Exercise Physiology Final

An increase in plasma osmolality is the stimulus for release of leptin erythropoietin aldosterone glucagon

aldosterone

All of the following are recommendation in treating exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) except: a. holding the muscle in the stretched position b. continue light exercise c. fluid and electrolyte restoration d. rest

continue light exercise

The key forms of carbohydrate are Amino acids Triglycerides Glycerol Glucose and glycogen

Glucose and glycogen

as RER values approach 1.0 a. exertion levels are moderate to low b. metabolism is mostly of fat c. glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal d. the body is at rest

glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal

The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate is called _____________. lipolysis glycogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis

glycolysis

The decision to voluntarily move your arm comes from which part of the brain? a. brain stem b. cerebellum c. primary motor cortex d. diencephalon

primary motor cortex

Hormone secretion is constant pulsatile determined by upregulation regulated by positive feedback

pulsatile

Which protein binds to Calcium (Ca2+) and thereby helps initiate contraction? troponin tropomyosin myosin actin

troponin

During the 400 m sprint (50-60 s long), which two anaerobic metabolic pathways will be primarily involved? ATP-PCr, oxidative phosphorylation ATP-PCr, glycolysis glycolysis, β-oxidation β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation

ATP-PCr, glycolysis

What is the common by-product of the three basic energy systems that enters the Krebs cycle? a. Amino acids b. Acetyl CoA c. PFK d. Lactate

Acetyl CoA

All of the following hormones increase circulating glucose EXCEPT Cortisol Epinephrine Glucagon Aldosterone

Aldosterone

Which of the following is(are) true about •VO2max (maximal O2 uptake)? a. All the answers are correct b. Point at which O2 consumption doesn't increase with further increases in exercise intensity c. Not the best predictor of endurance performance d. Plateaus after 8 to 12 weeks of training

All the answers are correct

The process of muscle contraction involves which ion? Ca2+ (calcium) Cl- (chloride) Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium)

Ca2+ (calcium)

Which is the correct order of events in a contraction? a. Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in, T-tubule action potential b. cross-bridging, Ca2+ released, Ca2+ gathered in, T-tubule action potential c. T-tubule action potential, Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in d. T-tubule action potential, Ca2+ gathered in, cross-bridging, Ca2+ released

Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in, T-tubule action potential

_______ are sensory receptors that are found in tendons and are responsible for sensing muscle tension. a. reticular formation b. nodes of ranvier c. golgi tendon organs d. basal ganglia

Gogli tendon organs

The point at which blood lactate accumulation increases sharply is called EPOC Lactate threshold VO2 drift Oxygen deficit

Lactate threshold

The periodic gaps between myelin sheaths on a neuron are called ___________________. Schwann cells Chemoreceptors Nodes of Ranvier Dendrites

Nodes of Ranvier

The energy substrates that contributes the least amount of energy during a 10k run is Calcium Carbohydrate Protein Fat

Protein

_______________________or the arterial resistance against which the ventricle must pump, is a determinant of stroke volume. a. Afterload b. Preload c. venous return d. Contractility

a. Afterload

All of the following are major causes of fatigue EXCEPT a. Accumulation of lactic acid b. Failure of muscle contractile mechanism c. Inadequate energy delivery/metabolism d. Altered neural control of muscle contraction

a. Accumulation of lactic acid

The time line for acclimation is roughly a. 3 weeks for moderate altitude plus 1 week for every additional 600 m b. 1 weeks for moderate altitude1 day for every additional 300 m c. 12 weeks for moderate altitude d. 1 month for moderate altitude plus 1 month for every additional 1,000 m

a. 3 weeks for moderate altitude plus 1 week for every additional 600 m

An athlete training to increase muscle size should consume ______ to _____ g protein per kg body weight per day. a. 1.6, 1.7 b. 0.8-1.0 c. 0.6-0.7 d. 0.4, 0.5

a. 1.6, 1.7

During exercise, glucagon concentrations _____, and insulin concentrations ______.

