Experimental Psych final
is useful in the early stages of scientific inquiry
the method of authority
enough information so that you (or someone else) could replicate the study if you wanted to
the methods section of a paper should contain
makes it difficult to determine whether your independent variable had an effect on your dependent variable
the presence of error variance
if 2 variables are shown to be associated, then there is still the concern that another variable may exist that is actually more clearly related to the original 2 variables
the third variable means
Correct Volunteers have a higher need for approval than non-volunteers
which of the following is true?
open-ended
"Tell me why you think a course in statistics should be required of psychology majors" is an example of a(n) __________ question.
completely counterbalanced
A design in which every possible order of treatments is represented once is the _________ design
Correct try to hold any potential extraneous variables constant during the course of the study
A difference between correlational and experimental research is that in experimental research you
subjects were already "pre-assigned" to experimental conditions, so random assignment to groups was not possible
A research design would be referred to as quasi-experimental or non-experimental if
self-confidence is the manipulated (i.e., "true") independent variable in this study
A researcher gives some subjects word problems and tells them that the problems are very hard. Other subjects are given the same problems but are told they are easy. The purpose of this is to affect the subjects' self confidence. Which of the following is true
two INDEPENDENT variables and is thus a factorial design
A study of the effects of crowding and problem complexity on problem solving would be a good example of a study which involves
true
A testable theory is one that can potentially fail an empirical test.
set of assumptions about the causes of a phenomenon and rules that specify how the causes act
A theory is a(n)
experimental
A weakness of the ________ strategy is that tight control over extraneous variables may limit the generalizability of your results
extraneous
A(n) ________ variable is a variable other than the independent variable that may affect the behavior you are measuring. An experimenter may decide to control it (or hold it constant) for this reason.
confounding; extraneous
A(n) _________ variable is essentially a(n) _______ variable that changed along with your independent variable
internal validity; external validity
Although tight control over experimental conditions gives you high _____, it may result in low____
is simple to carry out and data are easy to analyze
An advantage of the randomized two-group design is that it
single factor multigroup
An experimental design with more than two levels of one independent variable is called a _________ design
true experiment
As a result of a _______ our findings allow us to make cause-effect statements about the effect of our independent variable(s) on our dependent variable
researchers joining a cult
Becoming so involved with a group that the experimenter loses objectivity is most likely to occur in which type of study?
scatterplot
It is easiest to estimate the magnitude and the direction of a relationship between two variables in a _____________
Correct b. a very brief descripton of the purpose and main findings of the study
The abstract of a paper typically includes
issues surrounding informed consent, deception, and research ethics
The audio clips and links provided in the FOLDER for Exam 2 were most likely assigned to help illustrate which of the following topics?
non-parametric
The bar graph is the best method of graphing data when you have a ___________ design
false
The directionality problem and the third variable problem are two problems that can occur when interpreting findings from true experiments
demand characteristics
The expression ____________ is used to refer to the details of an experiment that a participant is likely to pick up on (e.g., the context of the study and/or the researcher's behaviors) that may "give away" the purpose of the study or the participants' expected responses.
dependent variable
The height of each bar on a bar graph is determined by the value of the
yield more comprehensive info
The major advantage of interviews over written and phone surveys is that interviews
subject attrition
Which of the following is synonymous with the expression subject mortality
it can be an in-depth analysis of the occurrence of an unusual event
Which of the following is true of the case study as a method
all of these were parts of these videos
Which of the following phenomena were demonstrated in the 2 parts of the "Why Dogs Smile and Chimpanzees Cry"?
your title and degrees ( for example, assistant professor)
Which of the following pieces of information would you NOT place on the title page of an APA-style manuscript?
repeated measures design
Which of the following terms are essentially synonymous or interchangeable with the expression "within subject design"?
inferential
Which of the following was NOT among the list of possible dependent variables (or measures) that might be used in any given study?
effects of age on assessment of blame: a test of attribution theory
Which one of the following titles most likely represents an example of BASIC research?
title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, appendices
Which order of APA style is the most correct?
experimenter bias; expectancy effects
Which pair of terms listed below are MOST related to each other?
true
. The mode is insensitive to extreme scores in a distribution
line graph
A ____ is best for depicting functional relationships between variables
line graph
A _____ is best for representing results from multifactor experiments
primary
A ______ source contains original research reports
mixed factorial design
A _______ design is a factorial design in which at least one independent variable is manipulated between subjects/between groups, and another independent variable is manipulated within subjects
categorical
A bar graph is the best method of graphing data when your independent variable is
Weaver, K., & Love, V. (2000). The effects of nose-picking on dating satisfaction. Journal of Odd Psychology, 22, 1-1000.
