EXAM TWO: INTRO
Neil is a law enforcement officer who uses the CompStat process in his daily work. Neil is most likely engaged in activities that relate to which part of the police mission?
Predicting crime
What is the largest level of law enforcement in the United States today?
Private protective services
Why is private security believed to have been largely responsible for the recent decade-long decline in reported crime?
Private security activities limit opportunity for potential criminals.
The broken windows model of policing focuses on which type of offenses?
Quality of life
James has been arrested and charged with burglary. His first appearance before a court must take place within _______ after his arrest.
48 hours
Which of the following statements regarding dying declarations is true? A.)The person making the dying declaration does not have to be aware of their impending death for the statement to be admissible in court. B.)A dying declaration must be related to the cause and the circumstances of the person's imminent death. C.)If an individual gives a dying declaration and survives, the statement is not admissible in court. D.)A dying declaration is inadmissible in court because it violates the hearsay rule.
A dying declaration must be related to the cause and the circumstances of the person's imminent death.
Brian, a suspect in a robbery case, signs a document which says that the trial court can seize his house and car if he does not appear on his trial date. Which of the following alternatives to bail does this scenario illustrate? A.)A signature bond B.)Conditional release C.)Release on recognizance D.)A property bond
A property bond
Which agency is most likely to be found in a state that uses a centralized model of state policing? A.)A law enforcement division B.)A state police agency C.)A state bureau of investigation D.)Highway patrol
A state police agency
Which of the following is an example of documentary evidence? A.)Fingerprints found at the crime scene B.)A firearm C.)A video recording D.)Eyewitness testimony
A video recording
A grand jury is held in secret and only hears evidence presented by the prosecutor. What else is true regarding grand juries ?
A way to filter out cases that do not have enough evidence to go forward in system.
Jim is charged with manslaughter and is indigent, so he cannot afford to hire an attorney. He is being defended by Alison, a criminal attorney whose name was selected at random from a list of all criminal lawyers practicing in the jurisdiction of the trial court. Alison is not receiving her normal fee but is being paid at a rate set by the state government. What form of indigent defense is being used in this scenario?
An assigned counsel system
the defendant hears chargers and enters plea at which type of hearing?
Arraignment
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates an arraignment? A.)Arun, who is accused of homicide, is brought before a judge and allowed to enter a plea. B.)Deborah, who is accused of robbery, is released on deposit bail. C.)William is arrested for murdering his neighbor and immediately brought before a magistrate, who advises William of his rights and outlines the charges against him. D.)Santiago, who is accused of rape, is released when his attorney gives assurance that Santiago will appear in court as required.
Arun, who is accused of homicide, is brought before a judge and allowed to enter a plea.
What is a criticism of public defenders and public defender programs?
Because public defenders typically have huge caseloads, they may use plea bargaining excessively.
Ronnie is a county sheriff and Sam is the chief of a city police department. Which of the following is true of both Ronnie and Sam? A,)Both lead agencies that are responsible for patrolling state highways in their jurisdiction. B.)Both are appointed by the mayor. C.)Both head up local law enforcement agencies. D.)Both are elected officials.
Both head up local law enforcement agencies.
______ provides a computerized forensic database of DNA profiles of offenders convicted of serious crimes such as murder, rape, and other sexual assaults.
CODIS
Which of the following cases would be heard by a court with appellate jurisdiction? A.)Matt pleads guilty to burglary in exchange for a reduced sentence. B.)Mary is found guilty of shoplifting but asks the court for leniency at sentencing. C.)Jacob is arrested and tried for murder. D.)Carlos is found guilty of sexual assault and asks a higher court to review his conviction.
Carlos is found guilty of sexual assault and asks a higher court to review his conviction.
Which statement regarding female police officers is true? A.)Female officers tend to be more satisfied working as uniformed officers. B.)Research suggests that female officers see themselves as police officers first, and women second. C.)Child-rearing demands are a major factor contributing to the resignation of female officers. D.)Stress and frustration tends to be lower among female officers who have spent more years on the job.
Child-rearing demands are a major factor contributing to the resignation of female officers.
Which statement is true regarding circuit court judges, who are members of the U.S. courts of appeals? A.)Circuit court judges are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. B.)Circuit court judges are required to have served as a federal district court judge prior to appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals. C.)In most cases, a criminal appeal from a federal district court will be heard by all the judges of a circuit. D.)Circuit court judges frequently agree to hear appeals from any district court, not just those located within their own judicial circuit.
Circuit court judges are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
What is the newest progressive strategy to address the causes of crime and reducing the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving strategies and police-community partnerships?
