extra review 2

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

Bipolar cells

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?

Complex

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.

Dorsal stream

In foveal vision, ____.

Each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

Horizontal cells

Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?

It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.

Sensitive to detail

The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.

Striate cortex

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.

V1

Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.

V4

What is strabismus?

A failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

Bar in a particular orientation

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.

Photopigments

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____.

Ventral stream

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.

Visual agnosia

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

All-trans-retinal

In comparison to cones, rods ____.

Are more sensitive to dim light

Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____.

As early as possible

Astigmatism refers to the ____.

Asymmetric curvature of eyes

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.

Bipolar cells that receive input from cones

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.

Blind spot

Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____.

Brightness and color

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

Complex

The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.

Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays.

Faces

____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.

Feature detectors

____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.

Ganglion

Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.

Ganglion cells

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

Ganglion cells

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.

Have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.

Magnocellular neurons in the periphery

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.

May return to the primary visual cortex

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

Occipital lobe

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

Opponent-process theory

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

Opsins; photopigments

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____.

Optic chiasm

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.

Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?

Parvocellular

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

Photopigments

The receptive field of a receptor is the ____.

Point in space from which light strikes the receptor

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

Thalamus

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

The periphery; the fovea

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.

To area V2

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

To the lateral geniculate

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

Cones only

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.

Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

Dressing themselves

Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

Inferior temporal cortex

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.

Integrating vision with action

Which statement characterizes the fovea?

It has the greatest perception of detail

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

It has tightly packed receptors

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

Lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?

Lateral inhibition

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.

Left eye

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.

Long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's ____.

Mirror-reversal

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell

Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____.

Motion perception

Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____.

Movement

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.

Pupil

Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with ____.

Reaching out to grasp an object

The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.

Receptive field

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Color constancy is the ability to ____.

Recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.

Recognize visual objects

In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____.

Recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.

Recognizing faces

Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.

Red; green

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

Relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.

Repeating stripes on a flag

In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?

Retinal disparity

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

Retinex

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

Rods and cones; bipolar cells

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.

Speed and direction of movement

In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.

Thalamus; cortex

Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____.

The ability to describe the shape or size of an object

Blindsight refers to ____.

The ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field

Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?

The left half

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.

Trichromatic; opponent process

What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?

Trouble describing the shapes of objects

To what does "shape constancy" refer?

We can recognize objects even at different orientations.

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?

Whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

Which neurons are active