Exercise Physiology Final Exam

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A "movement plan" is developed by the _________________ before being sent to spinal centers for modification A. medulla B. cerebellum C. motor cortex D. sensory cortex

In a healthy heart, the time spent in systole is generally A. longer than diastole. B. equal to diastole. C. shorter than diastole. D. three times longer than diastole.

In a pulmonary function test, a FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.70 is a. considered normal. b. higher than normal. c. suggestive of airway obstruction. d. associated with a high VO2 max.

In negative feedback, the response of the system is A. to increase the gain of the receptor. B. to modify the receptor's response to the stimulus. C. opposite to that of the stimulus. D. to enhance the stimulus.

The neurological disease that progressively destroys the myelin sheaths of axons in multiple areas of the CNS is A. Parkinson's disease. B. kinesthesia. C. multiple sclerosis.

The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization are A. a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and higher sweat rate. B. an increased plasma volume and lower sweat rate. C. an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate. D. a decreased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a lower sweat rate.

The progressive increase in the percent energy from carbohydrates and a decrease in the percent energy from fat is called the A. substrate shift phenomenon. B. RQ effect. C. crossover concept. D. glycolytic surge.

Which of the following factors would serve to increase blood pressure? A. systemic vasodilation. B. a decrease in blood viscosity. C. an increase in stroke volume. D. increased parasympathetic nervous system activity.

Which of the following hormones is part of the General Adaptive Syndrome and is called the "stress" hormone? A. epinephrine B. renin C. cortisol D. insulin

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the thyroid gland and plays a role in the regulation of plasma calcium levels? A. thyroxine B. triiodothyronine C. calcitonin D. parathyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones is secreted from adipose tissue? A. leptin B. adiponectin C. both a and b D. neither a nor b

Which of the following immune cells are a component of the innate immune system? A. killer T cells B. helper T cells C. natural killer cells D. B cells

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A. regulation of blood glucose B. regulation of body temperature C. labor contractions during childbirth D. the cellular stress protein response

Which of the following is true concerning VO2 max? A. It occurs at a lower intensity of exercise than the lactate threshold. B. It is the maximal volume of oxygen that can be breathed into the lungs in one minute. C. It is a valid measure of cardiovascular fitness. D. It is the highest VO2 achieved during prolonged steady-state exercise.

Which of the following is true concerning the electron transport chain? A. The associated oxidation and reduction reactions provide the energy needed to pump H+ ions into the mitochondrial matrix B. The flow of H+ ions from the inter-membrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix powers the (aerobic) production of ADP C. The electrons passed down the chain will eventually be used to help form water D. The end result of the electron transport chain is the formation of oxygen

Coupled reactions are defined as A. reactions that are linked together via the same enzyme. B. reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction. C. reactions that are not directly linked together but are related to the same enzyme. D. reactions that are linked via common substrates.

Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max in the normal population is maximal A. heart rate. B. stroke volume. C. arteriovenous O2 difference. D. systolic blood pressure.

Hypothermia is defined as a large A. decrease in skin temperature. B. decrease in core (body) temperature. C. increase in core temperature. D. decrease in skin blood flow.

If muscle glycogen is the initial substrate, ____________ ATP can be produced via glycolysis. A. 2. B. 3. C. 32. D. 33.

If the thyroid gland does not produce a sufficient amount of T3 or T4, the resting metabolic rate will A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain the same.

Immunoglobulins are also called A. antigens. B. antibodies. C. viruses. D. cytokines.

In response to exercise training, the normal lung a. increases the number of alveoli. b. does not undergo measurable changes. c. decreases anatomical dead space. d. increases total lung volume.

Aerobic production of ATP occurs in the A. mitochondria in a process called glycolysis. B. mitochondria (i.e., electron transport chain) in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. C. mitochondria in a process called beta oxidation. D. cytoplasm.

All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in A. venules. B. capillaries. C. arterioles. D. veins.

An excitatory neurotransmitter results in increased neuronal permeability to A. sodium and results in IPSPs. B. sodium and results in EPSPs. C. potassium and results in IPSPs. D. potassium and results in EPSPs.

An increase in core temperature results in A. cutaneous vasoconstriction. B. cutaneous vasodilation. C. thyroxine release. D. shivering.

An increase in parasympathetic outflow to the heart results in A. an increase in HR. B. a decrease in HR. C. a slight increase in arterial blood pressure. D. a slight decrease in arterial blood pressure followed by an increase in HR.

Anatomically, the nervous system can be divided into two main parts: A. afferent and efferent. B. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. C. sensory and motor. D. sympathetic and parasympathetic.

As a result of training, the sympathetic nervous system's response to a fixed submaximal work rate A. is increased. B. is decreased. C. remains the same.

Blood buffers would most likely improve performances lasting A. less than 10 seconds. B. 30 to 180 seconds. C. 3 to 20 minutes. D. longer than 20 minutes.

In terms of the factors that limit VO2 max, improvements elicited by endurance training generally first affect ____________, and then ___________ after several weeks/months. A. a-vO2 difference; cardiac output B. cardiac output; a-vO2 difference

Metabolic acidosis is a result of the overproduction of ketoacids, which can occur A. during exercise. B. in uncontrolled diabetes. C. as a result of high levels of glucose metabolism. D. all of the above.

Mitochondrial PO2 is _____________ capillary PO2. a. greater than b. less than c. equal to

Which of the following is not a general recommendation for strength training? A. intensity of 8-12 RM B. >10 sets of each exercise C. three days per week (to allow rest days) D. All of the above are part of the general recommendation for strength training.

Which of the following is true concerning neurons? A. The resting membrane potential is generally in the range of 40mv to 75mv. B. Maintaining resting membrane potential requires the use of energy from ATP. C. An action potential occurs when all of the neuron's potassium gates open. D. The depolarization of a neuron occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more negative.

Which of the following is true of the pH of arterial blood? A. The normal pH is 7.0. B. A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis. C. A pH of 7.0 would be considered alkalosis. D. None of the above is true.

In general, at high environmental temperatures, the most important variable determining heat loss by evaporation is/are the A. convective currents. B. ambient temperature and relative humidity. C. amount of exposed skin. D. all of the above.

In order to achieve improvements in VO2 max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of A. 40-70% VO2 max. B. 50-85% VO2 max. C. 60-95% VO2 max. D. 95-100% VO2 max.

In short-term performances (10-180 seconds) which of the following factors is the primary cause of fatigue? A. muscle glycogen depletion B. depressed plasma FFA C. hypoglycemia D. H+ accumulation

Neurons are negatively charged on the inside of the cell with respect to the charge on the exterior of the cell. This electrical charge difference is called A. irritability. B. conductivity. C. action potential. D. resting membrane potential.

Relative to brain health, regular aerobic exercise has been shown to A. enhance learning and memory B. improve brain blood flow C. stimulate neuron formation D. do all of the above.

Satellite cells A. contribute to muscle growth by dividing and contributing mitochondria to existing muscle fibers. B. reside below the sarcolemma. C. are differentiated cells that can turn into muscle fibers. D. are undifferentiated cells that play a key role in muscle growth and repair.

Skeletal and cardiac muscle are similar in which of the following ways? A. both muscles contain type I, IIa, and IIx fibers B. both muscles are under voluntary control C. both muscles contain fibers that are branched D. both muscles are composed of striated fibers containing actin and myosin

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in A. decreased lactate formation. B. decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. C. sparing of blood glucose. D. all of the above.

The systematic process in which the volume and intensity of training are varied over time is A. afterload. B. overload. C. specificity. D. periodization.

Trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit; this may be due to A. having a lower VO2 max. B. having a greater reliance on anaerobic pathways. C. the involvement of the ATP-CP energy system. D. having a better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity.