Community policing
The Wickersham Commission focused on what aspect of American policing
Corruption
Which of the following is designed to reduce the number of jurisdictions in the American court system? A.)Statistical measurements B.)Sequestration C.)Court-watch D.)Court unification
Court-watch
Which of the following is not an element of community policing?
Decreased use of patrol reserving it for emergencys.
Donna is a county sheriff. How did she most likely obtain this position?
Donna was elected.
Which statement is true about early involvement of women in policing? A.)Prior to the appointment of the first policewoman in the early twentieth century, police departments did not employ women, other than occasionally to work as cleaners or secretaries. B.)Early policewomen primarily worked with women and children, rather than providing the same types of police services as male officers. C.)Although police departments started employing police women in the early twentieth century, it was not until the 1960s that women began to hold higher-ranked administrative positions in policing. D.)The movement to involve women in policing was a fairly isolated phenomenon, as women generally only worked in low-status non-professional fields.
Early policewomen primarily worked with women and children, rather than providing the same types of police services as male officers.
a defendant has a right to an automatic appeal of the verdict in their state case to a lower court (TRUE OR FALSE)
FALSE
appellate jurisdiction means the court may hear the case from the beginning until judgement (TRUE OR FALSE)
FALSE
service style of policing would allow it officers to use little discretion and goes strictly by (TRUE OR FALSE)
FALSE
team policing reorganizes patrol so that the officers have a closer relationship with each other and know how each other will respond to an emergency anywhere in the district (TRUE OR FALSE)
FALSE
When there is new evidence of innocence, the federal court will step in and require the state court to conduct a new trial (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
factual guilt and legal guilt are the same thing (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
What does a change of venue involve?
Holding the trial in a different jurisdiction
The U.S. Coast Guard is part of the Department of ______.
Homeland Security
In the context of police organization and structure, which of the following activities is most likely to be carried out by someone assigned to staff operations? A.)Preventive patrol by a police officer B.)Investigative work by a police detective C.)Human resources administration work by a HR professional D.)Traffic management by a traffic officer
Human resources administration work by a HR professional
Which statement is true regarding private policing globally? A.)The reconstruction of policing worldwide is occurring primarily in countries with a strong economic system already in place. B.)In most democratic countries, people spend more time in places where visible crime prevention is provided by governmental police agencies. C.)In most democratic countries, private police outnumber public police. D.)Private protective services have become an important adjunct to law enforcement activities in the U.S. but are less important in other parts of the world.
In most democratic countries, private police outnumber public police.
Scott works for a law enforcement agency that focuses on terrorism and transnational crime. Which policing style is Scott most likely to be engaged in to assist his agency's mission? A.)Community policing style B.)Service style of policing C.)Intelligence-led policing D.)NLETS policing
Intelligence-led policing
Which statement regarding the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory Division is true? A.)It provides free laboratory services to law enforcement agencies throughout the U.S. B.)It is one of only four full-service federal forensic laboratories located across the United States. C.)It provides training to federal, state, and local law enforcement officers, as well as international officers. D.)It is limited in size and scope, compared to other national crime laboratories around the world.
It provides free laboratory services to law enforcement agencies throughout the U.S.
Which statement regarding evidence-based policing is true? A.)It argues that we are all entitled to our own facts. B.)It is an outdated methodology that was used to research crime at the start of the nineteenth century. C.)It uses research on the outcomes of police work to guide police in future decision-making. D)It focuses on evidence that is gathered for use in criminal trials.
It uses research on the outcomes of police work to guide police in future decision-making.
Jack is employed in the state court system. He is responsible for ensuring that the court system operates smoothly and efficiently. What is his role?
Jake is a state court administrator.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be qualified to be a judge in Freemont City? A.)Micah is 32 years old. He has a bachelor's degree in criminal justice and a master's degree in public administration from Rutgers University. Micah grew up in Freemont City and lives there with his wife, who is a practicing attorney, and their young son. B.)Jose is 28 years old. He has a law degree from George Washington University Law School and now lives in Freemont City with his husband and their daughter. Jose is a member of the state bar and is a licensed attorney. C.)Lois is 30 years old. She has a law degree from Harvard University School of Law and has worked as a law clerk in Freemont City for the last five years. She lives in Kent Town, about 10 miles outside of Freemont City. D.)Shreya is 35 years old. She has a law degree from Yale University School of Law and a master's degree in public administration from Brown University. Shreya is a practicing attorney in Townsville, which is just across the state line from Freemont City.
Jose is 28 years old. He has a law degree from George Washington University Law School and now lives in Freemont City with his husband and their daughter. Jose is a member of the state bar and is a licensed attorney.
