Family InQuizitive Exam 1
slowly, individualism grew, along with diversity in family life
eighteenth century - 1960s
setting a family rule about eating dinners together
family only
paying taxes on a family home
family, market, and state
inequality is inherent in the breadwinner homemaker model
feminist theory
Examples of social mobility
- Calvin grew up poor, attended college on a scholarship, and eventually became a surgeon -Patricia earned very little as a waitress in LA during her early 20s, but she was eventually cast in a film, which led to more roles and high play -Anita grew up in the middle class but dropped out of high school and worked in a string of low-wage jobs
Accomplishment of Natural Growth
-Children may enjoy childhood more and feel less stress -Children spend much their time with family and others in the neighborhood
Low-income, low-education family
-Children spend more time in front of screens -Children spend more time watching TV
Examples of gender socialization
-Chris knows that he is expected to have a strong handshake when meeting a job recruiter -Alex is reprimanded for being too loud and told to act "like a lady" -Tiffany teases her friend Patrick about wearing pink to school
High-income, high-education family
-Family gained access to the internet early in the 1990s -Household has reliable, fast internet connectivity
identify the factors that contribute to high-income families spending more hands-on time with their children
-High-income families are more likely to have one parent who spends fewer hours at work -High-income families are more likely to have two parents in the home -High-income families tend to have fewer children than low-income families
Identify factors that make it difficult for the poor to advance economically in the US today
-Increases in the number of single-parent families -The falling minimum wage
Factors that are important to the debate around undocumented immigrants and their families
-Many adult undocumented immigrants have US citizen children -The flow of undocumented immigrants to the US has slowed
identify the statements that are supported by research on hookup culture and sex on college campuses
-The majority of young men appear to engage in hookup culture -The role of alcohol and drugs in hookup culture increases the risk of sexual assault
Identify the major changes in dating and romantic relationships that have made following social scripts more difficult in recent years
-There are more ways to form and sustain a relationship -More divorced and older single adults are in the dating pool -Cohabitation has increased -The internet has broadened the social world for many people, changing how people meet and socialize
Methods pharmaceutical companies use to market ED drugs to men?
-They used spokesmen associated with strength and power -They stated that many menhaden discussed ED with their doctors
Gender
-This characteristic is expressed through social processes like dress and speaking style -Children are socialized into this, although identification with and expression of it may change over the life course
Reasons why people misrepresent themselves online
-To manage their self-images and representations of self -to conform to what they think others are doing
Reasons why two-parent families are less likely to be poor than single-parent families
-Two adults in a household can both work, and thus draw more income -Two adults in a household can elect to have one parent stay home with the children
Methods parents have used to select the sex of their children in the womb?
-in vitro fertilization -selective abortions
Identify true statements about how the US census counts and defines families
-it requires formal definitions of individuals' relationships and family boundaries -it represents direct governmental intervention into the personal lives of citizens
statements that support exchange theory
-men and women enter into mutually beneficial partnerships in order to maximize their own gains -in many families, men and women play different but complementary roles
identify the true statements about dating in the mid-twentieth century
-single men and women often went on dates with multiple people in the same week or month -single men and women often went on multiple dates per week
identify the research questions that could be studied form a life course perspective
-what effect did 9/11 have on adults who were teenagers during that event? -how can the timing of young people moving out of their parents' home be analyzed by cohort?
Probable consequences of wealthy family networks...
-younger members of these families stand to inherit greater wealth than average Americans -inequality widens in the US between families like these and poor families
In 1980 the richest 1% of individuals earned ____ percent of all income
11%
The US has seen rising income inequality for several decades. In 1980 the richest 1% of individuals earned ____ of all income; by 2016 that share going to the richest 1% had increased to ______. The bottom 50% of all earners now pull in only ______ of all income.