According to APA format, which of the following is accurate?
research fraud
Additional READINGS that were assigned thus far in the class (i.e., outside of your required texts) discussed which of the following topics?
is more powerful
All other things being equal, compared to the between subjects design, the within subjects design
year of publication the title of the article journal name, volume, and page numbers key phrases and a descriptor list name(s) of author(s)
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY You would find this/these in a full PsychInfo citation:
randomized groups design
Choose ONE from the following terms which would be essentially synonymous with the term between groups (or between subjects) design
researchers conducting phone surveys
Competition from telemarketing is often a problem for
Correct i. both "g" and "h" above (i.e., to become a more critical consumer of information AND to learn more aout the processes involved in arriving at conclusions and the "content" that I've learned about in other classes)
Why are you taking this class? (be careful-- your answer should be based upon what we talked about in class regarding this question)
role attitude cues
Demand characteristics such as __________ include such things as a participant's pre-existing feelings and beliefs that dispose her to react in a negative or a positive way to experimental conditions.
dependent
Dr. Bing is interested in studying the effect of number of books read on the number of words in a child's vocabulary. She varies the number of books read to three different classes each week (10, 30, or 50) and assesses each child's vocabulary after the 5-week study. In this experiment, the child's vocabulary is the ____________ variable
independent variable
Dr. Bing is interested in studying the effect of number of bystanders present at an emergency on the number of subjects who help the victim. She varies the number of bystanders (1, 3, or 5) and records how many subjects help under each condition. In this example, the number of bystanders is the ________________
ratio
Dr. Bing is interested in studying the effect of number of bystanders present at an emergency on the number of subjects who help the victim. She varies the number of bystanders (1, 3, or 5) and records how many subjects help under each condition. In this study, the dependent variable would be considered a __________ scale of measurement.
encountered a ceiling effect
Dr. Egghead conducts an experiment to contrast 2 study techniques. Following the use of each technique, he give subjects a memory test, and finds that everyone in his experiment earned scores above 90%. He has
reality
Each of the expressions would be associated with scientific explanations EXCEPT
factorial ANOVA
For an experiment that includes four levels of one independent variable, three levels of another independent variable, and a dependent variable that is measured on an interval/ratio scale of measurement, the most appropriate statistical test is the
Running head: CHEATING IS NOT TOLLERATED IN THIS CLASS and is found at the top of page
From the APA project, you learned that a running head or "short title" looks like:
Our class materials suggest that a measure CAN be both reliable and valid but not necessarily accurate.
From the items below, choose the ONE that is TRUE
Chimpanzees demonstrated crying to indicate grief and subtle vocalizations to indicate compassion toward their grieving peers.
From the video you were assigned for this exam unit (PART 1 of "Why Dogs Smile and Chimpanzees Cry"), tell me IN 1 (ONE) SENTENCE what animals and what behaviors they demonstrated indicated they were mourning.
ordinal
If Dr. Buckethead asks her participants whether they are hightly persuaded, moderately persuaded or not at all persuaded (by a speech) to vote for a particular political candidate, this would constitue a(n) __________ scale of measurement
longitudinal design
If Dr. Turkey collected data on children's memory strategies for a group of children, first they were 4 years old, and again when they were 6, 8 and 10 years old, this would be an example of which kind of design?