Which large American city conducted the first major social research study of police practices? A.)New York City B.)Philadelphia C.)Boston D.)Kansas City
Kansas City
Which of the following is an example of circumstantial evidence? A.)Marie, who is accused of murdering her boyfriend, confesses on the stand to having committed the crime. B.)When Max robs a bank, his image is recorded on a CCTV camera installed in the bank. The CCTV footage is submitted as evidence. C.)Kim notices Rob leave her boss's office in a hurry. Several minutes later, she enters the office and finds her boss dead. She testifies to this fact in a court. D.)Jeremy sees Nick threaten a store clerk at gunpoint and collect the money from the cash register before exiting the store. Jeremy testifies to this fact in a court.
Kim notices Rob leave her boss's office in a hurry. Several minutes later, she enters the office and finds her boss dead. She testifies to this fact in a court.
Which of the following officers is most likely to be assigned to either criminal investigation or highway patrol? A.)Steve, who is a federal law enforcement agent B.)Maya, who works for a state law enforcement agency in North Carolina C.)Lea, who is a member of the Pennsylvania State Police D.)Abdul, who is a member of the Flying Squad
Lea, who is a member of the Pennsylvania State Police
which type of opinion by the US Supreme Court is agreed upon and considered the "opinion of the court"
Majority
Which of the following attorneys is most likely to be a public defender? A.)Adam has been charged with murder and cannot afford to hire an attorney. Roger is a criminal attorney in a large law firm who has been selected from a list of practicing criminal attorneys in the state to represent Adam. B.)Rick has been charged with attempted murder and cannot afford to hire an attorney. Sean is a full-time employee of the state and is conducting criminal proceedings on behalf of the state. C.)Mark has been charged with rape and cannot afford to hire an attorney. Farah is a full-time employee of the state and has been appointed to represent him. D.)Steve has been charged with embezzlement. He is paying Nadia, a partner in a large criminal law firm, to represent him.
Mark has been charged with rape and cannot afford to hire an attorney. Farah is a full-time employee of the state and has been appointed to represent him.
Which of the following is characteristic of community-oriented policing? A.)Micha, the chief of a municipal police department, focuses on the need to develop a partnership between his department and the community to address problems of crime and fear of crime. B.)Zach, the chief of a municipal police department, assigns groups of officers semi-permanently to specific neighborhoods. The officers are expected to become familiar with the neighborhood residents and their problems and concerns. C.)Lana, the chief of a municipal police department, appoints several public relations officers to provide a variety of services to the community, such as neighborhood watch programs, drug-awareness workshops, and victims' assistance programs. D.)José, the chief of a municipal police department, emphasizes professional crime fighting but also encourages officers to focus on enforcement of non-traditional crimes such as white-collar crime and computer crime.
Micha, the chief of a municipal police department, focuses on the need to develop a partnership between his department and the community to address problems of crime and fear of crime.
Mike is being arraigned in court. Which of the following is most likely to occur during his arraignment? A.)The court will hold a pretrial release hearing. B.)Mike will be asked to enter a plea. C.)Mike will for the first time be formally informed of the charges against him. D.)The prosecutor will file an accusatory document with the court.
Mike will be asked to enter a plea.
Although Kairin has not pleaded guilty, the court is treating him as if he has. What plea has Kairin entered?
Nolo contendere
Which U.S Supreme Court case protects the right of the indigent to receive appropriate counsel in a death penalty case
Powell V Alabama
Which statement regarding release on recognizance (ROR) is true? A.)Defendants on ROR are required to report to an officer of the court or police officer at designated times. B.)ROR requires defendants to agree in writing to return for hearings as specified by the court. C.)ROR allows the defendant to consign land, houses, stocks, or other items of value to the court as collateral, in place of cash. D.)ROR results in the pretrial detention of the defendant.
ROR requires defendants to agree in writing to return for hearings as specified by the court.
Mariana is a criminology student who has been studying the Kansas City research. Based on the results of these studies, which of the following statements is Mariana most likely to support? A.)Random patrol helps to reduce citizens' fear of crime. B.)Increasing the number of officers on patrol reduces preventable crimes. C.)Random patrol was an effective way to keep unforeseen crimes under control. D.)Rapid response to citizen reports of crime did not increase police ability to arrest suspects.
Rapid response to citizen reports of crime did not increase police ability to arrest suspects.
What was the legacy of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)?
Research supported by LEAA funding established a tradition of scientific police management during the 1970s.
