exam two environmental policy
The Kyoto Protocol could only enter into force after ratification by fifty-five parties to the convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. a. True b. False
?
The Paris Agreement requires ___________ a.All parties to report emissions b. All parties to report on implementation efforts c.All parties to undergo international review d. All of the above e.A and B only
?
Which of the following seeks to help protect human health and the environment from toxic chemicals and hazardous pesticides by requiring "prior informed consent" before certain substances can be legally imported into countries which request it. a.UNFCC Convention b. Bengal Convention c.Basel Convention d. Rotterdam Convention e.Stockholm Convention f. UNDP g. GEF h. All of the above i. None of the above
?
Which of the following seeks, as its primary mission, to help protect human health and the environment from hazardous wastes? a.UNFCC Convention b. Bengal Convention c.Basel Convention d. Rotterdam Convention e.Stockholm Convention f. UNDP g. GEF h. All of the above i. None of the above
?
A significant threat to the success of the ozone regime is a. Complacency by governments given success to date and the controls already agreed to b. The alienation of developed nations from inflexible policies c. Strained relationships between world superpowers d. The projected dissolution of the Multilateral Fund after 2018 e. All of the above f. None of the above g. Only A and d
a
According to the National Research Council's report, Climate-Change: Lines of Evidence, a significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations began during the Industrial Revolution and is mainly due to human activity, such as using fossil fuels for energy a. True b. False
a
An NGO can be all of the following EXCEPT a.An environmental organization operated by the state b. Affiliated with international NGOs c.A large and domestically focused organization d. A think tank focused on research
a
As temperatures warm, we expect some diseases and parasites to move northward from the tropics. a.True b. False
a
Because achieving reductions in GHG emissions can be cheaper and/or easier for some countries, the perceived economic impacts of various implementations can also impact negotiations. a.True b. False
a
If we want to limit warming to 1.5 degrees by 2100, we likely must stop emitting all GHG by ______________. a. 2060 b. 2020 c. 2050 d. 2100 e.none of the above
a
In the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol, the influence of veto states helped produce: a.Weaker compliance system than lead states had wanted b. More favorable terms for using flexibility mechanisms than environment NGOs had wanted c.Greater state sovereignty with respect to regime operations d. Minimized requirements for providing information on carbon sinks e.All of the Above
a
Increasing energy efficiency will probably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. a. True b. False
a
Joint implementation functions similar to CDM, but encourages cooperation between industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition. a. True b. False
a
OPEC is a group of countries with economies that rely heavily on fossil-fuel extraction and export and oppose measures to reduce GHGs that would significantly impact their economies. a. True b. False
a
One global warming feedback mechanisms involves and is likely accelerated by the reduction of global snow and ice cover. a. True b. False
a
Over the past 100 years, the speed of most glaciers has: a. Increased b. decreased c. stayed the same
a
Some of the chemicals that deplete the ozone layer, and some of the substances developed to replace them, are powerful greenhouse gases. a. True b. False
a
The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement represents an evolution in climate governance and a change in the UNFCCC COP process. a. True b. False
a
The Kyoto Protocol required industries to collectively reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by _____ from 1990 levels. a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% e. 25% f. 30%
a
The Paris Agreement addresses GHG's other than carbon dioxide in its long term goals. a. True b. False
a
The Paris Agreement recognizes the 2 degree target while recognizing the importance of a.True b. False
a
The Paris Agreement requires parties to make nationally determined contributions. a.True b. False
a
The Paris Agreement seeks to use _____________ as a method to hold countries accountable. a.Transparency and Stocktaking b. Monitoring by a new regime committee with enforcement powers c.The Mandatory Oversight Mechanism d. Binding Arbitration e.The Non-Compliance Monitoring and Evaluation Effective Committee f. All of the above g. None of the above
a
The current emissions cuts within the Paris Deal are sufficient to reach the 2 degree target? a.True b. False
a
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was warmer than any other decade since 1850. a. True b. False
a
The first assessment report of the IPCC (1990) acted as the basis for negotiating the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). a.True b. False
a