predictive validity
If I developed a NEW scale that is designed to measure "college readiness" in high school students, and then I correlate scores on this NEW measure with actual performance once these students are in college (e.g., first semester GPA), I would be assessing
an interaction between self esteem and need for approval in terms of their combined effects on academic dishonesty
If I said that the effects of self esteem on academic dishonesty depend upon whether the individual has hi vs. low need for approval, I would be describing
two independent variables, one with three levels, and the other with four levels
If I told you that I was conducting a 3 X 4 factorial ANOVA, you would know that I have __________
subjected to rigorous testing
If previous research has failed to find results to support a hypothesis, it is likely to be revised ... and THEN it is
randomize its effects across treatments
If the effects of an extraneous variable cannot be held constant (for whatever reason), it is best to
refereed
If the policy of a journal is to send articles out for review prior to publication, that journal is a(n) ________ journal
external validity
If you are worried about whether you'll be able to apply your study's findings to a reasonably "broad" group of people/situations, you might be relatively more concerned about
independent variable
Imagine a study in which I first give one group of subjects some terribly bad news and the other group receives incredibly good news (i.e., ideally affecting their mood). I next ask members of each group to predict how they will do on an upcoming exam (rating on a scale from 1-10, with 1 = terribly and 10 = fabulously). My prediction is that those subjects who have just received bad news will predict significantly worse performance on an upcoming exam than those who just received good news. The independent variable in this study would be called a
rating of expected performance
Imagine a study in which I give one group of subjects some terribly bad news and the other group receives incredibly good news (i.e., ideally affecting their mood). I next ask members of each group to predict how they will do on an exam (rating on a scale from 1-10, with 1 = terribly and 10 = fabulously). My prediction is that those subjects who have just received bad news will predict significantly worse performance on an upcoming exam than those who just received good news. The dependent variable is
Correct Match Selected Match The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE in this study is Correct D. the "predicted" snowfall people hear about in the newscast Correct D. the "predicted" snowfall people hear about in the newscast The DEPENDENT VARIABLE in this study is ______ Correct A. number of hours school is "delayed" Correct A. number of hours school is "delayed" An operational definition has been supplied in this example for which of the following? Correct A. number of hours school is "delayed" Correct A. number of hours school is "delayed"
Imagine a study where I am interested in understanding the effect of weather forecasts on school delays. I vary the information a weather forecaster presents during the morning newscast. One half of the people watching the newscast hear that 1-2 inches of snow is predicted, while the other half of the people hear that more than 6½ inches of snow is predicted. For each school in the surrounding area, the number of hours that school is "delayed" (as a result) is recorded (where, for example, a school that starts on time gets " 0" hours recorded as its delay, a school that delays school by 2 ½ hours gets "2.5" hours recorded as its delay, and a school that cancels the school day gets "7" hours recorded as its delay). Answers may be used more than once! ! !
quasi-independent variable
Imagine that you are interested in the effects of changing child abuse laws on reported abuse. You know that more serious penalties were allowed in Kentucky as of July 1997 and in Illinois as early as January of 1997, while Colorado laws have remained unchanged. The change from "not-so-strict" to "strict" laws would be considered the
non-equivalent control group
Imagine that you are interested in the effects of changing child abuse laws on reported abuse. You know that more serious penalties were allowed in Kentucky as of July 1997 and in Illinois as early as January of 1997, while Colorado laws have remained unchanged. The data from Colorado could be considered a(n)
the ratio scale has a true zero point
Imagine you were out at a club one night with some friends who asked you what the difference is between a ratio scale and an interval scale of measuement. You would quickly and certainly and gladly respond by saying what?
experimental
In Dr. Doolittle's simple two-group experiment, the group of subjects receiving the treatment is called the ________ group
scatterplot
In a ____________, each dependent variable is represented on either the x- or the y-axis
histogram
In a ______________, frequency is found on the y-axis
observers are hidden or inconspicuous or subjects are habituated to the observer's presence
In a naturalistic observation, how does one deal with the problem of reactivity
"flow" from broad to specific, leading up to your hypothesis
In general. The contents of an INTRODUCTION should
belief perseverance
In our class materials, I talked about _______ as a way of knowing that is especially harmful to (among other things) scientific discovery. I could illustrate this by talking about someone who is especially racist.
how scientist study wolves who seemingly grieve the loss of one of their pack
In part 2 of the video titled, Why Dogs Smile and Chimpanzees Cry, you learned about which of the following?