increase, decrease

Oxidation of carbohydrate involves all the following EXCEPT a. Beta-oxidation b. The electron transport chain c. The Krebs cycle d. Glycolysis

a. Beta-oxidation

________________________ trigger an increase in breathing rate and depth when stimulated by high CO2 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. a. Central chemoreceptors b. Peripheral chemoreceptors c. Central mechnoreceptors d. Central baroreceptors

a. Central chemoreceptors

_____________ training is critical in developing fiber hypertrophy. a. Eccentric b. Anaerobic c. Concentric d. Variable-resistance

a. Eccentric

The mechanism by which the heart generates a stronger contraction when the ventricle is stretched more during diastole is called the ____________________. a. Frank-Starling mechanism b. Willis mechanism c. Hering-Breuer mechanism d. end-systolic mechanism

a. Frank-Starling mechanism

What is the best indicator of potential for endurance performance? a. High lactate threshold (as % VO2max) b. High percentage of type I muscle fibers c. High VO2max d. High economy of effort

a. High lactate threshold (as % VO2max)

"Explains high versus low responders and not all athletes created equal", are elements of the principle of a. Individuality b. Reversibility c. Variation d. Specificity

a. Individuality

When the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts right during exercise, muscle temperature increases and muscle ph lowers, what is the result? a. O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles. b. O2loading becomes easier in the lungs. c. O2loading becomes more difficult in the lungs. d. O2unloading becomes more difficult at the muscles.

a. O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles.

the following is NOT true about respiratory exchange ratio (RER)? a. RER does not accurately determine the metabolic substrates being used b. RER data can convert VO2 into energy expenditure in kilocalories c. RER is the ratio between rates of CO2 production and O2 usage d. RER is equal to VCO2/VO2

a. RER does not accurately determine the metabolic substrates being used

A capillary bed across an exercising muscle has __________ arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference compared to a resting muscle. a. a greater b. a lesser c. the same

a. a greater

Urine produced after strenuous exercise is most likely __________ compared to urine produced before exercise. a. acidic b. mildly alkaline c. strongly alkaline d. neutral

a. acidic

which neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the motor end plate of neuromuscular junction? a. aldosterone b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

acetylcholine

After prolonged aerobic exercise in a hot environment, _____________________ occurs, where stroke volume gradually decreases and heart rate gradually increases. a. cardiovascular drift b. preload activation c. anticipatory response d. anaerobic threshold

a. cardiovascular drift

Which of the following does NOT contribute to ventilatory regulation during exercise? a. chemoreceptors in the stomach b. chemoreceptors in muscles c. stretch receptors in the right atrium d. chemoreceptors in the brain, carotid bodies, and lungs

a. chemoreceptors in the stomach

The primary source of heat loss during exercise in the heat is a. evaporation b. convection c. conduction d. radiation

a. evaporation

If core temperature is not excessively high but an athlete is still exhibiting dizziness, nausea or vomiting, and a rapid, weak pulse, he or she mostly likely has a. heat exhaustion b. heat cramps c. heatstroke d. heat illness

a. heat exhaustion

Compared to untrained individuals, trained endurance athletes have a. higher maximal stroke volumes b. lower maximal stroke volumes c. higher maximal heart rates d. higher resting heart rates

a. higher maximal stroke volumes

Increased plasma volume with heat acclimation leads to a. increased cardiac output and skin blood flow b. higher heart rate c. dangerous Na+losses d. lower sweat rates

a. increased cardiac output and skin blood flow

Which of these training strategies will confer maximal improvements in performance? a. live at altitude, train at sea level b. live at sea level, train at altitude c. live at sea level, train at sea level d. live at altitude, train at altitude

a. live at altitude, train at sea level

_________ is the enzyme that controls the rate of protein synthesis within a myofibril. a. mTOR b. Citrate synthase c. Phosphofructokinase d. Creatine phosphatase

a. mTOR

Which of the following statements correctly describes the change in cardiac output in response to aerobic training? a. maximal cardiac output increases b. resting cardiac output increases c. maximal cardiac output stays the same d. submaximal cardiac output decreases

a. maximal cardiac output increases

Which intracellular change likely contributes the MOST to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength? a. more actin and myosin filaments b. more mitochondria c. more connective tissue d. more sarcoplasm

a. more actin and myosin filaments

The most common fiber type alteration with heavy resistance training is a. more type IIa, less type IIx b. more type IIx, less type I c. more type IIa, less type I d. more type IIx, less type IIa

