformed Petit-Bourbon (in Louvre) into Italian style theatre (with pole & Chariot system), Established for good the Italian model for playwriting and scenery
Lope de Vega
By far most popular and prolific playwright in Golden Age, Wrote 800 (1500?) plays (about 470 survive) and drama theory. Themes of love and honor, generated suspense. Many social classes (used gracioso and created strong female roles), happy endings—the variety of life. Polymetry... multiple verse forms (plays that mixed comic, romantic and tragic verse forms all in the same play- didn't care about neoclassical ideal). Lope's famous plays: Fuente Ovejuna (The Sheep's Well), The Knight from Olmeda. Lope's THe new art of Writing plays 1609. In spain "Whatever is written is written in defiance of art. For art speaks truth which the ignorant crowd gainsays, Language and characterization, Suit verse form to topic and mode of speech , Simple language for simple matters; nire powerful language for important matters, charcaters should be consistent , suit language to character, Costume isn't really important. Always trick expectancy (use ambiguity. equivocation, etc. -the crowd likes them
William Shakespeare
Came to London between 1585-1592, Made name as narrative and lyric poet and playwright, Member of Chamberlain's Men in 1594 (leading company of the day), Shareholder in company, Retired on his money as a member shareholder of the company, not on his selling of plays). First plays written between 1589-1592, Henry VI / Richard III tetralogy, Comedy of Errors, Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentleman, Histories, comedies, tragedies, romances, and problem plays, Retired in 1613; died three years later, At least 38 plays, plus collaborations with John Fletcher and others. First folio published 1623 (reputation pretty much cemented, only half of plays were published during his lifetime, 18 were published for first time in the Folio) Complex characterization and language, Complex episodic structure, allows for juxtopisiion of similar scenes...comparisons of private/public, etc., Subplots reflect main plot (King lear, Hamlet), Complex image patterns (the image of drowning and drowned men in twelfth night, madness as connected to love), Allows for juxtaposition of similar scenes... comparisons of private/public, etc.
capa y espada
Cape and sword plays, named for the ourtfits the minor noblemen would often wear in the play, they also had a daredevil/romantic flare.
neoclassical ideal
Clear Genre distinctions, Three unity's (time all happens within 24 hours, can only travel to places that are close enough, action (causal reactions and timelines) Insistence on verisimilitude (no ghosts or spirit world), Decorum (characters should behave according to gender, age, position in life)
Salle des Machines
Completed in 1660 was the largest theatre in Europe, it was 52 feet wide and 232 feet long. The auditiorium took up only 92 feet, leaving 140 feet for the backstage machinery. Capable of flying over 100 people, Terrible acoustics, so it wasn't used much after 1670
French Academy
Created by Cardinal Richelieu to set standards for French literature after the Le Cid Controversy.
William Davenant
Davenant (one of two people to get a patent from the king to run a theatre in London) began to stage plays in 1650s; Davenant: Duke's company (younger actors, including T. Betterton(the most successful actor of the restoration)), Companies united in 1682
opera
Developed in academies (the Camarata in Florence) as an attempt to re-create Greek theatre. 1594 Dafne was first attempt; Monteverdi's Orfeo (1605) was another important step because he emphasized music over drama. Gradually displaced interest in drama in Italy. Basic structure: Emphasis on music over libretto; arias and recitative (sung dialogue). Picked up in other countries and adapted (in France, for example, text was valued more).
Climactic Drama
Dramatic structure in which the dramatic action begins near the climax, with the characters in the midst of their struggles. Ususually has few characters and few locales, much exposition and only one main action, and covers a short span of time. .
sharing plan
Elizabethan and renaissance Adult companies organized on sharing system.
comedia
In the spanish Golden Age, a three-act Full length nonreligious play. They were serious, comic or some mix. They ususally dealt with themes of love and honor and the leading characters were often minor noblemen.
autos sacramentales
In the spanish Golden age, religious dramas combining charcateristics of mystery and morality plays. It is the name given to to any play taht presneted at corpus chritsi whether or not it was directly related to the sacraaments. Until 1550, guilds were in charge; made professional by city in 1550s. 3/year until 1592; 4/year until 1647; 2/year until 1681 (all by Calderon). Processional staging. Toured afterwards
George Farquhar
Irish by birth; emphasis on realism and gentle treatment of characters in his playwriting inlcluding the Beaux Stratagem and Love and a Bottle.
Comedie Italienne
Italian-language theatre and opera when performed in France.
Episodic Structure
No necessary connections between parts (one doesn't cause another); shifts in time and place. Juxtaposition of elements is important. Reflects medieval worldview: God is in everything, so it doesn't much matter how you present it. Double plots are possible...don't have to be connected (or are connected thematically rather than structurally). Later influence on Shakespeare, lope de vega and other playwrights
tennis courts
Often converted into theatre because of the long shape and good use of windows.
Richard Burbage
Originated the great Shakespearean roles: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear
confraternity
Religious guilds who would help put on cycle plays on the European Continent.
