exer 432 final

Trustworthiness in qualitative research

deals with both data collection and analysis

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items.

likert-type

When a national poll reports that its survey has a margin of error of 3%, it is referring to error due to

sampling

In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always

shorter

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?

the present standard deviation

In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of

using different kinds of data collection techniques in the analysis and interpretation

In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14, and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. Based on these data, what is the ES?

0.80

Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?

Count how often students check out books from the library.

Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate?

Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.

The only true experimental design that can specifically evaluate the reactive or interactive effects of testing is the _______ design.

Solomon four-group

Which of the following is not true about a mixed-method study?

The emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies.

Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true?

The table should include whatever test of significance was used.

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?

What behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

A job analysis is primarily a form of what research technique?

a case study

Which of the following represent(s) a secondary source regarding those waiting overnight for tickets for a basketball game?

an article written by a newspaper columnist who did not observe everyone waiting in line

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain

an extended review of literature

A researcher wants to determine the percentages of time that a teacher spends in various tasks, such as demonstration, explanation, and monitoring students. Which of the following is probably the most valid way to research this?

an observational study

A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the

avis effect

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things?

axiology

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

case control study

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n)

cohort study

Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a(n) ________ study.

correlational

Which of the following would be included in a grant proposal but not in a thesis proposal?

curriculum vitae of the author

In socio-historical research, technology is not used to

determine the accuracy of the material found

The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's nonrespondents is primarily intended to

determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire.

determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called

effect size

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality

The socio-historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called

external criticism

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called

focus groups

Which of the following is not a common paradigm for socio-historical research?

functional modernism

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the

hawthorne effect

Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report?

implications of the results

Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ____ reasoning.

inductive

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is an issue of

instrumentation

Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has

less detail than a poster

A table of descriptive data should include what information for each group?

mean, standard deviation, and number

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things?

metaphysics

Doing a mixed-methods study requires

more expertise than is required for two separate studies

Which of the following represent(s) a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?

notes taken by a spectator at the game

It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed

outliers

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

In qualitative research, sampling designed to select small groups or individuals likely to be knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon of interest is called

purposive sampling

A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through

reflective procedures

A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 minutes prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 minutes after the film shows a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?

testing

In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that

the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is

the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper?

to the precision with which it was measured

A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the traditional claims of the other branches of philosophy falls under the heading of deconstructionism and is called

poetry

The lengths and contents of abstracts differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the

problem, methods, results, discussion

The A-B-A-B designation refers to which type of research design?

single subject

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to

the literature review

Determinants of disease are often called

risk factors

The descriptive, analytical narratives that are a trademark of qualitative research are also called

narrative vingettes

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is

random assignment to groups