a. more type IIa, less type IIx

When motor units contract more synchronously, a. muscles increase the rate of force development b. muscles cannot sustain steady forces anymore c. a single motor neuron now innervates several motor units d. the ability to generate force is impeded

a. muscles increase the rate of force development

Which metabolic system is most affected by altitude? a. oxidative b. ATP-PCr c. All metabolic systems are equally affected d. anaerobic glycolytic

a. oxidative

Which mathematical factor that determines resistance to blood flow has the most impact in the body? a. radius of vessel b. shear stress of vessel c. viscosity of blood d. length of vessel

a. radius of vessel

In hemoglobin, CO2 binds to a. the globular protein b. the iron in the heme c. the heme (noniron portion) d. both heme and globular protein

a. the globular protein

what is (are) the risk(s) associated with consuming dietary supplements? a. may not contain the listed active ingredients b. accidental or purposeful contamination c. all of the choices are correct d. supplement labels may be inaccurate

all of these choices are correct

if membrane potential changes from -70 mV to -55 mV, what will happen? a. an action potential will be generated b. an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will be generated c. nothing will happen d. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) will be generated

an action potential will be generated

which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of steroid hormones? a. are lipid soluble b. are derived from cholesterol c. ability to diffuse through membranes d. are amino acid/protein based

are amino acid/protein based

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = a. (diastolic P + systolic P) / 2 b. 2/3 diastolic P + 1/3 systolic P c. 1/3 diastolic P + 2/3 systolic P d. 1/2 diastolic P + 1/2 systolic P

b. 2/3 diastolic P + 1/3 systolic P

The direct index of tissue oxygen extraction from the blood is called a. Oncotic pressure b. A-VO2 difference c. A-VO2 summation d. Total peripheral resistance

b. A-VO2 difference

All of the following factor increase stroke volume EXCEPT a. Increased Contractility b. Decreased blood volume c. Increased Preload d. Decreased Afterload

b. Decreased blood volume

Many marathon runners "hit the wall" around mile 20. What does this tell you about glycogen? a. Exercise intensity is too high by mile 20 to be sustained by glycogen anymore. b. Glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20. c. Oxidative phosphorylation of glycogen is too slow by mile 20. d. There is not enough oxygen by mile to continue using glycogen.

b. Glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning Basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. Measured in supine position b. Is the rate of energy expenditure at rest c. Similar to resting metabolic rate (RMR) but more difficult to measure d. Measured after 8 h sleep and 12 h fasting

b. Is the rate of energy expenditure at rest

Free weights should be used instead of machines for this reason. a. Safer to use b. More specific to sports movement c. Easier to use d. You are a beginning lifter

b. More specific to sports movement

All of following are correct concerning exercise order EXCEPT? a. High intensity before low intensity b. Triceps extensions before bench press c. Multi-joint before single joint d. Squats before leg curls

b. Triceps extensions before bench press

To help blood pH levels to return to resting levels it is best to a. Perform short sprints for 3-5 minutes b. Walk or jog at a slow pace c. Lie down with your feet elevated d. Sit down with your arms above your head

b. Walk or jog at a slow pace

The valve that separates the left ventricle from the general (systemic) circulation is the a. mitral valve b. aortic valve c. tricuspid valve d. pulmonary valve

b. aortic valve

As bicarbonate diffuses from the red blood cell into the plasma, __________ moves from the plasma into the red blood cell to prevent electrical imbalance. a. potassium b. chloride c. calcium d. sodium

b. chloride

During acute altitude exposures, maximal-intensity aerobic exercise is characterized by a. enhanced maximal stroke volume b. diminished maximal cardiac output c. decrease in hematocrit d. increased maximal heart rate

b. diminished maximal cardiac output

Endurance training in older adults results in all of the following EXCEPT a. lower percentage of body fat b. greater fat-free mass c. lower body weight d. less fat mass

b. greater fat-free mass

Compared to other skeletal muscles, respiratory muscles are fatigue resistant because they a. have a greater ratio of type II to type I fibers b. have a greater oxidative capacity c. have a greater anaerobic capacity d. have fewer capillaries