11%; 21%; 13%
The bottom 50% of all earners now pull in only ____ % of all income
13%
Women, ages 18 to 44, who have ever had a same-sex partner
18.8%
Go on about three dates a week with various men, which is socially acceptable
1950s women entering college
the "normal" family no longer exists
1970s-present
Men, ages 18 to 44, who have had a same-sex partner in the last 12 months
3.7%
Men, ages 18 to 44, who have ever had a same-sex partner
7.3%
Women, ages 18 to 44, who identify as bisexual or homosexual
8.4%
Migration started in response to a political revolution in this group's home country
Cubans
Social mobility
Describes people's class origin versus their class destination. Historically, most Americans have believed that we live in a society with a high degree of social mobility
a theorist might point to which social fact to support the consensus perspective?
Despite strong partisanship, citizens in the US generally follow the governance of either of the two major political parities
Which term describes the process of immigrant children adapting to a new culture more rapidly than their parents?
Dissonant acculturation
Family goals: Patriarchal family
Duty and tradition
Husband-wife relationship: Companionship family
Equality based on consensus
People who share a cultural identification can be grouped together under a single ______, whereas those who are believed to share a common genetic or biological descent are often seen as belonging to the same ______. An important difference is that, in the US, race is typically a more ______ component of identity over the course of a person's life, whereas ethnicity is sometimes _______.
Ethnicity; race; stable; voluntary
Social processes often _____ sex differences between men and women. For example, popular images often show men as _______ than women, and some men and women even use ______ to enhance this image of ________.
Exaggerate; larger; plastic surgery; difference
For a society in which there was greater ______ this figure would have _____ dotted pink lines
Exogamy; more
Family size: Patriarchal family
Extended
one of the unintended consequences of the reorganization of family life in the nineteenth century was that widows and orphans were no longer cared for by their ______. Instead, institutions such as _______ took this role.
Extended families; almshouses
Identify the factors that make it difficult for the poor to advance economically in the United States today
FACTORS: -Increases in the number of single-parent families -the falling minimum wage NOT FACTORS: -the decline in the manufacturing industry -rising crime rates
In an attempt to ensure their children's social mobility, thirty-three parents, including celebrities such as Felicity Hoffman, participated in a bribery scheme. Their goal was to inflate their children's college grades in order to position them for elite graduate schools.
FALSE
The United States has more social mobility than most other wealthy countries
FALSE
Throughout history and across cultures, parents have usually favored having female children over male
FALSE
Identify the feminist arguments for and against wearing the hijab
FOR THE HIJAB -The hijab shields women from the male gaze -The hijab provides an identifiable critique of Western consumerism AGAINST THE HIJAB -The hijab portrays women as submissive and subordinate to men
What is the difference between facts and theory in the study of the family?
Facts provide information about family life, whereas theory is a way to explain how those facts influence one another
Bonds holding families together: Patriarchal family
Father's authority
The social process by which individuals are sorted into jobs and how those jobs are ________ is known as the _________. The two major perspectives on social class, consensus and ________, differ in their explanation of the causes and consequences of this process.
Rewarded; division of labor; conflict
Studies of interracial marriage have found that among Asians and Latinos, ________ immigrants are more likely to marry members of other races than ________ immigrants. This finding suggests that these groups may experience _______ similar to that of Italian immigrants in the past.
Second-generation; first-generation; social integration
Basis for choosing a spouse: Companionship family
Self-directed motivation based on affection and personality
When babies are born, they are identified by their _____ as male or female. As they grow, most children come to ______ this identification. Regardless of whether they do, once old enough, children will express their _______ through their ________
Sex; internalize; gender identity; gender expression
Over the past few decades, ______ in marriage have decreased, leading to more ______ sex and higher _______. These effects are due in part to increased _______ from family members
Sexual inhibitions; adventurous; expectations; privacy
In the modern age, sexuality has become part of the _________ project, in which sexuality is a _____ choice that individuals make
Individual identity; free
Gender socialization is the process by which individuals ______ gender norms and incorporate them into their ________. This process can be difficult to identify because it occurs through both learning and _______, but it is often expressed as a _______ part of one's identity.