Under normal conditions, the characteristics of arterial blood include a. PO2 of 100 mmHg. b. oxyhemoglobin saturation of 97-98%. c. oxygen content of 20 ml O2 / 100 ml blood. d. all of the above.

Which of the following events in muscle contraction is the first to occur chronologically? A. The T-tubules depolarize, causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. Calcium is resequestered (taken up) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Tropomyosin moves, exposing the actin active sites. D. The innervating alpha-motor neuron has an action potential. E. The binding of acetylcholine causes a skeletal sarcolemma to have an action potential.

Which of the following events occurs at approximately 50-60% VO2 max? A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration B. an increase in blood lactic acid concentration C. a decrease in blood pH D. all of the above

T/F Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

T/F Glucagon secretion increases during exercise, which decreases liver glycogen stores in order to maintain blood glucose concentration.

T/F If you continue to increase the firing rate (of action potentials) of a motor neuron, then all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates will eventually summate to tetanus.

T/F In general, during exercise in a thermoneutral environment, the increase in core temperature is directly related to the exercise intensity.

T/F In general, heart rate increases in direct proportion to the metabolic rate during exercise

T/F Individuals with a high percentage of body fat have an advantage over lean individuals in tolerance to cold.

T/F Lactate is formed and accumulates when the rate of glycolytic production of pyruvate and NADH exceeds the rate at which these products are shuttled into the mitochondria.

T/F Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

T/F Rigor mortis is caused by an inability of myosin to enter a weak binding state with actin.

T/F The SI unit used for both work and energy is the joule.

A MET is defined as a metabolic equivalent and is equal to A. resting VO2. B. 50% of resting VO2. C. 200% of resting VO2. D. VO2 max.

A hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids is A. glucagon. B. somatostatin. C. insulin. D. none of the above.

A respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.95 during steady-state exercise is suggestive of a(n) A. high rate of carbohydrate metabolism. B. high rate of fat metabolism. C. equal rate of fat/carbohydrate metabolism. D. high rate of protein metabolism.

Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct? A. Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain. B. Core temperature is maintained at 34C. C. Skin temperature is usually equal to core temperature. D. All of the above statements are correct.

Which of the following training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production? A. increased glycogen utilization. B. increased H form of LDH. C. increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate. D. decreased pyruvate formation.

___________ inflammation has been linked to increase risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. A. Low grade B. High grade

______________ refers to the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus. A. Irritability B. Conductivity C. Depolarization D. Repolarization

A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells that is thought to alter the O2-Hb dissociation curve is a. lactic acid b. 2-3 DPG c. CO2 d. O2

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct? A. glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. B. glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvic acid or lactic acid. C. glycolysis can start with glucose of fatty acids. D. glycolysis doesn't produce any ATP.

Which of the following would occur in response to elevated blood glucose to maintain homeostasis? A. decreased insulin secretion from the pancreas B. increased uptake of glucose by cells C. continued elevation of blood glucose D. all of the above

Most of the O2 that is transported in the blood is in a. a solution as a dissolved gas. b. the form of oxyhemoglobin. c. the form of carboxyhemoglobin. d. the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

A cool-down period following heavy exercise is probably very important in A. preventing heat stroke. B. preventing muscle cramps. C. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation. D. allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal.

A genetic predisposition for athletic talent A. is not necessary for an individual to compete at a world-class level. B. has little impact on the individual's ultimate athletic potential. C. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level. D. is important only in power events such as sprinting.

Which of the following is true of the heart rate change during exercise? A. the increase in HR is due only to withdrawal of PNS influence. B. the increase in HR is due only to increasing SNS influence. C. the increase in HR is due only to PNS withdrawal followed by increasing SNS influence. D. the increase in HR is due to a spontaneous increase in SA node activity.

Which of the following sports would have the greatest risk of acid-base disturbance? A. baseball B. 100-m sprint C. 800-m run D. 10,000-m run

Which of the following training intensities of exercise is believed to elicit the greatest percentage of improvement in VO2 max? A. <50% VO2 max B. ~57% VO2 max C. 80-90% VO2 max D. >90% VO2 max

Which of the intracellular buffers contributes the most to the cell's buffering capacity? A. muscle bicarbonate B. intracellular phosphate groups C. intracellular proteins D. all of the above contribute equally

While hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the A. plasma concentration of the hormone. B. training state of the subject. C. type of receptor at the tissue. D. concentration of the hormone.

Work is defined as A. the ability to transform energy from one state to another. B. the ability to utilize oxygen. C. force times distance. D. distance times power output.

In response to a decrease in body temperature, the __________ initiates the release of norepinephrine, which increases the rate of cellular metabolism. A. cerebrum B. posterior hypothalamus C. anterior hypothalamus D. medial hypothalamus

Most of the increase in mean arterial blood pressure that occurs during dynamic (isotonic) incremental exercise is due to A. an increase in diastolic blood pressure. B. the increase in systolic blood pressure. C. both an increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. D. none of the above.

Muscle glycogen breakdown is stimulated by the catecholamines. It is also stimulated by A. elevated H+ concentration. B. increased intracellular Ca++. C. both a and b. D. neither a nor b—it is stimulated only by the catecholamines.

Muscle spindles provide sensory information relative to the A. amount of force generated by muscle during a contraction. B. length of muscle. C. amount of energy expended during a muscle contraction. D. speed of muscle contraction.

Myoglobin is a red pigment found in skeletal muscle that serves to a. transport CO2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria. b. transport O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria. c. buffer changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cell. d. transport O2 from the mitochondria to the cell membrane.

Net efficiency is defined as A. work output/energy expended at rest times 100. B. work performed/energy expended above rest times 100. C. work output/energy expended times 100. D. energy expended/work output times 100.

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the basal ganglia resulting in A. an impairment in maximal speed of movement. B. increased involuntary movement of tremors. C. an impairment in hearing. D. impaired reaction times.

Power is defined as A. the ability to perform work. B. work divided by time. C. work times force. D. force times distance.

Research demonstrates that respiratory muscle fatigue does not occur during exercise. a. true b. false

Research indicates that nasal strips increase endurance performance. a. true b. false

Steroid hormones exert their effect by A. activating adenylate cyclase. B. altering the activity of DNA. C. blocking the effect of cyclic AMP. D. causing an inflammation response.

The "knee jerk" or stretch reflex is due to the activation of the A. Golgi tendon organ B. muscle spindle

The J-shaped relationship between intensity of exercise suggest that risk of URTI is lowest in people who A. are sedentary. B. engage in moderate exercise. C. engage in vigorous exercise.

The T cells that primarily attack virus-containing cells are A. helper T cells. B. killer T cells. C. regulatory T cells. D. suppressor T cells.

The accumulation of _________ would slow glycolysis by inhibiting its rate limiting enzyme. A. ADP B. ATP C. Pi D. none of these

The actual ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose is different from the theoretical yield because A. the net production of ATP is higher than previously thought. B. it accounts for the fact that an additional H+ is required to move ATP into the cytoplasm. C. it eliminates the ATP derived from NADH and FADH2. D. of all of these.

The amount of force exerted during muscular contraction is dependent on the A. type of motor units recruited and nothing else. B. type of motor units recruited, the initial length of the muscle, and the nature of the neural stimulation. C. length of the muscle fibers only. D. nature of the neural stimulation only.

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two functional and anatomical divisions called A. sympathetic and unsympathetic. B. sympathetic and parasympathetic. C. afferent and efferent. D. CNS and PNS.

The calculated efficiency for aerobic respiration is approximately A. 0%. B. 34%. C. 100%. D. 66%.

The carbohydrate fuel source that becomes most important after 3-4 hours of moderate-intensity (~70% VO2 max) exercise is A. muscle glycogen. B. blood glucose. C. muscle triglycerides. D. plasma FFA.