The impacts on climate change can have profound effects on food stability. a. True b. False
a
and removals in part by supporting enhanced action to sequester it in carbon sinks. The Paris Agreement aims "to achieve a balance" between anthropogenic carbon emissions a. True b. False c. The Paris Agreement does not aim to achieve a balance
a
Countries that are Parties to the ozone regime have fulfilled _____________________, a. many of their obligations, while failing to meet several controversial obligations b. almost all of their current obligations as set out by the regime c. only a few of their obligations d. most of their obligations, except for developing countries where implementation have been largely unsuccessful
b
Described by some as perhaps the most important part of the ozone regime besides the control measures on ODS, the ________________ provides financial assistance to developing countries to transition away from ozone-depleting substances. a. Global Environmental Facility (GEF) b. Multilateral Fund (for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol) c. Adaptation Fund (for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol). d. Environmental Success Fund
b
Detailed study of the impact of possible rising levels of CO2 concentrations is fairly recent, so there is still no global scientific consensus that global warming is a serious problem. a. True b. False
b
Diminishing glaciers not only influence sea-level rise, but also threaten the well-being of as much as one-sixth of the world's population due to their impact on the availability of: a. fresh air b. fresh water c. sunlight d. winter sports e. nachos
b
Due to the release of greenhouse gases, the oceans are becoming more _____. This could have significant consequences on marine organisms which may alter species composition, disrupt marine food webs and potentially damage fishing and tourism activities. a. septic b. acidic c. basic d. coral ridden e. chlorinated f. phosphorescent
b
In emissions trading, typically the party with fewer emissions credits sells credits to parties with extra emissions credits. A. True B. False
b
Most of the recent global warming (last 25 years) has been caused by increased energy output by the sun. a. True b. False
b
Most of the time, countries face equal adjustment costs in a particular regime. a. True b. False
b
Once a state starts playing a particular role in an international environmental negotiation, they can no longer change that role. a. True b. False
b
One obstacle for effective environmental policy is economic interests. CFC and HCFCs, which deplete the ozone layer, are/were linked primarily with which area of economic activity? a. Farming d. Energy Production b. Refrigerants and Air-Conditioning e. Fossil Fuel Production c. Transportation
b
Scientists can't predict the weather more than a few days in advance, so they can't possibly predict the climate of the future. a. True b. False
b
The Earth's climate has changed naturally in the past, therefore humans are not the cause of any current global warming. a. True b. False
b
The GEF __________________. a. oversees the implementation of all international environmental treaties. b. distributes funds to developing countries for projects that address global environmental concerns, including those associated with implementing certain treaties. c. provides key private-sector perspective to international regimes. d. consults with regime Parties on the technological feasibility of all treaty mandates. e. All of the above f. Only a and c. g. None of the above
b
The IPCC says that because climate change is a long-term challenge but does not require urgent action now a.True b. False
b
The decomposition of CFCs releases, among other things ___________________ which then causes the catalytic destruction of ____________________. a. carbon dioxide ... greenhouse effect b. chlorine . . . stratospheric ozone c. climate change .... greenhouse gases d. chlorofluorocarbons ... UV radiation
b
The long-term time structures for environmental systems are well suited to time-horizons of most political and corporate systems. a. True b. False
b
The record snowstorms in the winter of 2010-2011 and the large storms in 2013-2014 in the eastern United States proved global warming is not happening. a. True b. False
b
What are externalities? a. External pressures that influence a country's position on an environmental issue. b. Unintended consequences or side effects of one's actions that are borne by others. c. Issues that are outside the jurisdiction of environmental policy makers. d. Countries that are not involved in environmental policy agreements. e. People who don't dance at parties as much as they should but expect other people to dance.
b
What is the difference between the work of the World Bank and IMF? a.The World Bank consists of developing countries only, while the IMF is made up of many more developed countries. b. The World Bank aims for development assistance to developing countries while the IMF preserves economic growth and stability. c.The IMF works more than the World Bank to encourage environmental sustainability. d. The World Bank is a multilateral financial institution while the IMF is an IGO.