Internalize; personality; observation; natural
what statement aligns with how social scientists would approach nature and nurture, with respect to gender?
It's best to integrate social and biological explanations of gender
Ethnicity
Italian American
inequality is one of the main drivers of history, and inequality within the family contributes to a system of inequality outside the family
conflict theory
families require leadership. leadership may be expressive or instrumental
consensus perspective
family members have different resources, strengths, and weaknesses that they use to maximize their own gains within the family
exchange theory
the division of labor at home is a bargaining relationship. Men and women often have unequal bargaining positions
exchange theory
holding a wedding reception
family and market
adopting a child
family and state
what meaning does marriage hold for young people?
in-depth interview
Symbolic interactionism
is concerned with how humans see themselves through the eyes of others behave accordingly. this understanding of human nature derives from the notion that social roles are symbols
Primary advantages to big data research...
is that it collects data on observed behavior
When did the world homosexual first begin to appear as a way to describe someone's identity
late nineteenth century
how do earnings change after romantic partners cohabit or marry?
longitudinal survey
This family arrangement consists of a monogamous couple and their biological children
nuclear family
The personal family is comprised...
of people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as family
Basis for choosing a spouse: Patriarchal family
parental influence, social status, and economic needs
wealth and power are transmitted from fathers to sons
patrilineal
A social script is a _______ of interaction that serves as a _______ in _______ situations
pattern; model of behavior; familiar
individuals did don't have agency in making decisions about family life that did not conform to social expectations
pre-eighteenth century
Steady rate of less than 50% of households with married couples and an increasing proportion of non family households
present day
disadvantage of big data research
requires powerful computers
what percentage of young people say they want to cohabit with a romantic partner before marriage?
sample survey
Division of labor
the social process by which individuals are sorted into jobs and how those jobs are rewarded -The two major perspectives on social class; consensus & conflict
mormons
this group embraced polygamy as a common practice
imagine you are selected to take part in a study, and the researcher asks you to track and report the times of day in which you study, work, relax, interact with family, and interact with friends. What kind of study method would this be?
time use
Identify conclusions drawn from regarding the racial-ethnic composition of the US over time as correct
-By 2060, Whites are no longer expected to outnumber non-Whites -The racial-ethnic group that is expected to grow the most in proportional representations in Latinos -The composition of the US is becoming more racial-ethnically diverse over time
Identify the issues of bias the chapter raises in relation to conducting internet "quick vote" surveys like the one about housework conducted by CNN
-CNN viewers may be different from "average" Americans -Some people do not have access to the internet
Feminist Theory
-Gendered experiences of family life are shaped by race/ ethnicity and social class -Gender inequality is pervasive within family life -Social interactions reinforce gender differences between men and women
factors that contribute to high-income families spending more hands-on time with their children
-High-income families are more likely to have on parent who spends fewer hours at work -High-income families are most likely to have two parents in the home -High-income families are more deliberate about planning to spend time together as a family
Identify the factors that made building and maintaining families difficult for slaves in the period between 1619 and the end of the Civil War
-Most slaves did not have family names by which they could formally recognize lineage -Slave marriage and parenthood were not legally recognized by the states -Slaves could be sold, and therefore separated from their families, without notice
Identify the examples of men and women "doing gender" in the family
-On Saturdays, Michael usually mows the lawn and completes household repair tasks, while Shayna takes care of the laundry and household cleaning -Carl and Maria attend Carl's work holiday party. Carl wear a suit and loafer and Maria wear a dress and heels
Sex
-this characteristic is associated with the terms male and female -this characteristic is identified based on anatomy and physiology
Place the events in the lifetime of people who married in the 1940s and 1950s in chronological order
1. Great Depression 2. World War II 3. Baby boom 4. Suburban home construction
The legal family has a...