The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in arterial a. H+ and K+ concentrations. b. pH, PCO2, and PO2. c. pH and K+ concentrations. d. PO2 only.

The change in muscle fiber type that would most likely occur as a result of endurance training is A. type I type II B. type IIx type IIa C. type IIa type IIx D. type IIx type I

The exercise intensity that promotes the greatest total grams of fat metabolized is A. 20% of VO2 max. B. 50% of VO2 max. C. 80% of VO2 max. D. 100% of VO2 max.

The fact that an increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume increases the stroke volume of the heart is an illustration of the A. influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac output. B. Frank-Starling law of the heart. C. influence of atrioventricular node on cardiac output. D. influence of blood pressure on cardiac output.

The first bioenergetic pathway to become active at the onset of exercise is A. glycolysis. B. the ATP-CP system. C. the Krebs cycle. D. the electron transport chain.

The general components of a biological control system are the A. receptor, control center, and response. B. receptor, control center, and effector. C. effector, remote control, and stimulus. D. receptor and integrating center.

The greatest resistance to blood flow is in the A. veins. B. arterioles. C. aorta. D. capillaries.

The higher the relative humidity, the __________ the vapor pressure gradient between the skin and the environment. A. higher B. lower C. There is no relationship between relative humidity and vapor pressure.

The joint receptors that provide the central nervous system with information about body position are termed A. motor neurons. B. proprioceptors. C. extrafusal fibers. D. chemoreceptors.

The maximal rate of fat oxidation, FATmax, typically occurs just before A. VO¬2 max. B. the LT. C. oxygen deficit. D. EPOC.

The mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and glucose from liver glycogen would be stimulated by A. an increase in insulin and an increase in glucagon. B. a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon. C. an increase in insulin and a decrease in glucagon. D. a decrease in insulin and a decrease in glucagon.

The most common and strongest acid produced in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise is ________________ acid. A. phosphoric B. lactic C. acetoacetic D. citric

The most common technique used to measure oxygen consumption in exercise physiology laboratories is A. closed-circuit spirometry. B. open-circuit spirometry. C. direct calorimetry. D. computer calorimetry.

The most significant key to developing protection against exercise-induced muscle soreness is A. taking antioxidants. B. repeated exposure to exercise. C. exercising less. D. including more protein in one's diet.

The motor cortex is concerned with voluntary movement and is located within the A. cerebellum. B. cerebrum. C. brain stem. D. hypothalamus.

The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates are called a motor A. junction. B. unit. C. end plate. D. nerve.

The muscle of the heart is referred to as the A. pericardium. B. myocardium. C. epicardium. D. endocardium.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the A. atrioventricular node. B. sinoatrial node. C. AV node. D. SV node.

The oxygen debt is generally higher following heavy exercise when compared with light exercise because heavy exercise A. produces more lactic acid. B. results in greater body heat gained, greater CP depleted, higher blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and greater depletion of blood and muscle oxygen stores. C. results in a greater level of liver glycogen depletion. D. is of shorter duration than light exercise.

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to A. convey heat away from deep body tissues. B. deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and remove wastes from body tissues. C. serve as a buffer fluid for metabolic wastes during exercise. D. circulate oxygenated blood to the lungs.

The primary purpose of the pulmonary system is a. ventilation. b. to provide an interface for gas exchange. c. to transport O2 and CO2 in the blood. d. formation of surfactant.

The pulmonary system may limit VO2 max only in elite endurance athletes. a. true b. false

The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering the blood tension of A. O2. B. CO2. C. HCO3. D. H2CO3.

The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP during exercise is through A. glycolysis. B. ATP-CP system. C. aerobic metabolism. D. glycogenolysis.

The slow rise in oxygen uptake over time during high-intensity, prolonged exercise is due to A. high blood levels of lactic acid. B. rising body temperature. C. rising blood levels of insulin. D. the increased amount of work necessary to maintain exercise.

The spinal cord translated a voluntary movement into appropriate muscle action. This is called A. spinal modification. B. spinal tuning. C. motor activation. D. action potential generation.

The summing of many EPSPs from a single pre-synaptic neuron over a short time period is called A. spatial summation. B. temporal summation. C. IPSP. D. hyperpolarization.

The term homeostasis is defined as A. a constant metabolic demand placed upon the body. B. the maintenance of a constant internal environment. C. a low metabolic rate. D. a change within the internal environment.

The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, means to A. overtrain or to exercise too much relative to the individual's capacity. B. stress the system above a level to which it's accustomed. C. injure or damage a muscle group. D. consume excess carbohydrates.

The transfer of heat from the body into molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface is called A. radiation. B. conduction. C. convection. D. evaporation.

The two principal contractile proteins found in skeletal muscle are A. actin and troponin. B. actin and myosin. C. troponin and tropomyosin. D. myosin and tropomyosin.

The ventilatory central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the a. pH of mixed venous blood. b. pH of cerebral spinal fluid. c. PO2, pH, and PCO2 of arterial blood. d. PCO2 and H+ of mixed venous blood.

Translation is the production of a protein from mRNA at the A. nucleus. B. ribosome. C. mitochondria. D. Golgi apparatus.

What is the primary energy source in ultra short-term performances (less than 10 seconds)? A. muscle glycogen B. phosphocreatine C. blood glucose D. plasma FFA

Which of the following events in muscle contraction is the last to occur chronologically? A. The T-tubules depolarize, causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. Calcium is resequestered (taken up) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Tropomyosin moves, exposing the actin active sites. D. The innervating alpha-motor neuron has an action potential. E. The binding of acetylcholine causes a skeletal sarcolemma to have an action potential.

Which of the following has been shown to interfere with cross-bridge "cycling" during exercise? A. an accumulation of ATP B. an accumulation of H+ C. a decrease in Na+ D. a decrease in Pi (inorganic phosphate)

Which of the following hormones is believed to exert a "permissive" effect on the mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue? A. epinephrine B. T3 and T4 C. insulin D. glucagon

Which of the following is a mechanism for increasing venous return during exercise? A. an increase in stroke volume B. venoconstriction C. an increase in HR D. a decrease in blood pressure

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion for a gas is greater when the surface area for diffusion is large and the "driving pressure" (i.e., partial pressure) between the two sides of tissue is high. a. true b. false

After the first few minutes of constant-load, submaximal exercise, VO2 reaches steady state, indicating that A. the ATP demand is being met aerobically. B. levels of lactic acid in the blood are very high. C. the exercise can be continued indefinitely without fatigue. D. the oxygen uptake is not sufficient to meet the ATP demand.

An increase in alveolar ventilation serves to lower arterial PCO2 and increase blood pH. a. true b. false

An increase in blood temperature and a decrease in blood pH would result in _____________ in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. a. a rightward shift b. a leftward shift c. no change in

At a low PO2, myoglobin has _______________ affinity for O2 than hemoglobin. a. a higher b. a lower c. the same

Backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles is prevented by the A. semilunar valves. B. bicuspid valve. C. atrioventricular valves. D. coronary valves.

Beta-adrenergic blocking medications A. interfere with epinephrine and norepinephrine receptor function. B. increase heart rate. C. increase stroke volume. D. inhibit the actions of acetylcholine.

Body temperature increases slightly during exercise. This would have the effect of A. increasing enzyme activity. B. decreasing enzyme activity. C. denaturing enzymes. D. none of these.

By definition, an endergonic reaction is A. a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place. B. a chemical reaction that gives off energy. C. an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. D. a chemical reaction that results in products containing less free energy than the original reactants.

Calculate the power if 600 joules of work are completed in 60 seconds. A. 10 watts B. 660 watts C. 36,000 watts D. Power cannot be calculated with the information provided.

Calculating the work performed on a cycle ergometer requires that you know all of the following except A. subject's body weight. B. resistance against flywheel. C. pedaling speed. D. exercise time.