b
What is the function of "soft law"? a.To influence state behavior mandatory actions specified in binding agreements. b. To influence state behavior through codes of conduct, principles, action plans, and norms/ expectations. c.To punish states for violating "hard law." d. To provide formal mechanisms for resolving disagreements between states regarding global environmental issues via forums for binding mediation.
b
Which of the following best describes the concept of an international regime? a.A multi-party authoritarian government ruling an important state b. A set of principles, norms, rules, procedures and institutions that governs or coordinates action in a specific issue of international relations c.A method of unifying the study of international relations and national governance d. A type of national government that has policies which emphasize international issues.
b
Which of the following contributes the most GHG emissions to the atmosphere? a.Nuclear Energy b. Burning of fossil fuels. c.Deforestation linked to agriculture. d. Methane emissions from animals raised for humans to eat. e.All the above contribute equally.
b
Which of the following is NOT true, according to the IPCC findings and predictions? a.Global temperature will most likely rise by another 1.5 C to 2 C by 2100. b. Fewer incidents of extreme climate and weather have been observed since 1950. c.Global mean sea-level rose from 1901 to 2010 d. By 2100, glacial volume could potentially decline by as much as 35-85%
b
A ____________ has a strong commitment to effective international action on an issue, seeks to move the process of negotiations forward, often proposes a negotiating or policy formula as the basis for a potential agreement, and attempts to win the support of other states. a.Veto (or blocking) State c. Lead State e. Implicating State b. Swing State d. Supporting State
c
According other National Research Council's report Climate-Change: Lines of Evidence, what is the main evidence that climate change is occurring? a. The overall evidence does not allow for a firm conclusion regarding temperature patterns. b. Due to natural temperature cycles, Earth will start a new, very mild Ice Age in 30 years. c. Temperatures since the 1880s have consistently increased, especially in the last 35 years. d. All of the above e. A and B only f. None of the above
c
Although considered necessary during negotiations, some believe that _____________ for _____________ now pose challenges to the near-term effectiveness of the ozone regime because it has allowed for the continued usage of methyl bromide in quarantine and shipment applications, as well in certain agricultural sectors. a. the need for a NGO consensus ............... reaching decisions b. funding for developing nations ............... starting negotiations c. exemptions ...................................... methyl bromide d. consensus requirements..........................holding a COP e. All of the above f. Only A and c g. None of the above
c
At what point did humans start to add significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere? a. Ice age b. Great depression c. Industrial revolution d. Mesozoic era e. 1915 f. 1650 g. Tuesday h. Wednesday
c
Complacency" as evidence of the ozone regime's success? Which of the following in not listed by Downie in the article, "Still No Time for a. The indirect reduction of certain greenhouse gas emissions b. The declining production and consumption of ODS c. The accepted implementation of carbon pricing d. The record levels of ratification of all of the major ozone regime agreements e. The level of country implementation and compliance for Montreal Protocol measures f. A and D g. C and C h. C and E
c
How did/does the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) work? a.CDM incentivizes non-governmental organizations to assist developing countries in obtaining clean energy by providing NGOs in developing countries with loans for solar energy projects b. CDM puts in place a carbon-trading system. c.CDM allows developed countries to invest in green projects in developing countries while receive extra emission credits for it. d. A and C only e.B and C Only
c
In what year does the Paris Deal enter into force? a.2015 b. 2018 c. 2020 d. 2025 e. 2030
c
In what year was the first scientific paper published showing how significant increases in atmospheric CO2 could increase temperatures on earth. a. 1776 b. 1866 c. 1896 d. 1946 e. 1974 f. 1992
c
International environmental policy with respect to migratory species, trade in endangered species, global biodiversity, protection of species, ocean dumping, transnational rives, hazardous waste, toxic chemicals, stratospheric ozone __________________________, a. is uniformly effective but has varying levels of specificity. b. is relatively uniform in its specificity, effectiveness and significance. c. varies in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance. d. is uniformly ineffective but similarly designed.
