Exercise physiology exam 1

In the context of the processes through which the plasma glucose concentration is maintained in the body, identify the substrates for gluconeogenesis in the liver. UDP-glucose and hexokinase Amino acids, lactate, and glycerol Calcium (Ca++) and calmodulin Mevalonic acid and lanosterol

Amino acids, lactate, and glycerol

In the absence of cyclic AMP, when a muscle cell is stimulated to contract during exercise, _____, which is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, floods the cell. Na++ K+ Mg++ Ca++

Ca++

causes a very rapid decrease in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to a fixed exercise bout. Balance training Strength exercises Endurance training Anaerobic exercises

Endurance training

Identify the hormone that seems to be more responsive than others to changes in plasma glucose concentrations. Aldosterone Norepinephrine Dopamine Epinephrine

Epinephrine

___ are known to stimulate α-adrenergic receptors on the beta cells of the pancreas to decrease insulin secretion. Epinephrine and norepinephrine Estradiol and estrone Calcitonin and endothelin Serotonin and acetylcholine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

T3 and T4 are removed from the plasma by tissues during exercise at a slower rate than at rest. True False

False; This is false. T3and T4 are removed from the plasma by tissues during exercise at a greater rate than at rest.

Which of the following is a function of epinephrine and norepinephrine? a.Inhibiting the mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue b.Decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver c.Preventing the mobilization of glucose from the liver d.Interfering with the uptake of glucose by tissues

Interfering with the uptake of glucose by tissues

Define secondary amenorrhea. a.It refers to irregular menstruation between expected menstrual periods. b.It is the variation in the menstrual cycle length of approximately more than 8 days. c.It is the onset of amenorrhea sometime after menarche. d.It refers to menstrual periods accompanied by a sharp, intermittent pain, usually in the pelvis or abdomen.

It is the onset of amenorrhea sometime after menarche.

Along with cortisol, glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver. True False

True

Glucose transporters in a contracting muscle are also regulated by factors other than changes in calcium ion concentration such as protein kinase C and nitric oxide. True False

True

According to Hans Selye, stressful events such as burns, bone breaks, and heavy exercise lead to predictable increases in cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Such a response is known as the _____. a.General Adaptation Syndrome b.Gilbert syndrome c.Marfan syndrome d.Down syndrome

a.General Adaptation Syndrome

Which of the following processes help maintain the plasma glucose concentration in the human body? (Check all that apply.) a.Mobilizing existing glucose from liver glycogen stores to maintain the plasma glucose level b.Blocking glucose entry into cells to force the cell to use fat as a fuel, and thus sparing plasma glucose c.Inhibiting plasma FFA transport from adipose tissue to increase the use of both fat and plasma glucose as fuels d.Preventing the synthesis of new glucose in the liver to have glycerol available as needed

a.Mobilizing existing glucose from liver glycogen stores to maintain the plasma glucose level b.Blocking glucose entry into cells to force the cell to use fat as a fuel, and thus sparing plasma glucose

Testosterone is considered to be a(n) _____ as it promotes masculine characteristics and is responsible for the characteristic changes in boys at adolescence that lead to high muscle-mass to fat-mass ratio. corticosteroid androgenic steroid catabolic steroid progestin

androgenic steroid

Insulin is secreted from the _____ of the islets of Langerhans. a.delta cells b.beta cells c.epsilon cells d.alpha cells

b. beta cells

Testosterone is secreted by the _____ cells of the testes. myoid interstitial Sertoli immature Leydig

b. interstitial

identify a function of somatostatin a. it slows down gastric emptying b.it modifies the activity of the GI tract to control rate of entry of nutrients into circulation c. it regulates the circadian rhythm d. it increases blood calcium levels by indirectly stimulating the osteoclasts

b. it modifies the activity of the GI tract to control rate of entry of nutrients into circulation

identify a function of glucagon a. it prevents the mobilization of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue b. it stimulates glycogenolysis c. it inhibits gluconeogenesis d. it activates the complement system

b. it stimulates glycogenolysis

Testosterone is an anabolic steroid because it stimulates a.glycogenesis b.protein synthesis c.lipogenesis d.fatty acid breakdown

b.protein synthesis

Glucose delivery is the product of muscle blood flow and the _____. blood glucose concentration stroke volume number of glucose transporters plasma volume

blood glucose concentration

Identify the functions of cortisol. (Select all that apply.) a.It increases the rate of glucose utilization by cells. b.It inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to prevent glycogenolysis. c.It mobilizes tissue protein to yield amino acids for glucose synthesis. d.It stimulates FFA mobilization from the adipose tissue.

c.It mobilizes tissue protein to yield amino acids for glucose synthesis. d.It stimulates FFA mobilization from the adipose tissue.