Conditioned athletes may experience a _________ improvement in VO2 max as a result of endurance training. A. 3-5% B. 10-15% C. 50% D. none of the above

During exercise of about 40% VO2 max, the concentration of plasma cortisol A. is lower than at rest. B. is higher than at rest. C. remains the same as at rest.

During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate liver glycogenolysis indirectly by A. increasing glucagon secretion from the pancreas. B. increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas. C. increasing the uptake of FFA by muscle. D. lowering plasma cortisol concentration.

During exercise, more oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin to the tissues than at rest. a. true b. false

During the initial period of disuse (i.e., 2 days), muscle atrophy is predominantly due to A. decreased protein synthesis. B. increased protein breakdown. C. both a decreased protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown.

Electrical impulses are conducted between heart muscle cells by A. intercalated discs. B. intermediate junctions. C. minute synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. D. Purkinje fibers.

Energy to run a 40-yard dash comes A. almost exclusively from the ATP-CP system. B. exclusively from glycolysis. C. almost exclusively from aerobic metabolism. D. from a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP being produced aerobically.

Exercise should be avoided if cold symptoms A. include a fever. B. are above the neck. C. include a runny nose or nasal congestion.

Free radicals may promote muscle fatigue by A. damaging contractile proteins and limiting the number of cross-bridges. B. blocking action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction. C. reducing ATP production. D. none of the above; free radicals do not promote muscle fatigue

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors limits performance? A. VO2 max B. creatine phosphate depletion C. availability of carbohydrate supplementation D. availability of plasma FFA

In protein synthesis, the formation of mRNA is called A. transcription. B. translation.

In the adaptive immune system, the role of B cells is to A. produce antibodies. B. secrete cytokines to enhance the immune response. C. act as phagocytes. D. attack cancer cells.

In the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the gains in strength are due primarily to A. neural adaptations. B. hypertrophy. C. hyperplasia. D. increased muscle fiber size.

Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last _____ seconds. A. 5-10 B. 30-60 C. 90-180 D. at least 180

Most of the carbohydrate (e.g., for a rested, well-fed athlete) used as a substrate during high-intensity exercise comes from A. muscle glycogen stores. B. blood glucose. C. liver glycogen stores. D. glycogen stored in fat cells.

Most, if not all, of the increase in muscle size due to strength training is the result of A. hypertrophy. B. hyperplasia. C. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia equally. D. neither hypertrophy nor hyperplasia.

Muscle pH is generally A. 0.4-0.6 pH units lower than blood pH. B. 0.4-0.6 pH units higher than blood pH. C. equal to blood pH.

Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system are called A. efferent. B. afferent. C. dendrites. D. sensory.

Physiologists use the term steady state to denote A. a steady and unchanging level of a physiological variable. B. a completely normal external environment. C. a changing internal environment. D. an increase in body heat storage.

Recent evidence suggests that the optimum speed of movement A. increases as the power output increases. B. decreases as the power output increases. C. remains constant as the power output increases. D. increases as the power output decreases.

Small changes in arterial PCO2 have a ______________ effect on ventilation compared to small changes in PO2. a. greater b. lesser c. the same

Sodium bicarbonate has been ingested by athletes in an attempt to improve performance by A. increasing blood buffering capacity. B. decreasing muscle lactate production. C. stimulating pulmonary ventilation to increase oxygen transport. D. increasing plasma volume.

The Golgi tendon organs monitor A. tension produced by muscular contraction. B. the length of muscle. C. the concentration of sodium ions in the sarcoplasm. D. the position of joints during movement.

The RQ for fat is A. 0.70. B. 0.82. C. 0.85. D. 1.00.

The SI unit for work is the A. joule. B. watt. C. kpm. D. kcal

The action potential is generated when a stimulus A. opens sodium channels. B. opens voltage-gated potassium channels. C. causes the interior of the cell to become more negative. D. blocks the entry of sodium into the cell.

The amount of air inspired and expired at rest is called a. tidal volume. b. total lung capacity. c. vital capacity. d. residual volume.

The arterial-venous oxygen difference A. increases as a function of exercise intensity. B. does not change during exercise. C. decreases as the exercise intensity increases. D. is highest during submaximal exercise.

The caloric (kcal) yield of one gram of protein is A. 4 kcal/g. B. 7 kcal/g. C. 9 kcal/g. D. the same as that of one gram of fat.

The cardiovascular control center is located in the A. medulla oblongata. B. carotid sinus. C. cerebrum. D. atria of the heart.

The concentration of a hormone can be increased by A. decreasing the rate at which it is metabolized. B. increasing the number of receptors. C. increasing the rate at which it is excreted. D. increasing the plasma volume.

The decrease in maximal heart rate with age in adults can be estimated via A. HR max = 220 - age. B. HR max = 200 - age. C. HR max = 210 - age. D. HR max = 205 - age.

The decrease in plasma volume and the increase in the osmolality of the plasma during exercise results in _________________ in antidiuretic hormone. A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called the A. pulse pressure. B. mean arterial blood pressure. C. brachial pressure. D. double product.

The effectors in the response to increased body temperature include A. cutaneous blood vessels and sweat glands. B. cutaneous blood vessels and skeletal muscle. C. baroreceptors. D. stretch receptors.

The energy to perform long-term exercise (i.e., >20 minutes) comes primarily from A. aerobic metabolism. B. a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with anaerobic metabolism producing the bulk of the ATP. C. anaerobic metabolism. D. anaerobic metabolism, with the ATP-PC system producing the bulk of the ATP.

The enzyme-substrate complex is A. best described by the lock and key model. B. not influenced by pH. C. a terminal point for both the enzyme and substrate (neither can be reused). D. more likely to occur in a 20 degrees C environment than a 40 degrees C one.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy A. cannot be created nor destroyed. B. cannot be stored. C. cannot be converted into other forms. D. transformations result in an increase in entropy.

The gain of a biological control system can be thought of as the A. amount of amplification of the system or the precision with which the control system maintains homeostasis. B. ratio of the amount of abnormality to the amount of correction needed to maintain a constant internal environment (i.e., amount abnormality/amount of correction needed). C. positive feedback needed to maintain homeostasis. D. stimulus that triggers the biological control system to bring the internal environment back to normal.

The ideal ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lung is 1. a. true b. false

The immune function may be depressed following strenuous exercise due to high levels of A. cortisol. B. natural killer cells. C. neutrophil phagocytosis. D. B cell activity.

The increase in cardiac output that occurs during exercise is due to A. both an increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in vascular resistance. B. a decrease in vascular resistance only. C. an increase in mean arterial blood pressure only. D. an increase in heart rate and a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure.

The intrapleural pressure is lower than the intrapulmonary pressure. a. true b. false

The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake at which there is a systematic A. rise in blood levels of lactic acid. B. rise in aerobic metabolism. C. decrease in blood lactic acid concentration. D. rise in blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase.

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outside of skeletal muscle (i.e., just below the fascia) is called the A. epimysium. B. perimysium. C. endomysium. D. basement membrane.

The most important muscle of inspiration is/are the a. diaphragm. b. rectus abdominis. c. internal oblique. d. external intercostals.

The most important of the blood buffers is/are A. bicarbonate. B. blood proteins. C. hemoglobin. D. platelets.

The neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic nervous system is A. acetylcholine. B. norepinephrine. C. serotonin. D. dopamine.

The number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning weightlifters is A. one. B. three. C. three to eight. D. ten or more.

The primary effect of the elevated plasma concentration of growth hormone during intense exercise is to A. increase the synthesis of contractile protein in muscle. B. promote long bone growth. C. favor the mobilization of FFA and reduces tissue use of blood glucose. D. none of the above.

The primary fuel source during high-intensity (85% VO2 max) exercise is A. muscle glycogen. B. blood glucose. C. muscle triglycerides. D. plasma FFA.