c
The National Research Council's report Climate Change: Lines of Evidence lists several already observed changes and impacts due to climate change. Which is NOT one of these observations? a. Temperature increase in the winter and summer b. Loss of Arctic Sea Ice c. Sharp decrease in agricultural food production d. Sea level rise and ocean acidification e. Loss of species and biodiversity, and increase of pests towards the poles. f. None of the above. No changes have been observed. This is a trick question.
c
The Paris Agreement classifies which country as a developing nation, allowing this country to take more time to develop a.USA b. Asia c. China d. EU e. Turkey
c
The amount of CO2 emitted per US$1 of GDP has dropped by nearly 25 per cent since 1992, underlining that: a. GDP is becoming less expensive to produce. b. CO2 does not vary with oil production except in certain countries. c. Some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred. d. The use of energy is unrelated to GDP. e. Newer mobile phones use far more energy despite claims by manufacturers. f. Miles Davis' stunning arrangements on the album Kind of Blue remain unappreciated.
c
What does anarchy in international relations refer to? a.Chaos and destruction b. Lack of coordination between international regimes c.Absence of hierarchy or world government d. A state of perpetual war and conflict between countries e.The impact of negative externalities
c
What does the IPCC cite as evidence that human activity contributing to global warming is having dramatic effects? a.Changing weather patterns and extremes b. Increased ocean temperature c.Melting ice caps and glaciers d. All of the above e.None of the above. IPCC only examines models based on past climate change
d
What methods can a state attempt to use to influence other state actors? a. Use diplomatic clout to sway international organization to support its position b. Encourage NGOs worldwide to support its position in other countries c. Pledge to commit financial or technical resources to address the problem d. All of the above e. None of the above f. a and c only
d
Which factors can help give an NGO influence in global environmental politics? a.Expert knowledge b. Goals transcending national interest c.Political mobilization of constituencies d. All of the above e.B and C only f. None of the above
d
Which non-governmental organization put pressure on policy makers by publishing a report that exposed 1,000 cases of illegal hazardous waste exportations? a.World Wildlife Foundation b. The Sierra Club c.Arcade Fire d. Greenpeace e. World Resources Institute f. WEO
d
Which of the following is NOT a policy changes called for in the Executive Orders (13653 and 13690) as a means of responding to the effects of climate change? a. modernize Federal programs to support climate-resilient investments b. plan for climate change related risks to Federal facilities, operations, and programs; and c. provide the information, data, and tools that state, local, and private-sector leaders need to make smart decisions to improve preparedness and resilience. d. Mandate that states impose new gasoline taxes e. new flood risk management standard for new and rebuilt Federally-funded structures
d
Which of the following is true of emission trading systems: a.Countries or companies that are able exceed emissions reductions would be allowed to sell excess reductions, or credits, to a country that has trouble meeting targets. b. Emission trading allows countries or companies with inexpensive options to make more reduction and countries with expensive options to do less. c.If emissions trading were successful, it would encourage greater technological advances while simultaneously achieving GHG reductions for a lower cost. d. All of the above are true. e.A and C only
d
Why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern? a. The greenhouse effect would not be as efficient and the temperature of Earth would decrease. b. The greenhouse effect would be more efficient and the temperature of Earth would increase. c. Plant life would no longer have the ozone it needs for photosynthesis to create chlorophyll. d. More ultraviolet radiation from the sun would reach the Earth's surface. e. all of the above f. none of the above
d
From an economist's perspective, environmental issues are primarily the result of a. Under-consumption b. Externalities c. Effective markets d. Equalized production e. Economies of Scale f. Too few opportunities to dance
e
How much warmer or cooler, in Celsius, would the average global surface temperature be now without the natural greenhouse effect? a. 5-12° warmer b. 5-12° cooler c. No change d. 30°- 33° warmer e 30°- 33° cooler
e
If countries continue to implement their commitments under the amended Montreal Protocol: a.the greenhouse effect should be stabilized this century. b. GHG emissions will freeze by 2050. c.They should be able to reach an agreement to reduce GHG emissions and eliminate emissions of ozone-depleting substances d. The ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2015. e.The ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover by 2050. f. The ozone layer over most parts of the world should fully recover between 2100 and 2150.
