EXP

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 first dates

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

I was talking to a girl just before class

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt in one's personal life

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

recent and remote episodic

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

recognition

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding specificity

________ memories are to experiences as ________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory

Semantic Memory

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before an eggplant

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

auditorially; auditorially

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

auditory from a female speaker

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating theg

generation effect

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

long term memory acquisition

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

source misattributions

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

superordinate

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the

neurotransmitters

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

smashed

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

systems

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

test patients with amnesia

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of reactivation.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory

procedural

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by

the encoding specificity principle

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.