narrower definition and is limited to those related by birth, marriage, or adoption
During the colonial period, parents typically passed on the family home to their _______ who often lived at home with the parents in a _______ arrangement. Broadly, however, colonial families usually did not live in _______ households with relatives
eldest son; stem family; extended family
high proportion of married couples and low proportion of individuals living on their own
end of the nineteenth century
how do mothers comfort their crying infants?
observation
Reasons why humans did not develop distinctly different genetic makeups along racial lines
-Migration across social and geographical borders produced multiracial children, preventing the formation of genetically distinct races -All humans lived in the same region until relatively recently, in terms of evolutionary time
Examples of the cultural doctrine of separate spheres
-Most men left home to work during the day and returned home when the workday ended -Middle-class wives primarily took care o the home and children
Identify true statements about androgynous parenting
-Parents intentionally offer their children on-gendered activities, toys, and clothing -Before the twentieth century, parents routinely dressed young children alike, without regard to gender
Accomplishment of Concerted Cultivation
-Children are occupied with numerous activities -Children may have greater confidence in solving problems
True statements about American Indian families prior to the arrival of European colonists
-Divorce was more common among American Indians than among Europeans at the time -In many tribes, wealth and power were transferred through families from others to daughters
Identify the ways commercial consumption changed the dating script in the twentieth century
-Families had less of a say in whom young people dated and what they did -Dating became a public process
Identify the reasons why sexual behavior is less constrained now that in the past
-The advent of modern birth control -Young people's living alone before marriage -Sex among older adults
Archaeological evidence shows the the nuclear family (consisting of a mother, father, and offspring) was the norm in the Neolithic period
FALSE; Archaeological evidence shows that our ancestors recognized/ honored different family arrangements
wealth and power are transmitted from mothers to daughters
matrilineal
how do married and cohabiting partners interact at home, and how does domestic interaction differ between the two groups?
observation
who reports greater happiness, teenagers or preteens?
sample survey
Homophily operates in a way in which _____ people have more contact with one another ______ people. Greater levels of homophile lead to more ______
similar; dissimilar; endogamy
they often have more resources to invest in dating and romance
single older adults
Researchers find that children whose parents divorce when the children are young have worse outcomes, on average, than young children whose parents stay together. identify the reasons why this association may be correlational, not causal:
-Children of divorced parents have often witnessed parents' conflicts for months or years before the divorce -Some families are more prone to divorcing than others -Many children of divorced parents live with their mothers, who ear substantially less money, on average, than fathers
identify the factors that explain the declining number of births per woman through the nineteenth century
-Couples desired fewer children -Couples learned new methods of birth control
Factors that contributed to the rise of women in the workplace starting in the early 1970s
-Educational expansion -World War II
Reasons why women have surpassed men in getting a college education
-Girls may be naturally better at school than boys -Parents now invest in both daughters and sons at the same level
Factors that have kept the rate of intermarriage low in the US
-Historic and current negative attitudes toward interracial marriage -School and neighborhood segregation
Main forms of scarcity that single-mother families often face i contrast to two-parent families
-Money -Time -Social capital
Statements that accurately describe how racial classifications still matter, even though they are socially constructed
-Racial differences are an important factor in how individuals are treated by other in society -Families still experience and reflect racial categories through a preference for endogamy
Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted, reported that million of families are evicted from their homes each year. According to Desmond's findings, identify the factors that contributed to this high rate eviction
-Landlords force out tenants they don't want -The high cost of housing
traditional family structures should be critiqued for ways in which they diminish women's lives
contemporary feminism
the process by which social scientists establish an association between two phenomena is known as
correlation
older adults form a large proportion of this group (although they are not the majority)
divorced adults
Examples that show how race is socially constructed
-A child who has one White paretn and one Black parent identifies as Black rather than biracial -A Latina immigrant is identified as White in her country of origin, but non-White in the US
Circumstances faced by Black families that made them more likely to appear matrifocal- that is, mother-centered- than White families
-A lack of job opportunities for Black men -Poor health among the Black community
True statements about acculturation and assimilation
-Acculturation can happen without acceptance by the host society, but that is not the case for assimilation -Learning the language of the host society is important for both processes -Acculturation can happen without assimilation but not vice versa
Sexual Identity
-Patricia identifies as intersex -Adam identifies as male
Reasons why married people may have sex more often than single people
-Married men and women have available partners -Married men and women enjoy sex with their partners more than single people do
Factors that contributed to the rising fertility rate of the baby boom
-Men and women married young -Men were employed in good jobs
According to scholars who study masculinity, how can gender roles impact men differently than women?
