Exercise Physiology Exam 2
Aerobic training results in which of the following changes in stroke volume? a. increased stroke volume at rest b. increased stroke volume at a standardized submaximal rate of work c. increased stroke volume at maximal rates of work d. all of the above
all of the above
Determinants of stroke volume (SV) include a. ventricular distensibility and contractility b. the volume of venous blood returned to the heart c. the aortic or pulmonary arterial pressure d. all of the above e. none of the above
all of the above
Echocardiography can used to view and measure or monitor which of the following? a. thickness of the heart walls b. action of the heart valves c. size of the heart chambers d. all of the above e. none of the above
all of the above
In an elite athlete which of the following is true concerning stroke volume? a. increased stroke volume at rest b. increased stroke volume at a standardized submaximal rate of work c. increased stroke volume at maximal rates of work d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following allows an increase in muscle blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise after cardiorespiratory endurance training? a. increased capillarization of trained skeletal muscle b. greater utilization of existing capillaries in trained skeletal muscle c. more effective distribution of blood d. a and c e. all of the above
all of the above
Cardiorespiratory endurance training will cause which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume b. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume c. a decrease in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume
Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes a. an increase in left ventricular chamber size b. an increase in myocardial wall thickness c. both a and b
both a & b
Aerobic training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. a decrease in resting heart rate b. a lower heart rate at a standard submaximal rate of work c. an increased maximal heart rate d. both a and b
both a and b
Increases in cardiac output during exercise at an intensity above 80% of maximum are largely the result of increased a. stroke volume and heart rate b. end systolic volume c. heart rate d. stroke volume
heart rate
Direct calorimetry measures
heat
The ratio of total blood cell mass to total blood volume is referred to as the a. viscosity index b. hemoglobin ratio c. hematocrit d. plasma volume
hematocrit
The oxygen-carrying function of the blood is provided by a. plasma b. hemoglobin c. myoglobin d. white blood cells
hemoglobin
The heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by all of the following except a. increased end-diastolic pressure b. increased left ventricular wall thickness c. increased maximal heart rate d. increased ejection fraction
increased maximal heart rate
Indirect calorimetry measures
oxygen and carbon dioxide; VO2 and VCO2
The heart works as a pump by creating a positive __________ differential.
pressure
The heart works as a pump by creating a positive differential
pressure
64. Following training, the lactate threshold will. Shift left Shift right Remain unchanged
shift right
The normal "pacemaker" of the heart is the a. atrioventricular node b. sympathetic nervous system c. sinoatrial node d. atrioventricular valve
sinoatrial node
Resting lung volumes are measured with a technique called
spirometry
Which of the following is responsible for increasing heart rate to values above 100 beats per min? a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. both the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous systems
What organ system receives the majority of blood flow during exercise?
Skeletal muscle
he Ventilatory equivalent of O2 decreases during incrementally increasing exercise
false
What three things (devices) are needed for indirect calorimetry
Flow meter oxygen analyzer CO2 analyzer
RER 100% fat use
0.7
RER 100% carbohydrate oxidation
1.0
Skeletal muscles receive approximately _____ % of the total cardiac output under resting conditions, but they can receive as much as ______ % of cardiac output during heavy endurance exercise. a. 5; 40 b. 10; 50 c. 15; 80 d. 35; 60 e. 40; 100
15% & 80%
The average hematocrit for a human is approximately _____%. a. 15 to 20 b. 30 to 40 c. 40 to 45 d. 60 to 70
40 to 45
Stroke volume increases with increasing rates of work up to an exercise intensity of _____% of maximal capacity. a. 10 to 20 b. 90 to 100 c. 25 to 30 d. 40 to 60
40 to 60
The concept of preload as it relates to improved cardiac hemodynamics is best described by what relationship?
Frank-Starling
A group of subjects (A) is trained 1 hour per/day 5 day/ week at a brisk walking pace, while another group (B), equal in initial fitness, is trained 3 times/week for 45 minutes using an interval protocol @ 85% of HRmax. Both groups train for a period of 16 weeks. Which group will increase in VO2max?
Both groups
Inspiration and expiration occur during ventilation. These events conform to which gas laws? a. Poiseuille's b. Dalton's c. Charles d. Boyles
Boyles
Increased Ve during exercise is primarily stimulated by increased blood levels of
CO2
Changes in vigor of contraction are a result of the amount of ________ released into the myocardium.