e
Scientific uncertainty and complexity regarding a problem's _____________ can create an obstacle for creating effective environmental policy. a. Scope b. Impact c. Severity d. Time frame e. All of the above f. None of the above g. A and D only
e
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol required: a. Different industrialized countries to reduce GHG emissions by differing percentages. b. Industrialized countries to addressed six different GHSs: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, perflourocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. c. Large developing countries to reduce CO2 emissions to 1992 levels, as industrialized countries were previously required to do under the 1992 UNFCCC. d. All of the above. e. A and B only f. A and C only g. A and D only
e
The Paris Agreement is unlike previous agreements in that it ________________. a.Establishes binding admissions targets by all nations b. Has been ratified by the US Congress c.Encompasses the US, China and India d. Contains sufficient commitments to meet the 2 degree goal. e.All of the above f. A and B only g. A and C only h. C and D only
e
The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, and its amendments are the only global environmental treaties to _________________________. a. have China as a full and active Party b. have the USA as a full and active Party c. have been ratified by a majority of developing countries d. have been ratified by the United States e. have been ratified by all countries f. None of the above g. A and C
e
The global human population is expected to surpass _________ in 2050 and _______ in 2100. e.9 billion f. 11 billion .... 11 billion .... 12 billion .... 4 billion .... 5 billion a.2 billion b. 3 billion c.5 billion d. 7 billion .... 8 billion
e
The ozone regime currently does not include binding rules to eliminate ______________. a. CFC production and use (excluding exemptions) b. HCFC production and use (excluding exemptions) c. Halons production and use (excluding exemptions) d. Methyl Bromide production and use (excluding exemptions) e. Millions of tons of CFCs, HCFC, and other ODS found in obsolete equipment and materials f. All of the Above g. None of the Above
e
To influence environmental policy, corporations use a number of different strategies, including: a.Lobbying delegations to the negotiating conference on an environmental regime. b. Funding and distributing targeted research and other information supportive of their interests. c.Lobbying national governments prior to the start of negotiations d. Attempting to influence public opinion on certain issues e.All of the above f. None of the above
e
Treaty secretariats have a number of core tasks. These include: a.Preparing and transmitting reports based on information received from the COP and subsidiary bodies. b. Preparing reports on secretariat implementation activities for the COP. c.Compiling and analyzing scientific, economic, and social data and information. d. Providing guidance and advice to parties when requested. e.All of the above. f. A, B, and C only.
e
What impact does the international economic system have on the environment? a. It encourages low-cost production and thus environmental degradation. b. It does not factor in externalities and costs to society. c. Industries sometimes push for environmental policy for economic reasons. d. The impact is often case-by-case, depending on the issue and patterns of economic interests. e. All of the above f. None of the above
e
Which of the following are key constituent elements of a global environmental treaty regime? a. Principles b. Rules c. Norms d. Institutions e. All of the above f. Only b and d
e
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of roles that a state might take in global environmental negotiations, as discussed in Downie and Chasek? a.Veto (or blocking) State c. Lead State e. Implicating State b. Swing State d. Supporting State
e
Which two countries have the largest total national carbon footprints a.China and Indonesia b. India and Brazil c.China and Brazil d. USA and France e. China and USA f. USA and Russia
e
Why do states sometimes fail to translate regime treaties into domestic policy? a. Domestic interest groups and politicians may prevent a treaty's ratification. b. National or local bureaucratic agencies lack expertise and capacity to carry out the treaty. c. Because most states sign environmental treaties without the intention of complying d. All of the above e. a and b only f. a and c only
e
To which i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. of the following impacts of climate change are coastal areas vulnerable? Higher sea levels Storm surges Flooding Droughts All of the above A, B, and C only
e all the above