The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to A. complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form NADH and FADH). B. produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. C. prime glycolysis for the production of ATP. D. produce H2O and ATP.

The primary purpose of the Krebs cycle is to A. complete the oxidation of foodstuffs using NAD and FAD as hydrogen (electron) carriers. B. catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP from creatine phosphate. C. oxidize foodstuffs and transfer those electrons to pyruvic acid. D. consume lactate.

The principal means of heat loss at rest in a cool environment (20C/low humidity) is via A. radiation. B. conduction. C. evaporation. D. convection.

The rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is A. isocitrate dehydrogenase. B. hexokinase. C. succinate dehydrogenase. D. cytochrome oxidase.

The relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate is A. linear. B. curvilinear. C. exponential. D. there is no relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate.

The respiratory control center is located in the a. medulla oblongata. b. cerebrum. c. carotid bodies. d. cerebellum.

The shorter the activity, the ____________ the contribution of anaerobic energy sources. A. greater B. lesser

The term oxygen deficit refers to the A. lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise. B. excess oxygen consumption during recovery from exercise. C. amount of oxygen required to maintain a steady state during constant-load exercise. D. amount of oxygen utilized by the ATP-PC system in the first few minutes of exercise.

The total ATP production via aerobic breakdown of glucose is A. 32 ATP. B. 36 ATP. C. 38 ATP. D. 39 ATP.

When calculating the RQ, protein is often ignored. Why? A. because protein generally plays a small role as a substrate B. because it is impossible to calculate the RQ for protein C. because protein cannot be used as a substrate during exercise D. because the RQ for protein is 0

Which of the following conditions would result in a higher EPOC? A. higher intensity of exercise B. lower intensity of exercise C. lower body temperature D. lower blood lactate

Which of the following could be a mechanism of heat gain in a hot environment? A. radiation B. conduction C. evaporation D. convection

Which of the following endurance training strategies would result in the greatest improvements in VO2 max? A. high-intensity, continuous exercise B. long, slow distance exercise

Which of the following factors may explain the rise in blood lactic acid at the lactate threshold? A. an increased rate of lactate production B. an increased rate of removal of lactic acid from the blood (supposed to be decreased) C. both a and b D. neither a nor b

Which of the following has been shown to cause muscle fatigue? A. the accumulation H+ B. the accumulation of ATP C. the accumulation of Na+ D. the accumulation of muscle glycogen

Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla? A. epinephrine B. aldosterone C. cortisol D. angiotensin II

Which of the following is correct? a. The PO2 at sea level is 159 mmHg. b. The percentage of CO2 in the air is 3.0. c. The percentage of O2 in the air at sea level is different from that at altitude.

Which of the following is the correct order of events pertaining to contraction of the left ventricle? A. The bundle branches depolarize, the ventricle contracts, the ventricular pressure increases, the aortic volume increases. B. The aortic volume increases, the ventricular pressure increases, the ventricle contracts, the bundle branches depolarize. C. The ventricular pressure increases, the bundle branches depolarize, the aortic volume increases, the ventricle contracts. D. The bundle branches depolarize, the ventricular pressure increases, the ventricle contracts, the aortic volume increases.

Which of the following is true about VO2 during exercise? A. VO2 increases linearly with work rate. B. VO2 is an indicator of glycolytic ATP production. C. VO2 drops sharply just prior to fatigue. D. None of the above are true.

Which of the following is true concerning the Cori Cycle? A. It is one means of decreasing (metabolizing) accumulated lactate. B. It may increase liver glycogen content. C. It is supplied by glucose that has been removed from the blood. D. It is a means by which glucose is synthesized from amino acids removed from the blood.

Which of the following plays the most important role in acid-base balance during exercise? A. respiratory system B. kidneys C. both a and b D. neither a nor b

A decrease in arterial PO2 below 70 mm Hg would likely result in a. a decrease in alveolar ventilation. b. an increase in alveolar ventilation. c. no change in alveolar ventilation.

A kilocalorie is equal to A. 100 calories. B. 1,000 calories. C. 4,186 kilojoules. D. 4.186 joules.

A rate-limiting enzyme in the aerobic synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria is A. phosphofructokinase. B. cytochrome oxidase. C. myosin ATPase. D. ATP synthase.

A runner who exhibits poor running economy would require A. a lower VO2 at any given running speed compared to an economical runner. B. a higher VO2 at any given running speed compared to an economical runner. C. the same VO2 at any given running speed compared to an economical runner.

A sensible increase in training duration for a runner who trains 50 miles per week would be A. 1 mile (to 51 miles per week). B. 5 miles (to 55 miles per week). C. 10 miles (to 60 miles per week). D. 25 miles (to 75 miles per week).

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, tension is restored. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being related to which of the following sites? A. muscle B. central nervous system C. mitochondria D. peripheral nervous system

A successful endurance athlete would likely have ________________ compared to a sedentary person. A. a higher percentage of glycolytic fibers B. a higher percentage of type I fibers C. a higher percentage of fast-twitch fibers D. the same percentage of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers

Acids are defined as A. molecules that release hydroxyl ions (OH-). B. molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+). C. molecules that combine with hydrogen ions. D. substances that raise the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

Decrease in performance, weight loss, chronic fatigue, increased infections, and psychological staleness are symptoms of A. undertraining. B. overtraining. C. failure to taper. D. failure to use sport-specific training.

Depletion of carbohydrate stores during exercise influences fat metabolism by A. increasing the amount of muscle lactic acid production. B. reducing the level of Krebs cycle intermediates. C. increasing the rate of fat metabolism. D. reducing the rate of protein metabolism.

Direct calorimetry is a means of determining energy expenditure and involves the measurement of A. oxygen consumption. B. heat production. C. ATP hydrolysis. D. carbon dioxide production.

During exercise at sea level, young, healthy untrained subjects generally maintain exercise arterial PO2 within a. 1 mm Hg of resting values. b. 10-12 mm Hg of resting values. c. 15-20 mm Hg of resting values. d. 30-40 mm Hg of resting values.

Each pair of electrons passed through the electron transport chain from NADH to oxygen releases enough energy to form A. 1.5 ATP. B. 2.5 ATP. C. 5.0 ATP. D. 10.0 ATP.

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle? A. overload B. specificity C. reversibility D. none of the above

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by A. pulling two substrates together. B. lowering the energy of activation. C. binding to a substrate and producing energy. D. binding to a substrate and releasing protons.

Exercise efficiency is greater in subjects who A. have a higher percentage of fast muscle fibers. B. have a higher percentage of slow muscle fibers. C. have 50% fast fibers and 50% slow fibers.

Fatigue refers to A. the sensation of pain associated with repeated muscle contractions. B. an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions. C. the feeling of sleepiness that occurs during repeated muscle contractions. D. an increased free radical production that occurs during repeated muscle contractions

Following an endurance training program, the oxygen deficit is smaller when the subject does the same work task. This is due to A. an increased cardiac output. B. increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries. C. an increased heart rate. D. a greater anaerobic capacity.

Following endurance training, maximal stroke volume is enhanced by an increased A. end systolic volume. B. venous return. C. maximal heart rate. D. afterload.

Given the importance of maintaining the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to ______________ during exercise. A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same

Growth hormone A. is released from the posterior pituitary. B. spares plasma glucose during exercise. C. is only elevated in children and adolescents. D. All of the above are true.

In general, because of blood hemoglobin concentration differences, males transport less oxygen per unit of blood volume than females. a. true b. false

In general, the higher the intensity of the activity, the greater the contribution of A. aerobic energy production. B. anaerobic energy production. C. the Krebs cycle to the production of ATP. D. the electron transport chain to the production of ATP.