b. have a greater oxidative capacity

The majority of oxygen transported in the blood is bound to _______________. a. plasma b. hemoglobin c. carbonic acid d. bicarbonate

b. hemoglobin

All of the following are true concerning the ATP-PCr system EXCEPT. a. catalyzed by creatine kinase b. involves 10 to 12 reactions c. provides energy for explosive, short-duration movements under 10 seconds d. this system is anaerobic

b. involves 10 to 12 reactions

Sensory impulses that result in controlled and coordination movements are integrated in the: a. brain stem b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. spinal cord

cerebellum

Rob has been training for a 10 km race off and on over the last couple of years and has been keeping track of his postworkout heart rate recovery. When was he probably most aerobically fit? a. last April, when his HR decreased from 190 to 120 beats after 1 min b. last December, when his HR decreased from 190 to 100 beats/min after 1 min c. yesterday, when his HR decreased from 190 to 160 beats/min after 1 min d. last June, when his HR decreased from 190 to 150 beats/min after 1 min

b. last December, when his HR decreased from 190 to 100 beats/min after 1 min

Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training? a. right atrium b. left ventricle c. right ventricle d. left atrium

b. left ventricle

During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because a. transit time through the pulmonary capillaries is much shorter b. lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient c. CO2 content is lowered as blood returns to the right atrium d. reduced venous return leads to decreased pulmonary capillary flow rate

b. lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient

The rate-pressure product is an index of a. circulating catecholamines b. myocardial metabolism c. vascular stiffness d. afterload

b. myocardial metabolism

Muscular endurance could be assessed by a. 1RM b. number of repetitions completed at 75% 1RM c. vertical jump d. running on a treadmill

b. number of repetitions completed at 75% 1RM

The neuromuscular system is a. very difficult to train b. one of the most responsive systems to training c. more responsive as humans age d. fully developed by puberty

b. one of the most responsive systems to training

Heat that the body gains from the sun on a cloudless day is categorized as a. conduction b. radiation c. convection d. evaporation

b. radiation

Reductions in maximal aerobic capacity with aging are due to a. reduced oxygen extraction at muscle b. reduced cardiac output c. reduced pulmonary ventilation d. reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

b. reduced cardiac output

Who would benefit the most from high-intensity upper-body free-weight resistance exercise? a. basketball player b. shot putter c. 1,500 m runner d. soccer player

b. shot putter

Accumulation of metabolic by-products in muscle (H+, CO2, heat) leads to a. increased blood flow to the stomach b. vasodilation c. reduced muscle blood flow d. vasoconstriction

b. vasodilation

ATP is required for muscle relaxation only both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation neither muscle contraction nor muscle relaxation muscle contraction only

both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation

Bicarbonate loading is considered an ergogenic aid because of its supposed effects on a. 100 meter sprint performance b. strength gains c. buffering capacity of blood and tissues d. ultra-endurance performance

buffering capacity of blood and tissues

Where do the highest levels of thought, interpretation, planning, analysis, cognition, and perception occur? a. cerebral white matter b. cerebellum c. diencephalon d. cerebral (gray) cortex

cerebral (gray) cortex

The recommended amount of protein to consume following resistance exercise is _____ g. a. 10-15 b. 45-50 c. 20-25 d. 5-10

c. 20-25

Which of the following is the most accurate means to estimate maximum heart rate? a. maximal cardiac output or maximal stroke volume b. 220 - age in years c. 208 - (0.7 x age in years) d. the lactate threshold

c. 208 - (0.7 x age in years)

Why would eating a big meal before a 5-mile run not improve endurance performance? a. Blood flow to the skin would increase b. Blood flow to the breathing muscles would increase c. Blood flow to the splanchnic areas would increase d. Blood flow to the splanchnic areas would decrease

c. Blood flow to the splanchnic areas would increase

Why does hyperventilation DECREASE the drive to breathe? a. It increases PCO2 and decreases pH. b. It increases PO2 and decreases pH. c. It decreases PCO2 and increases pH. d. It increases PO2 increases pH.

c. It decreases PCO2 and increases pH.