Palais Cardinal/Palais Royal
Richelieu built this theatre, Frist proscenium arch theatre in France; Machinery , 1200 seated, 300 more standing in parterre
Heroic tragedy
Serious drama popular between 1660 and 1675, dealt with extraordinary characters who undertook extraordinary deeds, which deal wit the themes of love and honor, are reminiscent of the drama of the spanish Golden age.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.
ballets d'entrees
The beginning term for ballet, named after the entrances the piece consisted of.
University wits
The playwrights who provided boy companies with scripts, almost all of whom were university graduates and profesional dramatists such as Christopher marlowe, thomas kyd, John lyly and Robert Greene.
Neutral platform stage
The system of mansion and platea staging carries on through the English Renaissance and Spanish Golden Age. THe most important playing area was a stage platform in front of these settings (pageant wagon and mansions). The platea is a neutral, non-localized laying space (often indicated in Eng. Ren. by spoken scenery)
Stationary Staging
Used mansions standing side by side around a central platea/stage. often set up in town square or courtyard. usually outdoors, but not always. used existing structures; temporary seating many audience members stood, rich would have boxes. Intermisisons (up to 24 hours). Elaborate effects (flying in Heaven, smoke and fire from Hell, beheadings, martyrdoms, etc.) were possible, using blood and fire. Heaven and Hell usually placed at opposite ends; usually most elaborate mansions. development of secrets: special effects such as traps, flying, halo effects, Hell Mouth: Opening to hell.
Female Wits
Women writers of the late 17th century (Catharine Trotter, Mary Pix, and Delariviere Manley), Of varied backgrounds, but worked together and all produced plays for public stage , often mocked and criticized in the press for writing for the public stage , Their work was often received with hostility and satirized
Elizabethan
Works done during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
Thomas Killegrew
and Davenant: exclusive royal patents to open theatres (only two people allowed to have theatres in London, Killigrew had been a playwright, Secured monopoly from Charles II and suppressed competition, Killigrew: King's Company (more experienced actors)- a lot of them are successful before the interregnum-older
Comedie Francaise
built in 1689 to house French National Theatre. It refers both to the theatre company and the building itself . Company formed by combining several companies after Moliere's death. Converted tennis court, but with better sight lines (rounded back corners)- improves sightlines for those seated in back
The Globe
built near Rose in late 1590s out of materials from The Theatre, Played there even after 1608, when they used Second Blackfriars , Burned in 1613, rebuilt, New globe built on Conjectural model opened in 1997, Fortune Built by Henslowe/Alleyn North fo city when globe opened
Lords' rooms
the boxes in the bottom gallery
carros
mounted wagons used for Spanish Religious plays, which could be moved into place for the festical and moved elsewhere at other times. Originally plays started with two, over the years that increased to up to three.
Covent Garden
one of the two theatres coverd by the licensing act of 1737.
Theatre du Marais
opened 1634 in converted tennis court, Courts had been used for theatre for a while; this was a permanent conversion.
entremeses
performed between acts (later called sainete), in Comedias.
Boy companies
popularity of drama in schools led to the development of boy's acting troupes. They were first established by Elizabeth I for court entertainments. The boy companies often used an indoor hall the Blackfriars to perform. Formed out of choir schools (St. Pauls was one of the first) in later 1500s, Specialized in comedy, often with singing, Professional by 1600, not on sharing plan
gradas
raked elevated benches in the Spanish Corrales
Jean Georges Noverre
revolutionary in dance. argued against simply physical virtuosity, wated a balnces between virtuoicty and beauty, Beauty= imitation (observation of people, distilled gestures and movement), Led to the development of a new vocabulary of movement based on hyman observation
gracioso
servant or clown (witty fool) character in Spanish Comedia.
societaire
shareholders in an acting company
verisimilitude
the appearance or semblance of truth; likelihood; probability "true to life"
Jacobean
the period during the reign of James I of England.
heavens
the roof connnected to the tiring house in an Elizabethan thetare.
ballet d'action
this is a ballet movement started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760. It involves expression of character and emotion through dancers' bodies and faces, rather than through elaborate costumes and props. The movement began due to Noverre's negative reaction to what he considered the dancers' undue focus on technical expertise and neglect of the true purpose of ballet.
three unities
time all happens within 24 hours, can only travel to places that are close enough, action (causal reactions and timelines).
Marie Anne de Camargo
was a French dancer. The first woman to execute the entrechat quatre, Camargo was also allegedly responsible for two innovations in ballet as she was one of the first dancers to wear slippers instead of heeled shoes, and, while there is no evidence that she was the first female to wear the short calf-length ballet skirt and the now standardized ballet tights, she did help to popularize these.
The Swan
was a theatre in Southwark, London, England, built in 1595 on top of a previously standing structure, during the first half of William Shakespeare's career.It was the fifth in the series of large public playhouses of London, after James Burbage's The Theatre (1576) and Curtain (1577), the Newington Butts Theatre (between 1575 and 1577) and Philip Henslowe's Rose (1587-88).
John Webster
was an English Jacobean dramatist best known for his tragedies The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, which are often regarded as masterpieces of the early 17th-century English stage.[1] His life and career overlapped William Shakespeare's.
King's Men
was the acting company to which William Shakespeare (1564-1616) belonged most of his career. Formerly known as The Lord Chamberlain's Men during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, it became The King's Men in 1603 when King James I ascended the throne and became the company's patron.