In most subjects, stroke volume continues to increase during incremental exercise up to approximately A. 20% of VO2 max. B. 40% of VO2 max. C. 75% of VO2 max. D. 90% of VO2 max.

A local increase in the adenosine concentration around arterioles would result in A. vasoconstriction. B. no change in vessel diameter. C. vasodilation.

A muscular contraction that results in a movement of body parts is called a(n) A. isometric contraction. B. static contraction. C. isotonic or dynamic contraction. D. muscle twitch.

A series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of the body near a constant value is A. homeostasis. B. steady state. C. a biological control system. D. an organ system.

A single bout of exercise can provide a positive boost to A. the innate immune system. B. the acquired immune system. C. both the innate and acquired immune system. D. neither the innate or acquired immune system.

A subject performing a 10-MET activity would have an oxygen consumption of approximately A. 10 ml•kg-1•min-1. B. 25 ml•kg-1•min-1. C. 35 ml•kg-1•min-1. D. 45 ml•kg-1•min-1.

Activation of rectus abdominis muscles would result in a. active inspiration. b. passive inspiration. c. active expiration. d. passive expiration.

At three minutes of all-out exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived from aerobic sources. A. 10% B. 40% C. 60% D. 90%

Autoregulation of local blood flow is due to A. the withdrawal of sympathetic impulses to arterioles. B. an increase in parasympathetic outflow to arterioles. C. local factors such as a decrease in PO2, an increase in PCO2, and potassium concentrations. D. an increase in sympathetic impulses to arterioles.

Calcium is stored in muscle within the A. Golgi organs. B. H zone. C. sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. sarcolemma.

Carbon dioxide is considered an acid because it A. directly liberates H+ when it enters the plasma. B. is rapidly converted to lactic acid. C. can react with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+. D. none of the above.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood principally as a. carbaminohemoglobin. b. dissolved CO2 in solution in the blood. c. bicarbonate. d. carbon monoxide.

Delayed onset of muscle soreness is thought to be due to A. lactic acid buildup in muscles. B. depletion of muscle glycogen. C. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the SR. D. muscle cramps.

During 60 minutes of constant-load submaximal exercise, the body temperature reaches a plateau after 35-45 minutes. This is an example of A. homeostasis. B. effector. C. steady state. D. changing internal environment.

During exercise, the time spent in diastole and systole A. remains unchanged. B. is decreased equally. C. is decreased, with the greatest decrease occurring in diastole. D. is increased.

During moderate-intensity (65% VO2 max) exercise, the percent of ATP derived from carbohydrates is ___________ the percent ATP from fats. A. less than B. equal to C. greater than

During the "rapid" portion of the oxygen debt (or EPOC), the excess VO2 is due to A. high body temperature. B. gluconeogenesis. C. restoration of muscle CP and blood and muscle oxygen stores. D. elevated blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Endocrine signaling involves the release of _________ into the bloodstream. A. heat shock proteins B. neurotransmitters C. hormones D. transcription factors

Energy to run a maximal 400-meter race (i.e., 50 to 60 seconds) comes from A. aerobic metabolism exclusively. B. mostly aerobic metabolism with some anaerobic metabolism. C. a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP coming from anaerobic sources. D. the ATP-CP system exclusively.

Fast-twitch fibers contain a relatively A. large number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity. B. small number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity. C. small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity.

Fats that are stored in muscle and adipose tissue that play an important role as an energy substrate are A. phospholipids. B. cholesterol. C. triglycerides. D. lipoproteins.

Following training, if the increase in maximal cardiac output is balanced with a decrease in peripheral resistance, the mean arterial blood pressure will A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain the same.

Having a high VO2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting A. less than 10 seconds. B. 30 to 180 seconds. C. 3 to 20 minutes. D. all of the above.

Heat acclimatization occurs generally within A. 1 to 2 days. B. less than 7 days. C. 7 to 14 days. D. 15 to 30 days.

Immune function is most affected by exercise A. in a hot environment. B. in a cold environment. C. at high altitude.

In order to meet the increased oxygen demands of muscle during exercise, two major adjustments in blood flow must be made: A. an increase in HR and blood pressure. B. an increase in brain blood flow and blood flow to the skin. C. an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscles. D. an increase in muscle blood flow and an increase in blood flow to the liver.

In the standing position, blood flow to the base of the lung is ______________ blood flow to the apex. a. less than b. the same as c. greater than

Insulin secretion would be highest A. during prolonged exercise. B. as exercise intensity increases. C. after a meal. D. It would be equally high after all of the above.

Most control systems of the body operate via A. positive feedback. B. low-gain receptors. C. negative feedback. D. feed forward mechanisms.

Nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the central nervous system are called A. efferent fibers. B. dendrites. C. afferent fibers. D. synapses.

Net efficiency ______________ as work rate increases. A. increases B. does not change C. decreases

Neurons can be divided into three basic parts: A. cell body, soma, and axon. B. soma, dendrites, and Schwann cells. C. cell body, dendrites, and axon. D. afferent, efferent, and dendrites.

Neurotransmitters that cause depolarization of membranes are called A. inhibitory transmitters. B. receptors. C. excitatory transmitters. D. synaptic transmitters.

Reaction time and skill would be most important for A. a marathon runner. B. a cross-country runner. C. a sprinter competing in the 100-m dash. D. all of the above.

Removal of lactic acid following a bout of intense exercise is A. more rapid if the subject rests, compared to performing light exercise. B. more rapid if the subject performs heavy exercise (>70% VO2 max), compared to rest. C. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max), compared to rest. D. the same whether the subject rests or performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max).

Skeletal muscle fibers that contain large numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin could be classified as A. type I fibers B. type IIa fibers C. either type I or type IIa D. type IIx

Stored polysaccharides in muscle and other tissues in animals are called A. glucose. B. fructose. C. glycogen. D. cellulose.

The SI units used to describe power are A. Newtons. B. joules. C. watts. D. joules per second.

The __________ represents ventricular repolarization during a recording of the electrical activity (i.e., ECG) of the heart. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. R wave

The ______________________ is an organ located in the inner ear and is responsible for maintaining general equilibrium. A. pacinian corpuscle B. Golgi tendon organ C. vestibular apparatus D. cerebellum

The average VO2 max value for the young male sedentary population is A. 22 ml • kg-1 • min-1. B. 35 ml • kg-1 • min-1. C. 45 ml • kg-1 • min-1. D. 83 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

The body's thermostat is located in the A. cerebellum. B. brain stem. C. hypothalamus. D. thalamus.

The breakdown of ATP in muscle is accomplished via the enzyme A. lactate dehydrogenase. B. succinate dehydrogenase. C. ATPase. D. phosphofructokinase.

The breakdown of creatine phosphate is regulated by A. the amount of lactate dehydrogenase in the muscle. B. the amount of NAD in the sarcoplasm of the muscle. C. ADP concentration in the cytoplasm. D. the pH of the interstitial fluid.

The changes in the heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower after an endurance training program. These changes are due primarily to changes in the A. lung and heart. B. central nervous system. C. active skeletal muscles.

The changes in the plasma concentration of most of the hormones during maximal exercise would stimulate fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. The plasma-free fatty acid concentration, however, actually decreases. Why does this occur? A. Fatty acid supply is depleted. B. Hormones are ineffective in maximal work. C. Lactic acid interferes with fatty acid mobilization. D. High insulin levels secreted during maximal exercise interfere with fatty acid mobilization.

The contraction phase of the heart is called A. diastole. B. atrial contraction. C. systole. D. the cardiac cycle.

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate requires A. the enzyme LDH. B. NADH + H+. C. both of these. D. neither of these.

The drift upward of VO2 during constant-load exercise in a hot environment is due to A. rising blood levels of lactate. B. decreasing blood levels of hormones. C. increasing body temperature. D. decreasing body temperature.