Increased blood pressure during exercise has what effect on plasma volume? a. It increases due to increased capillary oncotic pressure. b. It increases due to increased tissue oncotic pressure. c. It decreases due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. d. It has no effect on plasma volume

c. It decreases due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

At the same level of energy expenditure stroke volume is highest while a. Sitting b. Standing c. Lying d. kneeling

c. Lying

Why does a sarcomere that is too short or too stretched produce less force? a. Thin filaments become unraveled. b. The reduction in force is negligible and can be ignored. c. Not as many cross-bridges can form. d. Thick filaments get damaged.

c. Not as many cross-bridges can form.

__________ influences stroke volume based on the degree of stretch that end-diastolic volume places on the ventricle. a. Arterial constriction b. Afterload c. Preload d. Contractility

c. Preload

When heart rate increases just before the start of exercise, this phenomenon is called a(n) ______________________. a. sympatholysis b. sympathetic withdrawal c. anticipatory response d. parasympathetic stimulation

c. anticipatory response

When an athlete is exercising in hot and humid weather a. evaporation will be enhanced b. clothing will help sweat evaporate better c. core temperature will increase faster d. convection will be the only usable method of heat transfer

c. core temperature will increase faster

Within hours of reaching altitude, red blood cell concentration increases due to a. decreased red blood cell destruction b. increased red blood cell production c. decreased plasma volume d. increased EPO secretion

c. decreased plasma volume

What is the best way to minimize the risk of acute altitude sickness? a. oral steroid treatment b. antinausea medication c. gradual ascent (no more than 300 m/day) d. prophylactic hyperbaric treatment

c. gradual ascent (no more than 300 m/day)

Which of these cardiovascular variables is higher during a single bout of submaximal exercise in children (compared to adults)? a. cardiac output b. stroke volume c. heart rate d. blood pressure

c. heart rate

As muscles become stronger, what is required in order to continue gaining strength? a. decreased overload b. lower intensity c. higher resistance d. continuation of the same training program

c. higher resistance

An increase in muscle size is known as _______________. a. hyperplasia b. cross-innervation c. hypertrophy d. atrophy

c. hypertrophy

Which of these is an acute response to a single bout of exercise in the heat? a. reduced vasoconstriction in nonessential tissues b. increased stroke volume c. increased vasodilation of skin arterioles d. decreased vasodilation of skin arterioles

c. increased vasodilation of skin arterioles

During moderate exercise in the heat, which vascular beds receive the most blood flow? a. muscle, splanchnic (gut) b. muscle, renal (kidneys) c. muscle, skin d. muscle, brain

c. muscle, skin

Which of these is NOT a priority when designing a program to increase strength in action-specific movements? a. emphasizing higher-intensity efforts b. engaging large muscle groups c. programming a high number of reps and sets d. using multiple-joint exercises

c. programming a high number of reps and sets

The job of an afferent neuron is to a. send impulses to skeletal muscle b. send impulses to the viscera (heart, lungs, etc.) c. send impulses from the body to the brain d. send impulses from the brain to the body

c. send impulses from the body to the brain

Resistance training in older populations leads to all of the following EXCEPT a. increased 1RM b.increased maximal force development c. significant transformation from type I fibers to type II fibers d. increased fiber cross-sectional area of types I, IIa, and IIx

c. significant transformation from type I fibers to type II fibers

While both the nervous and endocrine systems are critical for communication and coordination of body systems, the endocrine system responds more a. quickly but has shorter-lasting effects b. quickly but has longer-lasting effects c. slowly but has longer-lasting effects d. slowly but has shorter-lasting effects

c. slowly but has longer-lasting effects

End-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume = a. mean arterial pressure b. cardiac output c. stroke volume d. ejection fraction

c. stroke volume

When sympathetic vasoconstriction in muscle is overridden by local metabolic vasodilation, it is referred to as a. parasympathetic withdrawal b. sympathetic activation c. sympatholysis d. sympathetic stimulation

c. sympatholysis

Type I muscle fibers may become more prevalent with aging for all of these reasons EXCEPT a. type II motor neuron death b. increase in type I motor unit innervation c. type I fiber hypertrophy d. decrease in type II fiber population

c. type I fiber hypertrophy

Resistance training can lead to the conversion of ________ fibers into _____ fibers. a. type I, type IIx b. type IIa, type IIx c. type IIx, type IIa d. type IIa, type I