-Men are expected to live out more rigid gender roles -Men who do not fit gender expectations often receive the most discrimination
Handled by states and localities
-Who can adopt a child? -How many unrelated people can live in a household?
Handled by federal law
-Who can receive social security or medicare? -How does immigration status impact a couple's ability to marry?
Examples of how the birth control pill has had repercussions for society once it was widely available
-Women bear more of the responsibility for preventing pregnancy -Men and women delayed marriage until later ages -Economic inequality between men and women declined
Identify the factors that contributed to the move away from the 1950s "traditional" family in the second half of the twentieth century
-Women increasingly worked outside the home -Federal programs aimed at protecting the poor and vulnerable gave many people more flexibility and independence
Reasons why young Black men in poor neighborhoods have lower high school graduation rates than young Black women in those same neighborhoods
-Young Black men are not as highly monitored by their parents -Young Black men have less supportive social networks
According to Annette Lareau's research on social class and parenting, identify the statements that apply to either accomplishment of natural growth or concerted cultivation
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF NATURAL GROWTH -Children may enjoy childhood more and feel less stress -Children spend much of their time with family and others in the neighborhood CONCERTED CULTIVATION -Children are occupied with numerous activities -Children may have greater confidence in solving problems
Racial ethnicity
African American, Latino
Families exhibited relatively greater gender equality than other groups
African Americans
Use the term "game" to describe gaining persuasive skills used in dating
African-American students today
Family relations were the model for nonbiological relationships, in the larger community and with the environment and animals
American Indians
the highest chance of dating a white person (though this group is not white)
Asians
Race
Black and white
the highest chance of dating someone from their own group
Blacks
Laws against intermarriage were ______ in the twentieth century and were on the books in _____ states when they were declared unconstitutional in the _____ US Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia
Common; 16; 1967
Identify the statements that are associated with either the consensus or conflict perspective
CONSENSUS PERSPECTIVE -Inequality serves an important societal function -More difficult jobs come with greater rewards, thus creating an incentive for individuals to train and work hard to obtain those rewards CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE -Individuals can be sorted into social class categories based on whether or not they own capital -Inequality is the result of a process in which the workers' labor produces wealth for owners
Families as groups of people who are bound by which of the following types of connections?
CORRECT: -emotional -biological -legal INCORRECT: -obligatory
Disparate forces promoted migration among this group, with some searching for an escape from poverty and others hoping to use their skills in a new country
Central and South Americans
The split-household family was common and crossed national borders
Chinese Americans
Research has found that there is less of a gap between boys' and girls' math test scores i countries that have greater ________. This suggests that even if there is a ______ basis to math differences between boys and girls, most differences are due to _______ factors
Gender equality; genetic; social
Identify each statement as either more likely true of a high-income, high-education family, or of a low-income, low-education family
HIGH-INCOME, HIGH-EDUCATION -Family gained access to the internet early in the 1990s -Household has reliable, fast internet connectivity LOW-INCOME, LOW-EDUCATION -Children spend more time in front of screens -Children spend more time watching TV
Family goals: Companionship family
Happiness and personal growth
the highest chance of dating a Hispanic
Hispanics
Place the following examples of young people in order from those with the highest to lowest life chances, according to Weber's definition
Justin Smith is the son of a successful and wealthy businessman and is graduating from Harvard this year --> Erica is a college student at a large public university in her state. Her middle-class family helps pay for some of her tuition, while scholarships and grants help pay for the remainder --> Peter family is working class, but he received generous financial aid and is about to graduate rom a public university --> Kate is a recent high school graduate from a working-class family who has been working in retail and hoping to return to school at the local community college
Which theorist introduced a concept to help explain the social class position of college students, who may not have an occupation or earnings?