The energy cost of horizontal running can be estimated reasonably accurately because A. the VO2 of running is always the same. B. the VO2 of horizontal running is always 1 MET. C. the VO2 increases linearly with running speed. D. none of the above.

The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the immediate energy system is A. adenylate cyclase. B. myosin ATPase. C. creatine kinase. D. lactate dehydrogenase.

The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is A. sodium bicarbonate supplementation. B. blood buffers. C. intracellular buffers. D. plasma bicarbonate.

The formation of cross-bridges in the contractile process in skeletal muscle is A. potassium binding to myosin. B. calcium binding to tropomyosin. C. calcium binding to troponin. D. ATP binding to the myosin cross-bridges.

The increase in VO2 max following training is caused by an increase in A. maximal stroke volume only. B. maximal a-vO2 difference only. C. both maximal stroke volume and maximal a-vO2 difference. D. maximal heart rate only.

The increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference is due to all of the following except: A. an increase in mitochondria in the muscle. B. an increase in capillaries in the muscle. C. an increase in hemoglobin. D. all of these account for the increased a-vO2 difference.

The initial drive to move comes from A. the motor cortex. B. the cerebellum. C. subcortical and cortical areas. D. feedback from motor units.

The main goal of in-season conditioning for athletes is to A. prevent excessive fat weight gain. B. maintain ligament and bone integrity. C. maintain the level of fitness. D. maintain skill level.

The most important high-energy phosphate compound in the muscle cell is A. NAD. B. FAD. C. ATP. D. GTP.

The most important rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is A. lactate dehydrogenase. B. hexokinase. C. phosphofructokinase. D. pyruvate kinase.

The most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow is A. the viscosity of blood. B. the length of the blood vessel. C. the diameter of the vessel. D. blood pressure.

The process of beta-oxidation involves A. breaking down stored triglycerides to FFA. B. the addition of oxygen to a fatty acid. C. the breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl-CoA. D. none of these.

The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called A. beta oxidation. B. glycogenolysis. C. lipolysis. D. lipogenesis.

The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference is described mathematically by the A. Hill equation. B. Fenn equation. C. Fick equation. D. Frank-Starling law.

The term describing the cessation of the menstrual cycle resulting from lower estrogen levels in some female athletes is A. dysmenorrhea. B. eumenorrhea. C. amenorrhea. D. menarche.

The term kinesthesia refers to A. the study of movement. B. a lack of sensation in the muscles and joints. C. conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other. D. the transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

The term ventilation refers to the a. cooling of the airways by respiration. b. random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. c. mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. d. oxygenation of blood as it travels through the lungs.

The thin muscle cells located within the muscle spindle are called A. extrafusal fibers. B. gamma fibers. C. intrafusal fibers. D. satellite cells.

The two most important hydrogen (electron) carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are A. NAD and ATP. B. FAD and ATP. C. NAD and FAD. D. NAD and LDH.

The type of resistance training that is least effective for improving strength in athletes is A. isotonic training using free weights. B. isotonic training using machines. C. isometric training. D. isokinetic training.

The volume of gas that reaches the respiratory zone (gas-exchange zone) of the lung is termed a. anatomical dead space. b. minute ventilation. c. alveolar ventilation. d. tidal volume.

Type IIx fibers A. contain a high concentration of aerobic enzymes. B. are very energy efficient. C. have high specific tension. D. exhibit a high level of fatigue resistance.

Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is a. 760 mmHg. b. 159 mmHg. c. 105 mmHg. d. 100 mmHg.

VO2 max is determined by A. the maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle. B. the ability of the muscle to take up and use oxygen to produce ATP. C. both a and b. D. neither a nor b.

Ventilation may drift upward during constant-load submaximal exercise performed in a hot and humid environment due to a. a lower arterial PO2. b. a higher PCO2. c. higher blood temperature. d. all of the above.

When adenylate cyclase is activated by a hormone, the concentration of cyclic AMP increases in the cell even though the hormone does not enter the cell. This is an example of the __________________ mechanism of hormone action. A. altering membrane transport B. altering activity of DNA C. second messenger D. all of above

When an athlete stops training, the training effect is quickly lost. This illustrates the concept of A. overload. B. specificity. C. reversibility. D. the "ten percent rule."

When the intensity of exercise exceeds 75% of VO2 max, which of the following fibers is brought into play? A. Type I B. Type IIa C. Type IIx D. Type Ix

Which of the following definitions describes the function of the "hydrolase" category of enzymes? A. enzymes that catalyze reactions that result in the rearrangement of the structure of molecules B. enzymes that catalyze reactions in which groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or are added to an existing double bond C. enzymes that catalyze reactions in which the cleavage of bonds is accomplished by adding water D. enzymes that catalyze the transfer of elements from one molecule to another

Which of the following is true of heat shock proteins? A. Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments decrease their synthesis. B. They destabilize and unfold functional cellular proteins. C. They help the body tolerate heat stress. D. They help the body tolerate cold stress.

A chemical messenger is released from one cell that stimulates nearby cells is an example of A. autocrine signaling. B. endocrine signaling. C. juxtacrine signaling. D. paracrine signaling.

A high H+ concentration can contribute to fatigue by A. reducing the force per cross-bridge. B. interfering with Ca++ binding to troponin. C. inhibiting Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. all of the above.

Acidosis could be due to A. a decrease in the H+ concentration. B. a loss of acids from the blood. C. an accumulation of bases in the blood. D. none of the above.

At rest, the O2 consumption of a 70-kg young adult is approximately A. 250 ml/min. B. 0.25 L/min. C. 3.5 ml/kg/min. D. all of the above.

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting A. less than 10 seconds. B. 30 to 180 seconds. C. 3 to 20 minutes. D. longer than 90 minutes.

Compared to exercise in a cool environment, prolonged exercise in the heat A. may decrease muscle production of free radicals. B. increases muscle blood flow. C. decreases muscle lactate production. D. results in a more rapid onset of muscular fatigue.

During exercise ____________ of energy produced is released as heat. A. <10% B. 20-30% C. 50% D. 70-80% kcal

During exercise, blood glucose concentration is maintained by all of the following except A. elevated mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue. B. increased rate of gluconeogenesis. C. blocking entry of glucose into cells. D. elevated concentration of insulin.

Elevated blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase may assist in the diagnosis of which medical condition? A. Paget's disease B. pancreatitis C. muscular dystrophy D. myocardial infarction

Equilibrium and balance require input from the A. vestibular apparatus. B. eyes. C. joint, tendon, and muscle receptors. D. all of the above.

Evaporation of one liter of sweat would result in the loss of ________ kcal of heat. A. 100 B. 500 C. 540 D. 580

Exercise in the heat is associated with accelerated fatigue due to A. increased muscle glycogen utilization. B. increased free radical production. C. increased lactate production. D. all of the above.

Exercise-induced asthma would reduce airflow by a. lowering the atmospheric pressure. b. lowering the intrapulmonary pressure. c. inhibiting action potentials to the diaphragm. d. increasing airway resistance.

Exercise-induced hypoxemia that may occur in elite endurance athletes during heavy exercise is likely due to a. overt lung disease. b. reduced alveolar ventilation due to exercise-induced asthma. c. a right-to-left shunt. d. a diffusion limitation secondary to a rapid red blood cell transit time.

Heat production can be increased voluntarily through A. shivering. B. non-shivering thermogenesis. C. the action of thyroxine and catecholamines. D. exercise.

High-intensity interval training involves work intervals that are A. less than 10 seconds. B. two minutes or more. C. 10 to 20 seconds. D. 30 to 60 seconds.

Immunosenescence is a decreased immune function in A. children. B. athletes. C. sedentary adults. D. the elderly.

In acute inflammation, vasodilation results in A. edema. B. heat. C. redness. D. all of these.