During exercise, there is an increase in free T3 due to _____. a.overstimulation of the thyroid gland b.increased secretion of the thyroid releasing hormone c.changes in the binding characteristics of transport protein d.decrease in the level of the thyroid-stimulating hormone

c.changes in the binding characteristics of transport protein

Thyroid hormones allow other hormones to exert their full effect by _____. a.altering the structural conformation of other hormones b.stimulating adenylate cyclase activity c.influencing the number of receptors on the target cell surface d.increasing ATP synthesis

c.influencing the number of receptors on the target cell surface

During strenuous exercise, there is an obligatory demand for _____ oxidation that must be met in order to generate energy. fatty acid cholesterol protein carbohydrate

carbohydrate

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone are produced by the _____, a secretory structure occupying the space where the ovum was located. primordial follicle Graafian follicle corpus luteum secondary follicle

corpus luteum

The primary glucocorticoid in humans is _____. cortisol dexamethasone cortisone aldosterone

cortisol

Propranolol blocks glycogenolysis by inhibiting _____ formation. cyclic AMP cyclic GMP ATP ADP

cyclic AMP

Which of the following is required for sperm production in the seminiferous tubules? a.Renin b.Oxytocin c.Erythropoietin d.Testosterone

d.Testosterone

Pancreatic somatostatin is secreted by the _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans. epsilon delta alpha beta

delta

The primary catecholamine responsible for the mobilization of glucose from the liver and FFA from the adipose tissue is _____. dopamine norepinephrine serotonin epinephrine

epinephrine

As the muscle is using glucose at a higher rate during exercise, a gradient for its _____ diffusion is created. facilitated reverse anisotropic active

facilitated

The intensity of exercise is directly related to the duration of exercise True False

false; inversely related

Elevated _____ stimulates the hydrolysis (breakdown) of glycogen, fat and protein, and increases gluconeogenesis in the body during fasting or exercise. . insulin glucagon calcitonin endothelin

glucagon

Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate β-adrenergic receptors on the alpha cells to increase _____ secretion when plasma glucose concentration is normal. dopamine thyroxine insulin glucagon

glucagon

At the onset of most types of exercise and for the entire duration of a very strenuous exercise, muscle _____ is the primary carbohydrate fuel for muscular work. pectin levulose trehalose glycogen

glycogen

If exercise were associated with an increase in insulin, the plasma glucose would be taken into the tissues at a faster rate, leading to an immediate _____. hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypoglycemia hyperglycemia

hypoglycemia

A low plasma glucose concentration is known to stimulate a receptor in the _____, which causes an increase in epinephrine secretion. medulla pons thalamus hypothalamus

hypothalamus

Growth hormone helps _____. increase glucose uptake by tissue decrease gluconeogenesis in the liver increase free fatty acid mobilization decrease glycogenolysis in the muscle tissue

increase free fatty acid mobilization

Elevated _____ drives the uptake and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to lower their levels in the plasma. relaxin vasopressin insulin glucagon

insulin

It is seen that _____ concentration decreases during exercise of increasing intensity. glucagon epinephrine triiodothyronine insulin

insulin

Ca++ ions bind to calmodulin, which, in turn, activates protein _____ needed for stimulating glycogenolysis. oxidases kinases hydrolases lyases

kinases

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the _____ stimulates the production of androgens in the follicles, which are, in turn, converted to estrogens. growth hormone antidiuretic hormone luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

Thyroid hormones are important in establishing the overall _____. circadian rhythm electrolyte balance metabolic rate pulse rate

metabolic rate

When the blood pressure is challenged, as during an increased heat load, the primary catecholamine involved is _____. serotonin norepinephrine epinephrine dopamine

norepinephrine

The absence of menstrual cycle in a girl who has not menstruated by 15 years of age is known as _____. dysmenorrhea secondary amenorrhea primary amenorrhea oligomenorrhea

primary amenorrhea

Growth hormone plays a major role in the synthesis of tissue _____. fat nucleic acid protein carbohydrate

protein

The plasma glucose concentration is maintained despite the effects of endurance training due to the _____ at the same fixed workload. increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver reduction in glucose uptake by muscle reduction in glycogen synthesis in the muscle increase in glycogen debranching enzyme activity

reduction in glucose uptake by muscle

Because fuel substrate control is so biologically important, it is often regulated by _____. oxidation redundant mechanisms a single mechanism gluconeogenesis

redundant mechanisms

Sperm production from the seminiferous tubules of the testes requires _____. secretin parathormone the follicle-stimulating hormone the luteinizing hormone

the follicle-stimulating hormone

Exercise enables muscle glucose uptake irrespective of decreasing insulin levels by _____. a.decreasing adenylate cyclase activity b.stimulating other steroid hormones for glucose uptake c. translocating glucose transporters to the membrane d. increasing levels of the calmodulin protein

translocating glucose transporters to the membrane

Propranolol is a drug that blocks _____. phosphodiesterase activity α1- and α2- adrenergic receptors kinase activity β1- and β2- adrenergic receptors

β1- and β2- adrenergic receptors