Max Weber
Based on the example and budget provided in the "Working and Poor" Workshop box, identify the reasons why two-parent families are less likely to be poor than single-parent families
Reasons: -Two adults in a household can both work, and thus draw more income -Two adults in a household can elect to have one parent stay home with the children
Family members exhibited a strong sense of obligation toward one another
Mexican Americans
Appreciate parental advice, and see moral value in a woman's virginity
Mexican-American students today
Although some were already living in the US when their territory was annexed, migrants continue to move to the US in search of jobs and better lives
Mexicans
In a study of _______ American and Dutch teens, researcher Amy Schalet found that parents of Dutch teens _____ their children to have sex in their homes and ______ their teens' behavior. American parents, on the other hand, _________ their children to have sex in their homes and _______ openly with their teens about sex
Middle-class; allowed; monitored; did not allow; did not communicate
Bonds holding families together: Companionship family
Mutual affection and common interests
Family size: Companionship family
Nuclear
What is the biggest reason for gender disparity in median earrings?
Occupational segregation leaves women in female-dominated occupations with lower status and lower pay
What did the phrase "so chosen, he is her lord" mean for women during the American colonial period?
Once women choose their husbands and were married, they were bound to obey
Social mobility describes people's class _____ versus their class _________. Historically, most Americans have believed that we live in a society with a _____ degree of social mobility
Origin; destination; high
What is one possible reason why inequality has increased over time, according to Joseph Stiglitz?
Over time, the wealthy gain control of more and more high-status positions and institutions and are then able to change the rules to benefit themselves
According to Melvin Kohn's classic series of studies, how do both middle and working-class parents' experiences with work influence their parenting?
Parents teach their children the interpersonal skills that they use in their own jobs
Today, American Indians face high levels of ____ and low levels of education beyond the _________ level. This was not always the case. Before facing pressure from the _________ and settlers, American Indians lived in tribes, held ________ definitions of family and family relationships, and valued _______ over competition.
Poverty; high school; the US government; expansive; cooperation
The poverty line was established in the 1960s to define those in need of government assistance. identify the problems with the poverty line calculation today.
Problems: -The price of food has risen more slowly than the price of other goods and services -The calculation of the poverty line does to take government benefits into account -The calculation of the poverty line does to take geographic area into account
Why are prom scripts so important?
Proms are often seen as a formal step in the process of mate selection that can lead eventually to marriage
Some feminist theorists use _______, a perspective inspired by Freud, to analyze gender inequality i n the home. According to this approach, boys ______ their mothers while girls _______ their mothers, setting the stage for establishing _________ between men and women
Psychoanalytic theory; reject; emulate; wide differences
members of this group enjoyed automatic right of residency in the US mainland
Puerto Ricans
A cohort is a group of people who experience an event together at the same time
TRUE
Black men and women are the least likely to receive replies when they reach out to others on OKCupid
TRUE
Nonbinary gender expression does not necessarily link with nonbinary identity
TRUE
The birth of fraternal twins who would appear to belong to different races is meant to suggest that race is not a strictly genetic category but rather is a social interpretation of human difference
TRUE
The modern welfare system evolved from a program that provided federal support to the widows of Civil War soldiers
TRUE
What would this curve look like in a society that has less inequality than the US
The curve would be less steep, with faster growth upwards on the left side of the graph and a shallower slope upwards on the right
What would this curve look like in a society that has less inequality than the US?