Treaty Secretariats: a. b. c. d. e. f. Compile and prepare negotiation reports Initiate conferences to follow up on treaties Draft documents and reports as requested by Parties Provide Parties with expert guidance and advice All of the above Only A, B and C
e all the above
Ground-level ozone pollution is: a.sometimes also called tropospheric ozone b. harmful to people with asthma c.potentially harmful to athletes d. harmful to many animals and plants e.an air pollutant f. all of the above g. none of the above
f
The discovery of the "ozone hole" ____________________________. a. led many countries to reject the idea that CFCs could cause environmental harm b. helped to sway public opinion in some counties in support of controlling CFCs c. provided an argument for countries who supported a global ban on CFCs to restart negotiations d. helped to create agreement in 1985 to completely phase-out CFCs by 2015 e. Both a and b f. Both b and c
f
The ozone regime has the potential to help a. Create less-toxic hazardous waste b. Reduce mercury pollution c. Reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants d. Reduce emissions of certain high-GWP GHG e. Reduce emissions of high-LCD corporations f. All of the above
f
How does anarchy in international politics hamper environmental regimes? a. It makes international cooperation difficult due to state competition. b. States might distrust and thus fear that they might defect on their commitments. c. It leads to a world government focused on economic issues rather than protection of human health and the environment d. It leads to a situation in which small states always have surprising influence e. None of the above f. All of the above g. a and b only h. b and c only
g
Which of the following is a mechanism used to achieve reduction targets in the Paris Agreement? a.Ratcheting b. Stocktaking c.Binding targets d. Acclimating e.Potentiating f. All of the above g. A and B only
g
Because national governments assert an exclusive right to act in global environmental politics, cities, states, and provinces always play insignificant role in addressing environmental problems. A. True B. False
b
A framework convention usually establishes detailed and binding commitments. a. True b. False
b
All provisions of the Paris Agreement are legally binding. a. True b. False
b
Approximately how much higher above the preindustrial average between 1850 and 1900 was the earth's average temperature in 2015? a.No change b. 1 degree Celsius c.3 degrees Celsius d. 7 degrees Celsius e.None of the above
b
As a result of the ozone regime the production of most but not all ODSs, including CFCs, halon, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform ___________________. a. have been reduced significantly in the industrialized world while progress elsewhere is difficult to track. b. have been almost completely eliminated c. continue to be produced due to the inability of some countries to enforce international law.
b
As explained in the National Research Council's report Climate-Change: Lines of Evidence. projections of global warming effects include higher total precipitation globally, decreased risk of fire, and decreasing temperatures after 2100. A. True B. False
b
What is the precautionary principle, as stated in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration? a. "...wherein there is a situation that has caused irrevocable environmental harm due to the inactivity of the heads of state, those individuals will be held accountable for the damage to the fullest extent..." b. "When dealing with transnational environmental injury, no state will reject another state's request to proactively set boundaries as to the activity of the visiting state, so as to prevent the injury of the visited nation's natural resources." c. "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation." d. "No environmental agreements will be set forth without the consent of all parties involved to ensure that all will participate."
c
What of the following groups of nations with few indigenous fossil-fuel resources have learned to maintain high living standards while reducing their use of fossil fuels? a.Italy, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Turkey, USA. b. UK, France, Venezuela, Poland, and the Netherlands. c.Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. d. USA, Brazil, Germany, France and Australia e.China, India, France, South Africa, Japan, Germany f. All of the above
c
What year was the first threat to the ozone discovered? a. 1894 b. 1934 c. 1974 d. 1994e. 2014
c
Which best describes corporations' stance on international policies? a.They always opt for less global regulation on their particular industry. b. They are among the most supportive actors of environmental regimes. c.Their stances and interests can vary greatly by industry, country, regime, and corporation. d. They behave according to whether they are north or south corporations. e.All of the above.