Calcium
During sustained exercise what is the primary regulatory of breathing?
Carbon Dioxide
I stated 6 arguments that the lung is not limiting to exercise performance. What does limit VO2max?
Cardiac Output
Total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute (L/min) is
Cardiac Output
_____________ is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute is referred to as a. heart rate b. stroke volume c. cardiac output d. systole
Cardiac Output
The best objective measure of cardiac function is
Cardiac output
The oxygen cascade was described as it relates to this gas law:
Dalton's Law
Complete the following: SV=
EDV - ESV
If myocardial contractility is decreased, which of the following will increase? a. EDV b. SV c. ESV d. Cardiac output
ESV
With increased vigor of contraction which of the following may decrease? a. EDV b. ESV c. SV d. All of the above e. None of the above
ESV
The Bohr effect increases loading of oxygen in the lungs
False
A group of subjects (A) is trained 1 hour per/day 5 day/ week at a brisk walking pace, while another group (B), equal in initial fitness, is trained 3 times/week for 45 minutes using an interval protocol @ 85% of HRmax. Both groups train for a period of 16 weeks. Which group will increase more (% change) in the enzymes citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase?
Group A
A group of subjects (A) is trained 1 hour per/day 5 day/ week at a brisk walking pace, while another group (B), equal in initial fitness, is trained 3 times/week for 45 minutes using an interval protocol @ 85% of HRmax. Both groups train for a period of 16 weeks. Which group will increase more (% change) in cardiac output (Q)?
Group B
A group of subjects (A) is trained 1 hour per/day 5 day/ week at a brisk walking pace, while another group (B), equal in initial fitness, is trained 3 times/week for 45 minutes using an interval protocol @ 85% of HRmax. Both groups train for a period of 16 weeks. Which group will be more likely to lower their one mile time trial (TT) performance
Group B
What organ system receives the majority of blood flow at rest?
Gut
Think carefully, which of the following would be most import to increased V02: a. SV b. HR c. ESV d. EDV e. None of the above
Heart Rate
1. During upright exercise ESV decreases. This is due to a. Increased EDV b. Decreased EDV c. Increased HR d. Increased myocardial contractility
Increased myocardial contractility
An increase in the vigor of contraction is termed a positive __________ effect, and this is normally a function of the __________ nervous system.
Inotropic & sympathetic
Complete the following: Q=
SV x HR
At the onset of exercise Ve increases. This is due to: a. Humeral factors (humeral; vital bodily fluids, stuff in the blood!) b. Carbon dioxide c. Neural factors d. Oxygen levels e. None of the above
Neural
According to lecture, the principle by which the heart works to pump blood is due to: a. Electrical activity b. Pressure differences c. preload d. afterload
Pressure differences
The hydraulic pump system of the heart is affected by length, ____________ of the vessel, and the ___________ of the blood, described by ___________Law.
Radius/diameter viscosity poiselles
EDV − ESV = a. HR b. SV c. cardiac output d. none of the above
SV
Total blood volume pumped by the ventricle per beat (mL/beat) is
Stroke Volume
Again think carefully, of the following which is most import to adaptation of the CV system to training that results in an increase in V02max. a. SV b. HR c. ESV d. EDV e. None of the above
Stroke volume
RER a. Energy expenditure b. Cardiovascular function c. Substrate use (fat and carbohydrate
Substrate use
alevolar ventilation
T(V-Deadspace) x rr
Ventilation VE (L/min) =
TV x rr
One of the the 6 arguments that the lung is limiting was an anatomical argument. In one sentence, describe this.
The surface area of the lung ~50m2 greatly exceeds the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillaries ~250 mL
A positive inotropic effect upon the heart will increase contractility
True
The best objective measure of cardiovascular function is
VO2 Max
The best objective measure of cardiovascular function is:
VO2 Max
In order to redistribute blood flow at the onset of exercise, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates ____________ while local factors (CO2, temp, H+) stimulate _______________ to increase blood flow to working skeletal muscle
Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
One of the 6 arguments that the lung is limiting was "MVV>>Ve @ VO2max", where MVV is maximal voluntary ventilation. In one sentence describe "MVV>>Ve @ VO2max"
Ve at VO2 Max is less than our maximal voluntary ventilation
64. The mechanism for movement of air into and out of the lungs is ____________. This is accomplished by muscle contractions that increase lung volume (inspiration) and decreases lung volume (expiration). These volume changes conform to _________Law.