Which of the following measures is strongly linked to citizen satisfaction of police performance? A.)Use of fusion centers B.)Response time C.)Preliminary investigation D.)Policing style
Response time
Bob is accused of committing a robbery. Because he is indigent, Ann has been appointed to represent him. Rodney, who claims to have seen Bob commit the act, is subpoenaed by Tyler, the prosecutor, to describe the event at trial. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is true?
Rodney, a lay witness, is a nonprofessional courtroom participant.
Which of the following law enforcement officials is involved in a line operations activity? A.)Chan, who is responsible for training new recruits in his department B.)Sean, who is assigned to patrol a specific area of the neighborhood C.)Brad, who is preparing a budget for his department D.)Jessica, who is in charge of infrastructure management of a law enforcement facility
Sean, who is assigned to patrol a specific area of the neighborhood
Which of the following is information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity? A.)Computer-aided dispatch B.)Solvability factor C.)CAPRA D.)SARA
Solvability factor
_______ refers to the number of personnel or units that a particular commander supervises.
Span of control
British police practices were codified in the ______, which was written in 1285.
Statute of Winchester
The broken window theory indicates that an area that is in disrepair, where disorderly public behavior is tolerated pushes the law abiding indoors and allows the criminal element to flourish. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Vigilantism has a negative connotation today, but in the early frontier it was necessary due to the vastness of the area which required the pioneers to do what?
Take the law into their own hands
During a criminal trial, the judge employs the Daubert standard to determine whether which of the following items of evidence is admissible?
Testimony from a physician explaining the level of accuracy of DNA evidence
Which of the following includes representatives from the Department of Defense, the Secret Service, and the Central Intelligence Agency? A.)The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) B.)The Office of Security and Law Enforcement C.)The Federal Protective Service D.)The Legats
The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)
Which factor is most likely to affect the extent to which local police departments engage in activities related to preventing terrorism? A.)The assessed likelihood of attack B.)Participation in the International Justice and Public Safety Information Sharing Network (NLETS) C.)The style of policing used in the department D.)The presence of a fusion center
The assessed likelihood of attack
Which member of the courtroom work group is responsible for maintaining custody of physical evidence during a trial? A.)The attorney who introduces the evidence B.)The judge C.)The clerk of court D.)The court reporter
The clerk of court
Under the American system of justice, criminal trials are built around a(n) ______ system
adversarial
Which statement is true regarding the decentralized model of state police organization? A.)Under the decentralized model, the task of patrolling state highways is delegated to local police departments. B.)The decentralized model creates separate agencies for traffic enforcement and other law enforcement functions. C.)The decentralized model combines the tasks of major investigative operations with patrol of state highways. D.)Criminal investigation is not a responsibility of state agencies under the decentralized model.
The decentralized model creates separate agencies for traffic enforcement and other law enforcement functions.
Liam is told that an indictment has been filed against him. Who filed it?
The grand jury
After a week of deliberations in a capital murder case, the jury reports to the judge that they are deadlocked. What happens in this situation?
The judge may declare the jury to be a hung jury and the state decides whether to retry the defendant.
Which of the following statements regarding plea bargaining is true? A.)The judge must consent to a plea bargain. B.)About half of all convictions are the result of a plea bargain. C.)Plea bargaining can take a considerable amount of time and often ends up extending the time required for the resolution of a case. D.)In a bargained plea, the plea must in some way relate to the original charge brought against the defendant.
The judge must consent to a plea bargain.
At Sarah's preliminary hearing, her attorney claims that she is mentally incompetent to stand trial. What is the most likely next step in this situation?
The judge orders Sarah to undergo a mental health evaluation to help determine whether she is competent to stand trial.
Which of the following is true about the dual court system in the United States? A.)The dual court system no longer exists as a fully functioning and practical legal entity. B.)Legal challenges alleging violations of federal law may be heard in state courts. C.)The power of the federal government has been increasing and states' rights have gradually weakened. D.)The large majority of criminal cases originate within the federal courts.
The power of the federal government has been increasing and states' rights have gradually weakened.
During which era of policing would you expect the police to focus mainly on traditional crime-fighting?
The reform era
Although federal district court judges may serve for life, many choose to serve a shorter term. Why?
The salary of district court judges is low compared to what they could earn in private practice.
Jamie is a patrol officer working for a police department with a model police-community relations (PCR) program. His department collaborates with social services and other community agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders and to help community groups prevent crimes and solve problems. What style of policing does Jamie's police department practice?