c
Which countries are likely among the top 5 CO2 emitters in the world? a. Brazil, Mexico, Italy, Australia b. France, Germany, Belgium, UK c. China, USA, India, Russia d. China, USA, Germany, France
c
Which country currently emits the most greenhouse gases? a.India c. China b. The United Kingdom d. The United States e. Brazil f. Russia
c
Which foundational principle of international law limits the scope and effectiveness of international environmental policy the most? a.Precautionary principle c. Sovereignty b. Bounded-Free trade d. Enlightened self-interest
c
Which institution of the Montreal Protocol likely contributed most to the initial participation of large developing countries? a. The Opportunity and Economic Assessment and Assistance Panel b. The Ozone Equipment Technical Evaluation c. The Multilateral Fund d. GEF e. The Environmental Damage Estimate Panel f. None of the above g. Only A and D
c
Which is NOT one of the "flexibility mechanisms" in the Kyoto Protocol? a. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) c. Multilateral Fund b. Joint Implementation d. Emissions Trading
c
Which is generally NOT considered an obstacle to effective national implementation of a treaty? a. Inability to monitor and report b. Costs of compliance c. Pressure from other states not to comply after a treaty enters into force d. Insufficient capacity to implement, administer, or enforce domestic policy
c
Which of the following gases is most responsible for the greenhouse effect? a. oxygen (O2) b. nitrogen (N2) c. carbon dioxide (CO2) d. ozone (O3) e. ammonia (NH3) f. CFCs
c
Which of the following in not a reason that states are considered the most powerful actors in the international system, and in global environmental politics? a.States are the "unit" of policy in the international system and thus have the legal recognized authority to negotiate rules for people, companies, etc within their borders b. States generally have a monopoly on legitimate use of force. c.Governments of states have been proven to always care more about the environment than other actor. d. States have legal control over economic policy, environmental policy, and related law. e.States generally possess the most resources (political; economic; diplomatic).
c
Which of the following is a prime health risk associated with greater UV radiation through the atmosphere due to depletion of stratospheric ozone? a.Damage to digestive system b. Increased liver cancer c.Increased skin cancer d. Increased asthma e.Neurological disorder
c
Which organization is known for providing grants as the "largest international funder of projects that specifically address global environmental issues?" a.International Monetary Fund e. UNEP b. North American Environment and Development Bank c.Global Environment Facility g. EPA d. Sustainable Development Promotion Organization
c
Which principal international entity is charged by member states with the task of researching and establishing a common factual basis on climate change? a. UNEP c. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) b. NASA d. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
c
under the paris agreement, countries must submit new nationally determined contributions every ______________. 131. a. Year b. Two years c.Five years d. Ten years e.None of the above
c
According other National Research Council's report Climate-Change: Lines of Evidence, what do a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. the vast majority of climate scientists believe is the main cause of climate change? Natural temperature rises and decreases The sun and increase in its energy Human activities, especially burning of fossil fuels Respiration from humans. Increased photosynthesis. All of the Above A and B only None of the above - there is no consensus.
c human activites
Actions taken by a lead state in support of creating a strong global environmental regime might include: a. Having a strong commitment to effective national action on the specific issue. b. Moving the negotiations forward by proposing its frameworks for an agreement. c. Attempting to win the support of other state actors. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
d
Among developing countries, the strongest greenhouse gas mitigation measures are favored by: a. G-77 b. Brazil and Venezuela c. India and Kenya d. AOSIS
d
Even though the production of new CFCs has been largely curtailed, an enormous source of CFCs can be found in __________________. a. New refrigerators currently being used in the United States b. Currently sold aerosol spray cans c. Paint and cleaning solvents d. Obsolete refrigeration equipment and other waste, including some foams e. Aircraft supply systems f. All of the above g. None of the above
d
Given the contents of the IPCC report, which of these statements is likely true? a. Human influences have likely affected the global water cycle and its patterns since 1960. b. There is very high confidence that glaciers continue to shrink and lose mass world- wide, with very few exceptions. c. Seawater has become more acidic (its pH has decreased by 0.1) since the beginning of the industrial era due to humanity's carbon dioxide emissions; it will continue to acidify during the 21st century. d. All of the above e. B and C only f. None of the above
d
How can subsidies potentially harm the environment? a.By providing money and resources to industries that deplete natural resources such as fisheries and fossil fuels. b. They can reduce the price paid for products or practices that harm the environment. c.They can decrease incentive for companies to switch to sustainable practices. d. All of the above e.Only A and C.