Ventilation & Boyles
Which of the following would not likely contribute to increased endurance performance? a. greater mechanical efficiency b. an increase in plasma volume c. a decrease in lactate threshold d. an increase in muscle capillary density
a decrease in lactate threshold
Cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size b. an increased maximal heart rate and a decreased ventricular size c. a decreased maximal stroke volume and a decreased ventricular size d. a decreased maximal heart rate
an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size
The parasympathetic nervous system has both positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart
false
The Fick equation indicates that the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to a. heart rate times systolic blood pressure b. cardiac output times difference c. stroke volume times difference d. heart rate times arterial oxygen saturation
cardiac output times difference
According to lecture the measurement of VO2max is most synonymous with: a. work capacity b. cardiovascular function c. energy d. all of the above e. none of the above
cardiovascular function
Following training HR when running @ 6.2 mph will be: a) Increased b) Decreased c) Unchanged
decreased
The increase in EDV (preload) takes advantage of this form of energy:
elastic
Stroke volume equals a. end systolic volume minus end diastolic volume b. end systolic volume multiplied by heart rate c. end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume d. end diastolic volume multiplied by heart rate
end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume
According to lecture the measurement of VO2 is most synonymous with: a. work capacity b. cardiovascular function c. energy d. all of the above e. none of the above
energy
Lung Volumes Increase significantly with training
false
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes the heart rate to increase
false
At very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may decrease because of a. decreased ejection fraction resulting from ventricular fatigue b. decreased return of blood to the heart from contracting muscles c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole d. increased peripheral vascular resistance resulting from vasoconstriction in active muscles
inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole
Following training, red blood cell volume will (increase/decrease), and hematocrit will (increase/decrease), due to an (increase/decrease) in __________
increase - decrease- increases - plasma volume
Following training SV when running @ 6.2 mph will be: a) Increased b) Decreased c) Unchanged
increased
The primary reason for an increase in Q (or "why") during exercise is:
increased blood flow to working muscle
An increase in red blood cells without an equivalent increase in plasma volume results in a. hemodilution b. increased blood viscosity c. dehydration d. hypertension
increased blood viscosity
The largest part of the increase in maximal oxygen uptake in response to endurance training results from a. increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow b. increased maximal heart rate c. increased oxidative enzymes in the muscled d. increased lung volume
increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow
Over years of training, maximal oxygen uptake tends to stabilize. Further improvements in an endurance athlete's performance (race pace) are most likely due to a. increased maximal heart rate b. increased lactate threshold c. increased breathing capacity d. all of the above
increased lactate threshold
During exercise the ventilation perfusion ration Ve/Q a. increases b. decreases c. is unchanged
increases
Decreased vigor of contraction is termed a NEGATIVE ___________ effect, and this is normally a function of the ____________nervous system.
inotropic & parasympathetic
What organ system receives less blood flow (% & absolute) during exercise
intestines/kidneys/liver/splanchnic bed
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart a. causes increased heart rate b. increases the strength of cardiac contraction c. predominates during times of physical or emotional stress d. is mediated by the vagus nerve
is mediated by the vagus nerve
Blood to the skeletal muscles is pumped from which chamber of the heart? a. left atrium b. left ventricle c. right atrium d. right ventricle
left ventricle
64. Following training, blood lactate levels are at the same absolute exercise intensity. Higher Lower Unchanged
lower
In response to cardiorespiratory endurance training, which of the following changes (relative to before training) occurs in cardiac output? a. Resting cardiac output is increased. b. Cardiac output at a given absolute workload is substantially decreased c. Maximal cardiac output is substantially increased. d. none of the above e. all of the above
maximal cardiac output is substantially increased
Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance? a. maximal oxygen uptake b. lactate threshold c. anaerobic threshold d. maximal expiratory ventilation
maximal oxygen uptake
Increased Ve at the onset exercise is primarily due to __________factors.
neural
A positive chronotropic effect upon the heart will increase heart rate
true
Maximal cardiac output can exceed 30 L/min in elite endurance athletes
true
Resting cardiac output averages about 5 L/min in healthy adults
true
The heart does not have to receive an impulse from the sympathetic nervous system in order to contract
true
Following training Q when running @ 6.2 mph will be: a) Increased b) Decreased c) Unchanged
unchanged
The effect of training when running at 5mph pre- to post-training on VO2, will be: a. Increase b. Decrease c. No change
unchanged