c. type IIx, type IIa

If you breathe in as deeply as you can and then forcefully exhale as much as possible, a spirometer would be recording which lung volume? a. residual volume b. tidal volume c. vital capacity d. total lung capacity

c. vital capacity

Which two factors are most commonly manipulated in training for increased performance? a. frequency and rest intervals b. intensity and frequency c. volume and intensity d. rest intervals and volume

c. volume and intensity

If blood pressure is relatively low, will it have an effect on stroke volume? Why? a. no, because the vasculature does not affect cardiac function b. no, because blood pressure has no effect on end-diastolic volume c. yes, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance d. yes, because they are both indicators of good cardiovascular health

c. yes, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance

Which of the following hormone increases appetite? a. Leptin b. Glucagon-like peptide 1 c. Peptide YY d. Ghrelin

d. Ghrelin

Which track athlete would most likely excel in competition in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1,610 m)? a. 1,500 m runner b. 10,000 m runner c. 3,000 m runner d. 200 m runner

d. 200 m runner

For most individuals, stroke volume starts to plateau at approximately _____% of maximal HR a. 25-30% b. 75-80% c. 100% d. 40 - 60%

d. 40 - 60%

To train the anaerobic glycolytic system, what percentage of maximal heart rate should be attained? a. 70% to 90% b. 90% to 100% c. 60% to 75% d. 85% to 100%

d. 85% to 100%

Which of the following is true concerning indirect calorimetry a. Is good for resting metabolic measurements for long periods of time (days-weeks) b. Measures body heat production to indirectly determine energy expenditure c. Is not practical or accurate for steady-state exercise d. Estimates energy expenditure based on O2 used and CO2 produced

d. Estimates energy expenditure based on O2 used and CO2 produced

During submaximal exercise at a constant workload, heart rate reaches a plateau called _______________________. a. Balanced heart rate b. Continuous-state heart rate c. Constant-state d. Steady-state heart rate

d. Steady-state heart rate

When you inhale, which of the following occurs as a result of the respiratory pump? a. Pulmonary pressure increases b. Pulmonary capillaries collapse. c. Pulmonary veins are compressed. d. Thoracic vena cavae fill with blood

d. Thoracic vena cavae fill with blood

All of the following influence venous return EXCEPT a. Muscle pump b. Respiratory pump c. One-way venous valves d.Vasodilation of veins in the legs

d. Vasodilation of veins in the legs

Which of the following best describes maximum HR (HRmax)? a. artificially lowered by high blood H+content b. stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system c. reached at ~40 to 50% of maximal effort d. achieved after all-out effort to volitional fatigue

d. achieved after all-out effort to volitional fatigue

If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide does not increase, this is the point where a. aerobic metabolism is increasing b. ventilation is becoming more efficient c. anaerobic metabolism is decreasing d. an estimated lactate threshold occurs

d. an estimated lactate threshold occurs

Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for redirecting blood flow? a. venules b. veins c. capillaries d. arterioles

d. arterioles

The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as the molecule ________________. a. myoglobin b. blood plasma c. hemoglobin d. bicarbonate

d. bicarbonate

If dehydration causes hematocrit to rise to 60%, what is the consequence? a. diminished exercise capacity due to lower red blood cell number b. diminished exercise capacity due to enhanced venous return c. enhanced exercise capacity due to lower blood viscosity d. diminished exercise capacity due to higher blood viscosity which restricts blood flow

d. diminished exercise capacity due to higher blood viscosity which restricts blood flow

Creatine's ergogenic claims include all of the following except a. improved repeated high-intensity performance b. increased muscle PCr levels c. increased lean body mass d. enhanced mental focus and alertness

d. enhanced mental focus and alertness

Which of these hormones does NOT help control fluid balance during exercise? a. antidiuretic hormone b. aldosterone c. arginine vasopressin d. epinephrine

d. epinephrine

Advanced weightlifters should particularly emphasize a. isokinetic resistance training b. machine resistance training c. isometric resistance training d. free-weight resistance training

d. free-weight resistance training

Which of these factors is most critical in determining the rate of pulmonary diffusion? a. plasma solubility of oxygen b. blood pH c. blood temperature d. gas partial pressure