d
In 1900, the global human population was about 1.6 billion. What is it today? a.About 1.5 billion b. About 3 billion c.About 5 billion d. About 7 billion e. About 9 billion f. About 11 billion
d
The Antarctic "ozone hole" is projected to probably: a. Never recover b. Worsen significantly within the next two decade and then plateau c. Remain unchanged for the next 200 years d. Recover almost entirely in this century or the next
d
The IPCC reports confirms that a.It is likely (50%-75 probability) that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to natural causes b. It is extremely likely (90-100% probability) that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to natural causes c.It is unlikely (20-50% probability) that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to human influence d. It is extremely likely (90-100% probability) that most of the warming since 1950 has been due to human influence e.A and C
d
The Sea level in New York Harbor has risen how much since 1990? a.1 inch b. 4 inches c. 10 centimeters d. 1 foot e. 4 feet f. 10 feet
d
The effect to create the Paris Agreement was successful in part because .... a.There was no "plan B" if the deal fell apart b. The foundation was laid in the Copenhagen Accord c.The positions of several key developing countries had changed d. It gave new hope to the UN climate-change process and to environmental multilateralism e.All of the above
d
What are adjustment costs in the context of global environmental politics? a. The cost to a state's reputation if the state does not adjust to renewable energy b. The cost of human activity on the environment c. A state's costs of conducting negotiations, research, and monitoring d. The economic, social, and political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy.
d
What determines the effectiveness of an environmental regime? a.Regime design: provisions addressing the environmental threat, reporting, monitoring, and financial assistance b. Level of implementation: extent to which countries adopt legislation to enact the agreement c.Compliance: the degree to which countries observe regulations and norms d. All of the above e.B and C only
d
Which of the following is NOT a way in which climate change will effect military resources and preparedness a. Installations near the coastline are threatened by erosion and sea level rise b. Intensified heat waves present challenges to outdoor training c. May affect DOD military supplies including purchase, transport and storage d. Strained access to resources, damaged infrastructure and mass migration threaten the stability of regions e. Strained access to resources, damaged infrastructure and mass migration create environments ripe for terrorist activity f. Impact the design of weapons creations g. Increased installation costs due to damages caused by weather h. All of the above are ways that climate change will effect military resources and preparedness i. None of the above are ways that climate change will effect military resources and preparedness
h
Methyl bromide use continues, and potentially harms the ozone layer, despite binding targets for its a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. elimination because of _____________________. the inability of countries to detect the source of methyl bromide emissions the difficulty enforcing mandatory bans of methyl bromide in developed countries a broad exemptions for critical agricultural uses a broad exemption for quarantine and pre-shipment applications a broad exemption for manufacturing uses All of the above None of the Above C and D only A and D only B and C only
h c and d only
Economic factors that positively impacted the development of the ozone regime include: a. CFCs accounted for an increasing small percentage of revenue for their major manufacturers in OECD countries. b. The market for air-conditioning proved far smaller in developing countries than anticipated. c. Manufacturers of CFCs discovered they could produce substitutes d. CFC substitutes proved approximately 175% less expensive to produce e. Countries created large subsidies for manufacturers to produce CFCs f. All of the above g. None of the above h. Only A and B i. Only A and C j. Only A, B, and D k. Only B and C
i
Which of the following actions would not reduce global warming if they were done worldwide (more than one answer can be circled) a.Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy b. Ensuring that toxic waste is treated appropirately c.Planting trees d. Eating less beef e.Reducing tropical deforestation f. Switching from gasoline to electric cars g. Increasing public transportation h. Switching to more efficient light bulbs i. Stop punching holes in the ozone layer with rockets j. Insulating buildings more effectively k. Placing larger taxes on fossil fuels while cutting income taxes
i
The complete phase out of HCFCs is difficult because of ___________________. a. new uses being introduced to the market on a massive since the phase-out was announced. b. disagreements in the scientific community over the extent to which HCFCs harm ozone. c. demands by corporations that HCFCs be used as pesticides in the farming sector. d. Some smuggling and illegal use of HCFCs. e. The need for inexpensive refrigeration and air-conditioning in developing countries. f. All of the above. g. None of the above. h. Only A and E. i. Only B and C. j. Only C and E. k. Only D and E.
k