The service style of policing
What is a common feature of states that use the centralized model of state police organization? A.)There is a clear distinction between traffic enforcement and other state-level enforcement functions. B.)Other adjunct state-level enforcement agencies exist with enforcement powers in specific areas. C.)The state police agency has exclusive responsibility for conducting major criminal investigations and patrolling state highways. D.)The responsibility for officer training is delegated to local law enforcement agencies.
The state police agency has exclusive responsibility for conducting major criminal investigations and patrolling state highways.
what type of bail uses a bail bondsman or bails bond agency to secure release from custody ?
Third Party Custody Bond
How do community courts differ from dispute-resolution centers?
Unlike dispute-resolution centers, community courts can hand down sentences such as fines and a period of incarceration in jail without the need for further judicial review.
Which group is significantly underrepresented in policing today?
Women
You have appealed a case to a trial court of general jurisdiction. Instead of reviewing the record of your earlier trial, the court offers you the chance for a new trial instead. This is an example of ______.
a trial de novo
What impacts the court's decision to release a defendant prior to a trial? A.)is the defendant a flight risk? B.)will the defendant no show for court? C.)is the defendant a danger to the public if released? D.)All of the above
all of the above
What is the main purpose of crime prevention. A. Lessen the fear of crime B.) lower the rewards of crime C.) reduce crime while reducing criminal opportunities D.) All the above
all the above
what is a nolo contendre plea? A.)in the eyes of the court it is a guilty plea B.) in the heart of the defendant it is a "I wont admit I did but i will not fight it" plea C.)literally it means "no contest" D.)all the above
all the above
Juan is being tried for first-degree murder. When the jury hands down a verdict of guilty, Juan has a heart attack and is taken to the hospital. His attorney files a motion for ______ asking the court to delay sentencing until Juan has recovered.
arrest of judgment
if a potential jury member indicates he/she has strong feelings about the death penalty in a capital case, the jury pool member may be removed on which challenge?
challenge for cause
The Supreme Court has rendered a decision in a controversial case and the Chief Justice has written the majority opinion. One of the associate justices agrees with the judgment of the Court but not with the reasoning of the Chief Justice. This justice may write a(n) ______ to explain her reasoning.
concurring opinion
Officer Louis holds a session with neighborhood residents on the use of CCTV cameras as a security measure to reduce burglary. Officer Louis is most likely ______.
conducting a crime-prevention program
Gina is on trial for armed robbery. Her attorney has been unable to locate a key witness to support Gina's alibi and files a motion for _____ to ask the court to delay the start of the trial.
continuance
Suzette received a traffic ticket and wants to contest the ticket rather than pay it. To do this, she has to appear in traffic court. Traffic court is an example of a ______.
court of limited jurisdiction
The prosecutor calls a witness to the stand. In this case, if a recross-examination is necessary, it would be conducted by the _____.
defense attorney
It is generally up to ______ to solve most crimes and produce the evidence needed for the successful prosecution of suspects.
detectives
Paul is accused of murdering his wife, Laura, in their cabin in the woods. Naomi was hiking in the woods and photographing the scenery. In the background of several of her photos, Paul can be clearly seen stabbing Laura. These photos are submitted as evidence in Paul's trial. The photos are an example of ______ evidence.
direct
George has been convicted of sexual assault. However, after the case is over, his attorney discovers that the prosecutor had obtained evidence that would have proven George's innocence but had withheld it because he wanted a conviction in this high-profile case. This type of evidence is known as ______ evidence.
exculpatory
After a negotiated plea has been entered and accepted by the court defendant may not change his/her mind TRUE OR FLASE
false, the court can say it is ok
LEO and NLETS are types of _____.
information services
a character witness
is a lay witness with direct knowledge of the defendant
In the Kansas City Experiment, preventive patrol was researched to evaluate its impact. What did the research reveal?
it made no difference on fear of crime or crime rates
Kristian is a management consultant. He is required by a state court to listen to the facts and evidence presented during a trial and determine whether Valerie, who has been accused of murder, is guilty of the charges brought against her. Kristian is a ______.
juror
Matt was convicted of rape in a federal court. His attorney files an appeal on the grounds that Matt was tried as an adult despite being only 15 at the time of the crime. This is an example of a ______ appeal.
nonconsensual
When the judge charges the jury, he or she generally explains that the level of proof necessary for conviction in a criminal case is _____.
reasonable doubt
In U.S. law enforcement today, the ______ is/are usually responsible for operating the county jail.
sheriff
American law enforcement is derived from English roots. today the county leader is the and he stabli is
sheriff and constable
an attorney that represent a defendant for a fee that has their own practice or is part of a law firm
state defender
In general, male officers _____.
tend to use more physical force than female officers
which style of policing allows its officers to use more discretion to maintain order
watchman style
