Exercise 35- Lymphatic System and Immune Response

If the unknown antigen contained bovine and swine serum albumin, what would you expect to happen in the Ouchterlony test, and why

percipitin line forms

What is the role of T cells

"Match invaders"; Directly attack virus-infected tissue cells; Some help activate the B cells and cytotoxic T cells, Can inhibit the immune response; Provide cellular immunity.

spleen

(B)

thoracic duct

(Between A and B)

stem region

(E)

heavy chain

(Light Blue)

light chain

(green)

lymphatic vessels

6

autoimmune disease

An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.

Distinguish between antigen and antibody

Antigen - "Cause" Antibody - "Response"

Note three areas where lymph nodes are densely clustered:

Axillary Inguinal Cervical Regions

What is the function of B cells in the immune response

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction. They provide humoral immunity.

cortex area

B-cells

germinal centers

B-cells

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries

Blood capillaries carry blood from small arterioles to small venules; Lymphatic capillaries carry lymphatic fluid from tissue to lymphatic venules; In structure, lymph capillaries are slightly bigger in diameter but have thinner walls than blood capillaries

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels

Conduct tissue fluid through lymphatic system to venous; Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. The lymphatic system transports lymphocytes, is involved in the removal of foreign Matter & cell debris by phagocytes & is part of the body's immune system. It also transports fats from the small intestine to the blood.

Describe the structure of the immunogloblin monomer

Each monomer is composed of four protein chains(2 heavy, 2 light) connected by disulfide bonds; Both have regions of constnt amino acid sequence (c regions) and regions of variable amino acid sequence (v regions). The variable regions differ in each type of antibody and construct the antigen-binding sites. Each immunoglobulin monomer has two such antigen-specific sites.

What is the cisterna chyli

Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from the digestive viscera.

What structural characteristic ensures a slow flow of lymph through a lymph node

Fewer efferent (1,2) than afferent (many) vessels

What are the major functions of the lymph nodes

Filtering and Protection; Trapping/Tagging Invaders; Immune Surveillance

The radical mastectomy is an operation in which a cancerous breast, surrounding tissues, and the underlying muscles of the anterior thoracic wall, plus the axillary lymph nodes, are removed. After such an operation, the arm usually swells, or becomes dematous, and is very uncomfortable -- sometimes for months. Why

Loss of lymph = Loss of Absorption

Explain why the lymphatic system is a one way system

More is pushed out than absorbed"; Blood vessels form a complete circuit from and to the heart. The lymphatic system lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries. Thus, it is a "return" system only.

Are the genes coding for one antibody entirely different from those coding for a different antibody?

No; antibody constant regions only have a few coding genes so many antibodies have identical E regions

immunological memory

Response that recognizes and mounts an attack on antigens previously encountered

Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct

Right Upper Extremity, (Head and Thorax)

What similarities in structure and function are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

Same immune cells, structure

What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid

Skeletal Muscle Contraction; Pressure within the Thorax; Values & Pumps

medulla

T-cells

How does the composition of lymph in the cisterna chyli differ from that in the general lymphatic stream

They are the same except that the lymph in the cisterna chyli is very fat-rich

What is the name given to the terminal duct draining most of the body

Thoracic Duct

How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins

Three tunics and are equipped with valves

What is lymph

Tissue fluid; Lymph is a clear to yellowish watery fluid which is found throughout the body.

self-tolerance

Tolerance by the body's immune system to its own cells and tissues

In the Ouchterlony test, what happened when the antibody to horse serum albumin mixed with horse serum anbumin

You will get an antibody-antigen reaction. If on a solid phase, like an Ouchterlony agarose gel you will see a white precipitin line. If in a liquid, like in a test tube, you will see a white precipitate.

specificity

the training principle that the body adapts to the particular type and amount of stress placed on it antibodies produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to