describe, explain, predict, control
In terms of the goals of psychological research, choose the option below that lists these goals in the most logical (i.e., "historical") order
we really should have avoided the double negative in the construction of our question
In terms of what you learned about survey items and survey construction, you know that if I asked you to respond on a Likert-type scale to the statement "Nobody doesn't like Sara Lee", the concern would be
the publication year
In the REFERENCE section of a paper, for a given citation what comes after the list of authors?
the experiments on Syphilis where the disease was intentionally untreated in certain groups of patients
In the folder for this exam you have additional materials and readings involving research ethics....and those materials include some of the studies that were performed years ago before the APA ethical guidelines or such things as the IRB were established. One important example is/are the
g. items "a", "b" and "c" in this list are correct (viz., participants, stimuli/materials, and current procedure)
In the method section of a paper, you will find a description of
in positively skewed distributions; in negatively skewed distributions
In which case(s) should the median be used instead of the mean as a measure of center?
an author's name
In your Library Project 2, you were asked to use PsychInfo to search for information based upon
the number of mistakes you make on this test Correct A. interval or ratio scale the number of mistakes you make on this test your letter grade in this class Correct C. ordinal scale your political affiliation (republican, democrat, or undecided) Correct E. nominal scale
Match the descriptions of dependent measures on the left with the appropriate term(s) at the right
false
Most assessments of validity and reliability ((of a measure)) involve conducting a t-test or an ANOVA
APA
Most journals in psychology follow the writing style established by the
Correct find out whether two or more variables covary and to establish the direction of any observed relationship
With correlational research your main interest is to
false
Nowadays, deception is never allowed in research (i.e., a proposal involving deception would not be approved by any IRB)
all of the above
Of the below listed "ways of knowing," which can be classified as NON-scientific?
within the legend and/or on the x axis
On a graph, levels of the independent variable are typically located
true
One of the alternatives or "remedies" with regard to the use of deception in research is to obtain prior consent from subjects to deceive them
true
One source of error variance is individual differences.
true
One suggestion with regard to an alternative and/or "remedy" for the use of deception in research involves role playing
split-half
One way to assess the reliability of a test if you want to administer the test only one time is to use the ________ method
requires more subjects
One weakness of the between groups design (as compared to the within subjects design) is it
true
Passive deception involves such things as unrecognized participant observation, concealed observation, unrecognized conditioning, and provocation and secret recording of negatively evaluated behavior, among other things.
volunteerism
Remedies for ________ include making the appeal for participants interesting and non-threatening, and (when possible) offering some kind of pay or courtesy gift for participation
all of the above
SO far, our course materials have addressed which of the following?
concurrent validity
Say my cat develops a new test to assess the friendliness of dogs who we might consider adopting as pets. If my cat finds that her test of "dog friendliness" correlates highly with another well-established measure of dog friendliness, she has demonstrated
archival research
Someone might perform _______ if they were interested in studying the effects of well-publicized suicides of famous people on the number of attempted teen suicides over the past several decades
content analysis
Someone would perform ____________________ in order to determine if the transcript of an interview included a large number of self-references ("I", "ME", etc.)
participant observation (or ethnography)
Studies of the behavior of individuals who are members of such groups as the mafia, cults, gangs, etc. would likely need to rely on which method?
longitudinal design
Subject attrition, multiple testing effects, and a kind of generation effect are all drawbacks of the
only after you have referred to an article with THREE OR MORE AUTHORS at least once by using all of their last names; after that you can use et al. in place of the authors who follow the first author's name
The "et al." expression is used
chapter 7
The CITI assignment required you to learn about terms and issues in designing and conducting research. The content of this assignment was most like that of which of the following chapters from this exam unit?
true
The Nuremburg Code and the APA ethical guidelines for researchers share a number of similarities. In fact, APA guidelines were developed from (or are based on) the 10 items of the Nuremburg Code.
discussion
The _____ section of a research paper should "flow" from specific to broad and include applications and implications of the current findings
sign
The ________ of the correlation coefficient tells you about the direction of the relationship between two variables
true
The mean is not the best measure of center in a skewed distribution
histogram
The mean, median, and/or mode could each be "eyeball estimated" in a ____________.