d. gas partial pressure

Dehydration can happen quickly at altitude as the result of all of the following EXCEPT a. respiratory water losses b. enhanced evaporation c. low vapor pressure d. high radiation

d. high radiation

When neural and circulating norepinephrine causes an increase in stroke volume, it is due to a. increased resistance b. decreased preload c. increased afterload d. increased contractility

d. increased contractility

During endurance exercise systolic blood pressure a. remains the same b. decreases slightly c. increases exponentially to exercise intensity d. increases proportional to exercise intensity

d. increases proportional to exercise intensity

During heavy exercise, inhalation is assisted by all of the following EXCEPT a. scaleni b. sternocleidomastoid c. pectorals d. internal intercostals

d. internal intercostals

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls? a. left atrium b. right ventricle c. right atrium d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

Which amino acids seems to act as a trigger for muscle protein synthesis? a. glycine b. arginine c. lysine d. leucine

d. leucine

At rest, the _____________ receive(s) about 50% of cardiac output. a. brain b. skeletal muscle c. skin d. liver and kidneys

d. liver and kidneys

The pulmonary veins travel from the __________ to the __________. a. right atrium, lungs b. right atrium, left atrium c. lungs, left ventricle d. lungs, left atrium

d. lungs, left atrium

The primary stimulus for muscle protein synthesis is a. a high-carbohydrate diet b. neural recruitment of muscle fibers c. isometric contraction d. mechanical stretch of the muscle

d. mechanical stretch of the muscle

In general, whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans most likely results from a. equal contributions of fiber hypertrophy and fiber hyperplasia b. mostly fiber hyperplasia with some fiber hypertrophy c. mostly fiber hyperplasia d. mostly fiber hypertrophy with minimal fiber hyperplasia

d. mostly fiber hypertrophy with minimal fiber hyperplasia

Which of the following statements explaining the increase in SV after aerobic training is correct? a. reload, contractility, and afterload increase b. preload, contractility, and afterload decrease c. preload decreases, contractility and afterload increase d. preload and contractility increase, afterload decreases

d. preload and contractility increase, afterload decreases

Heat cramps must be treated with a. rapid water replenishment b. rapid calcium replenishment c. rapid potassium replenishment (e.g., bananas) d. rapid sodium replenishment

d. rapid sodium replenishment

The loss of exercise capacity, strength, and performance after cessation of training is called a. periodization b. progressive underload c. microcycling d. reversability

d. reversability

A Tour de France winner may not be a great marathon runner due to the principle of a. progressive overload b. individuality c. reversibility d. specificity

d. specificity

Plyometric training takes advantage of the a. Bainbridge reflex b. Babinski reflex c. withdrawal-activation reflex ! d. stretch-shortening reflex

d. stretch-shortening reflex

According to the size principle, which motor unit will be recruited first for a task? a. the motor unit with the most muscle fibers b. the motor unit with the skinniest muscle fibers c. the motor unit with the largest motor neuron d. the motor unit with the smallest motor neuron

d. the motor unit with the smallest motor neuron

Chronic endurance training results in what change to muscle fibers? a. Type IIa fibers behave more like type IIx fibers. b. type II fiber hyperplasia c. type I fiber hyperplasia d. type I fiber hypertrophy

d. type I fiber hypertrophy

Which of these occurs during cardiovascular drift? a. upward drift in stroke volume b. upward drift in skin vasodilation c. upward drift in cardiac output d. upward drift in heart rate

d. upward drift in heart rate

During concentric contractions, increasing the speed of contraction will a. increase the force produced b. have no effect on the force produced c. decrease the force produced

decrease the force produced

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of caffeine supplementation? a. increased mental alertness b. decreased fat metabolism c. decreased fatigue d. elevated mood

decreased fat metabolism

Muscle contraction that results in a change in joint angle is called static contraction eccentric contraction isometric contraction dynamic contraction

dynamic contraction

Type I muscle fibers a. generate force quickly b. have a high oxidative capacity c. fatigue quickly d. have large quantities of fast myosin ATPase

have a high oxidative capacity

Aerobic training in children leads to improved running performance primarily because of a. improved running economy b. increased maximal heart rate c. increased maximal stroke volume d. increased arterial oxygen-carrying capacity