Stress proteins that are manufactured by cells in response to exercise A. can lead to an increased production of free radicals. B. can lead to further disruptions in homeostasis. C. can lead to an increased degree of cellular injury. D. can help to repair damage caused by free radicals.

Susceptibility to infection in athletes may be increased by __________, in addition to exercise-induced immunosuppression. A. inadequate nutrition B. mental stress C. poor sleep habits D. all of these

The RER can rise above 1.00 A. during high-intensity exercise. B. if VCO2 > VO2. C. when the buffering of lactic acid stimulates ventilation to blow off CO2. D. when all of these occur.

The alinear rise in ventilation observed during incremental exercise (i.e., ventilatory threshold) is thought to be principally due to a. a decrease in arterial PO2. b. an increase in arterial PCO2. c an increase in arterial pH. d. a decrease in arterial pH.

The area of the brain that aids in control of movement and may initiate fast ballistic movements is the A. cerebrum. B. motor cortex. C. brain stem. D. cerebellum.

The cell membrane around muscle is called the A. soma. B. plasma membrane. C. mucous membrane. D. sarcolemma.

The metabolic demand of the heart can be estimated by A. the rate-pressure product. B. the double product. C. multiplying heart rate by systolic blood pressure. D. all of the above.

The precision with which a control system maintains homeostasis is termed A. positive feedback. B. negative feedback. C. set point. D. gain.

The primary fuel source during light-intensity (25% VO2 max) exercise is A. muscle glycogen. B. blood glucose. C. muscle triglycerides. D. plasma FFA.

The site where the motor neuron and muscle cell meet is called the A. end-plate potential. B. motor unit. C. sarcolemma. D. neuromuscular junction.

The system that destroys bacteria by creating holes in the surface is the A. adaptive immune system. B. antigen-antibody system. C. inflammation system. D. complement system.

Which of the following may be related to changes in mood and pain perception during endurance exercise? A. catecholamines B. glucocorticoids C. somatomedins D. endorphins

Which of the following represents the correct order of events of the flow of blood after it leaves the left ventricle and before it returns to the right atrium? A. Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows though veins, blood enters the venules. B. Blood flows through the venules, blood flows through the veins, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood enters the aorta. C. Oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the aorta, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins. D. Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins.

T/F . Evidence exists that men and women adapt differently to exercise training programs, which suggests that a different approach to physical conditioning should be taken for men versus women.

T/F A high percentage of body fat results in an increased ability to lose body heat during exercise.

T/F An increase in cardiac output will decrease blood pressure when peripheral resistance is constant.

T/F At any end-diastolic volume, stroke volume is increased by parasympathetic stimulation

T/F Ballistic stretching is thought to be superior to static stretching due to a decreased chance of muscle injury.

T/F Because of complex control systems, the body always maintains homeostasis, even during exercise.

T/F Blood epinephrine levels increase as exercise intensity increases, but decrease as exercise duration increases.

T/F Chronic exposure to high levels of a hormone results in "up regulation" of receptors.

T/F During exercise, muscle ATP concentrations often fall to less than half of resting levels.

T/F Fat contains more energy per gram than carbohydrates; therefore, ATP can be produced more rapidly from fats than from carbohydrates.

T/F Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in ventricular muscle tissue thickness

T/F Growth hormone secretion increases during exercise and decreases during sleep.

T/F High activity of the enzyme ATPase is found in both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers.

T/F In contrast to power athletes, endurance athletes typically possess a low percentage of slow fibers and a high percentage of fast fibers.

T/F In general, the longer the length or duration of the interval in interval training, the greater the contribution of anaerobic energy production during the interval.

T/F In order to be oxidized for the eventual formation of ATP, amino acids must first be broken down into proteins.

T/F Lactic acid accumulation contributes to muscle fatigue during exercise and causes the muscle soreness that may occur 24-48 hours after exercising.

T/F Once pyruvic acid has been converted to lactic acid, it cannot be turned back into pyruvic acid.

T/F One MET equals resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 5.3 ml•kg-1•min-1.

T/F Running performances lasting 21 to 60 minutes are conducted at an energy expenditure equal to VO2 max.

T/F Stretching prior to exercise has been shown to reduce the incidence of exercise-induced injury.

T/F Sympathetic neurons are motor neurons, and parasympathetic neurons are sensory neurons.

T/F Tetanus is defined as the use of sufficient motor units to initiate movements.

T/F The "live high, train low" program results in similar gains in endurance performance as living and training at sea level.

T/F The evaporation of 1,000 ml of sweat results in the loss of 1,000 kcal of heat.

T/F The initial decrease in VO2 max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO2 difference) are lost.

T/F The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia.

T/F The most accurate way to measure core body temperature is with a tympanic thermometer.

T/F The principal buffer against acidosis during exercise is intracellular phosphate groups.

T/F The respiratory exchange ratio equals the respiratory quotient during short-term maximal exercise.

T/F The sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, and the parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.

T/F Voluntary movements are planned and executed by the motor cortex without outside influence from other areas of the nervous system.

T/F When a drug is given to block the adrenergic receptors during exercise, muscle glycogen utilization is reduced.

T/F Women involved in strength training programs do not gain strength as rapidly as men.

T/F Work equals power divided by time

T/F . In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO2 max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

T/F A lack of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase would affect the ability of the body to both buffer the blood and to transport CO2.

T/F A well-designed conditioning program allocates the appropriate amount of aerobic and anaerobic time to match the energy demand of the sport.

T/F An example of a strong base is bicarbonate (HCO3-).

T/F An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin.

T/F At any given velocity of movement, the peak force is greater in muscles that contain a high percentage of fast-twitch fibers when compared to muscles that possess predominantly slow-twitch fibers.

T/F At any level of oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood pressure are lower during leg work when compared with arm work.

T/F Cold acclimatization results in an improved ability to sleep in a cold environment.

T/F Cold adaptation results in a reduction in the mean skin temperature at which shivering begins.

T/F Dehydration that results in a loss of 1-2% of body weight is sufficient to impair exercise performance.

T/F During exercise, body temperature is regulated by making adjustments in the amount of heat that is lost.

T/F Even though the concentration of insulin decreases during exercise, the muscle can still take up large quantities of plasma glucose. This is due, in part, to the recruitment of more glucose transporters.

T/F Exercise training helps the heart to resist permanent damage during a heart attack

T/F Fatigue can be viewed as an imbalance between ATP requirements and ATP production.

T/F In order to maintain systemic blood flow, an increase in peripheral resistance would require an increase in blood pressure.

T/F Lactate removal is greater following an endurance training program because blood flow to muscle is decreased, and liver blood flow is increased at the same work rate.

T/F Muscle atrophy may be caused by a decrease in protein production, as well as an increase in protein degradation.

T/F One of the principal means by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by increasing or decreasing the bicarbonate concentration of the blood.

T/F One reason the stroke volume increases during exercise is that skeletal muscle vasodilation decreases afterload.

T/F Recent evidence suggests that rigorous exercise training can result in a conversion of muscle fiber type.

T/F Reducing the number of motor units required to perform an exercise task may reduce the heart rate and ventilation required to perform the task.

T/F Running economy becomes an increasingly important determinant of success as the duration of the performance increases.

T/F The bicarbonate buffer system results in the stimulation of ventilation.

T/F The central command theory of cardiovascular control states that the initial signal to the cardiovascular system at the beginning of exercise comes from higher brain centers.

T/F The exercise intensity at which blood levels reach four millimoles per liter is termed the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).

T/F Trained individuals usually produce less lactate than untrained individuals when making the transition from rest to steady-state exercise.

T/F Training in a cool environment while wearing warm clothing (e.g., sweats) promotes heat acclimatization.

T/F Training that involves very high volumes and intensities of exercise may increase one's risk of developing an upper respiratory tract infection.

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