longitudinal
The most "extreme" example of a within-subjects design would be a ______ design
professional conference or convention
The most up-to-the-minute information about research can be obtained from a
discussion
The presentation of expected findings, actual findings, a comparison of findings to previously published work, reference to internal and external validity, applications and implications of the current findings, and suggestions for future research should all be found in the
pre-test/post-test design
The purpose of the ________ is to compare the levels of performance before the introduction of the "treatment" (e.g., training, intervention, therapy, or drug, etc.) to levels of performance after treatment.
it is not an empirical question
The question "why is GREEN the best color in the world?" is not a good research question because
ensure that high-quality articles appear in journals
The review process used by many journals is intended to
proving facts
The scientific process can be characterized as using all of these terms EXCEPT
error variance
The statistical variability among scores caused by the influence of variables other than your independent variable is called
internal validity
The term _____ refers to the degree to which your research design evaluates the hypothesis that it was intended to assess
theory; hypothesis
The term _______ is broader than the term ________
False
The term reliability refers to whether a test measures what it is intended to measure
deadlines, grade book updates, and keys to assignments
Thus far in the session, Dr. Haynes (that's me, your prof) has sent us a number of e-mails concerning which of the following ?
confounded
Two variables are said to be ______ if their effects cannot be separated or "disentangled"
true
Unsystematic observation is a particularly rich source of research ideas.
experimental and mundane realism
We could discuss the difference between ___________. To illustrate this distinction, we could look at studies such as the Milgram (study that was designed to explore whether participants would follow orders to administer electric shock to "the learner") as well as others where a "staged" event was part of the experimental procedure
key word
When conducting a PsychInfo search, the "default setting" expects you to enter a ____ into the system and the computer searches for instances of it.
interaction
When the effect of one independent variable on subjects' scores seems to depend upon the levels of the other independent variable, we are likely to have something called a(n)
double spacing throughout
When typing an APA-style manuscript, you use
parametric design
When you vary your independent variable by manipulating the AMOUNT or quantity of the independent variable, you have a ________
exploring the relationships between various dependent variables that have been recorded
Which ONE of the following is NOT a defining feature of a true experiment?
social comparison
Which ONE of the following was NOT included in our (and your textbook's) discussion of carryover effects
cohort sequential design
Which kind of developmental design could be used to address the problem of generation effects?
subject variable
Which of the following could be considered a synonym for the term "quasi-indepedent variable"
are natural disasters given greater news coverage if they occur in popular tourist locations
Which of the following empirical questions would be best answered by using an archival study?
naturalistic observation
Which of the following is NOT considered a quasi-experimental design?
the inclusion of confounding and/or extraneous variables to increase internal validity
Which of the following is NOT one of the defining features of a true experiment?
t-test, ANOVA
Which of the following is a (are) good example(s) of an inferential, parametric statistic?
generation effects
Which of the following is a problem posed by cross-sectional design?
b and c only
Which of the following is an advantage of attending a professional conference or convention?
belief perseverance
Which of the following is essentially synonymous with tenacity
applied
You are hired by UPS to conduct research on how to best orient the boxes on an assembly line so as to prevent workers from getting paper cuts. Your research would best be classified as
independent groups t-test
You have just completed an experiment in which different subjects were assigned to an experimental or a placebo control group. Your dependent variable is the subject's score (i.e., total points) on an anxiety test. The most appropriate statistic for data analysis is the
active deception
_____ involves misrepresenting the purposes of the research, false statements about the identity of the researcher, false promises made to subjects,, and the use of pseudosubjects, among other things
range effects
_____ occur(s) when values of a variable have upper and lower limits and these limits are acutally encountered in terms of subjects' "scores" on some measures
external validity
______ refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable beyond the specific context of the experiment being conducted; findings should be applicable to other populations, other times, and other environments
carryover effects
__________ occur(s) when a previous treatment alters the observed behavior in subsequent treatments
make treatment order another independent variable in your experiment
an alternative to counterbalancing is
based on evidence of the senses (e.g., observation)
an explanation is empirical if it is
Correct the existence of extraneous and/or confounding variables in your study
internal validity is threatened by
Correct means that sometimes you cannot clearly specify the direction of causality of a relationship between two variables
the directionality problem
background/literature review of the area under investigation
the introduction of a paper should contain