improved running economy

the sympathetic nervous system would contribute to a. skeletal muscle contraction b. increased heart rate c. skeletal muscle inhibition d. increased energy conservation

increased heart rate

As submaximal exercise intensity increases, V̇O2 increases proportionally decreases exponentially increases exponentially decreases proportionally

increases proportionally

Which of the following pairs of hormones typically act in opposition to regulate blood sugar? thyrotropin, cortisol GH, aldosterone insulin, glucagon epinephrine, T3

insulin, glucagon

what is the hormone released from the muscles during exercise, can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease, dementia and is known as the fat-crushing hormone? a. cortisol b. insulin c. irisin d. thyroxin

irisin

Renin is released when the kidneys sense low blood volume and pressure posterior pituitary senses low blood volume adrenal cortex senses low blood pressure hypothalamus senses high blood osmolality

kidneys sense low blood volume and pressure

Which of the following individuals displays the most strength? Lifter A squatting 40 kg in 1 second and moving the weight 1 meter Lifter B squatting 80 kg in 2 seconds and moving the weight 0.8 meter Lifter C squatting 20 kg in 0.75 seconds and moving the weight 0.9 meters Lifter D squatting 100 kg in 3 seconds and moving the weight 0.7 meters. Lifter B Lifter C Lifter A Lifter D

lifter D

During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with a. high rates of fatty acid depletion b. low glycogen stores c. low rates of glycogen depletion d. high rates of gluconeogenesis

low glycogen stores

The stretch reflex in skeletal muscle is initiated because of nerve impulses arising from these receptors: _________________. chemoreceptors golgi tendon organs nodes of Ranvier muscle spindles

muscle spindles

which of these is NOT a critical element of successful blood doping? a. must re-infuse blood no more than 1 week after withdrawal b. must re-infuse about 1 L whole blood c. drawn blood must be frozen d. must wait 5-6 weeks before re-infusion

must re-infuse about 1L whole blood

the fastest impulses travel on axons that are a. unmyelinated and small b. myelinated and small c. myelinated and large d. unmyelinated and large

myelinated and large

Thick filaments are primarily made of which protein? myosin tropomyosin actin troponin

myosin

The primary means by which hormones maintain homeostasis is via a. autocrine regulation b. positive feedback c. second messengers d. negative feedback

negative feedback

The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the dendrite axon neuron myelin

neuron

For a given plasma concentration, hormone effectiveness can be altered by the a. number of inhibitory factors b. number of releasing factors c. number red blood cells d. number of cell receptors

number of cell receptors

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase to meet the oxygen need at the onset of exercise? oxygen shortfall oxygen deficit oxygen insufficiency oxygen lag

oxygen deficit

What is the basic functional unit of a myofibril? gap junction muscle fiber endomysium sarcomere

sarcomere

ATP production from fat is ______ ATP production from glucose. a. slower than b. faster than c. the same as d. less than

slower than

Which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production? a. amino acid concentration, triglyceride storage b. activation energy requirement, glycerol concentration c. enzyme concentration, metabolic rate d. substrate availability, enzyme activity

substrate availability, enzyme activity

A protein that allows the muscle to function as if it has an internal spring is myosin troponin titin actin

titin

The following are strategies to reduce DOMS EXCEPT a. start with low intensity and gradually increase b. start with high-intensity, exhaustive training (soreness bad at first, much less later on) train at high intensity with both resistance and anaerobic training components c. train with primarily intense eccentric exercise d. reduce eccentric component of muscle action

train with primarily intense eccentric exercise

Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order? a. type IIa, type I, type IIx b. type IIx, type IIa, type I c. type I, type IIx, type IIa d. type I, type IIa, type IIx

type I, type IIa, type IIx

The span between the QRS complex and the T wave represents which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. atrial depolarization b. atrial systole c. ventricular systole d. ventricular diastole

ventricular systole

Which of the following variables is most important in determining whether hot environmental conditions are safe for competition? a. dry-bulb temperature b. All three temperatures are equally important. c. globe temperature d. wet-bulb temperature

wet-bulb temperature

The increase in heart rate at the very beginning of exercise is due to a. increased sympathetic activity b. increased vagal tone c. withdrawal of vagal stimulation d. increased parasympathetic activity

withdrawal of vagal stimulation