The curve would be less steep, with faster growth upwards on the left side of the graph and a shallower slope upwards on the right
why do the textbook author attribute the rise in women'a autonomy to the American Revolution?
The leaders of the American Revolution espoused the virtue of autonomy, which women began to embrace for themselves
How do sociologists working from the biological perspective seek to understand human behavior?
They apply understandings of the biological underpinnings of sex differences to common family traits and practices today
Pornography consumption among teens is _____ and widely considered _____. Some critics worry about the effects; for example, research finds that college students who watch porn are _____ likely to use condoms
Up; normal; less
Among the _______, marriage served the function of ______ powerful families, whereas among the _____, it was about securing ______ for survival.
Wealthy; connecting; poor; labor
Local religious authorities had more influence than government in determining the dynamics of marriage
White Europeans
the highest chance of dating someone who is White and the lowest chance of dating someone who is Black
Whites
Which statement most accurately explains why the percentage of Whites married to Blacks in the US differs so significantly from the percentage of Blacks married to Whites in the US?
Whites make up a much larger proportion of the US population
Which statement accurately describes how research has answered the question: is "dating" over for college students?
With apps such as Tinder, students meet and socialize with people in ways very similar to older forms of dating
Family socioeconomic status (SES) is based on the education, income, and occupation of the parents of high school sophomores in 2002; educational attainment is for those high school students 10 years later
Young people often replicate the class background of their parents, and this is particularly true among high SES youth
Says, "no one dates anymore!"
a college student today
In the US, about _________ of the population are either immigrants or the children of immigrants. This historically high percentage of immigrants i due to legal changes beginning in ______ that promoted _________
a quarter; 1965; family reunification
One of the contributions of feminist theory is the notion that boys and girls are...
socialized into their gender roles, and therefore they learn how to inhabit unequal positions in the family
individuals occupy different, but equally important, family roles
structural functionalism
Husband-wife relationship: Patriarchal family
subordination of wife to husband
Place the family types in order from highest to lowest poverty rate
unmarried female-headed families --> unrelated individuals --> unmarried male-headed families --> married-couple families
They don't have much time to date, but many still do
unmarried parents
this group makes up a much smaller proportion of the dating pool than it used to
widowed adults
Select the bold phrase that represents the most important factor in the reduction of women's household labor
worked to earn her own money
By 2016 that share going to the richest 1% had increased to ____
21%
Identify the factors that likely contributed to African American families' strong extended family ties
-African American families were often poor, requiring shared resources -African American marital relationships were more fragile than White marriages and ended more frequently in divorce or widowhood
Factors that contributed to the rapid decline of teen pregnancy between 1989-2013
-Better access to birth control -Lower rates of sexual activity
Biggest reason for the disparity in men's and women's median earnings is that men and women tend to work in different jobs
-Bias that favors men appears to keep male-dominated jobs at a higher pay rate than female-dominated jobs -Laws prohibit employers fro paying women differently than men for the same jobs
Identify how wearing high heels and foot bindings are similar
-Both practices cause physical harm to women's feet -Both practices originated as a way to make women attractive to men -Both practices are directly enforced by women's choices
Identify the probable consequences of wealthy family networks
-Younger members of these families stand to inherit greater wealth than average Americans -Inequality widens in the US between families like these and poor families
Examples of big data
-data on all marriage licenses from 1970 to the present -data on how long millions of website users spend on various pages depending on their layouts and color schemes
Identify how wearing high heels reinforces women "doing gender"
-high heels accentuate physical differences between men and women -high heels accentuate women's relative lack of physical strength
Place the following scenarios in order from those that would produce the weakest to the strongest class identity
1. A society in which members of different classes live near one another and frequently marry one another. intergenerational movement between social classes is high 2. A society in which members of different classes live near one another and occasionally marry one another. intergenerational movement between social classes i moderate 3. A society in which social classes rarely mix, but members have some opportunities for intergenerational movement between social classes 4. A society in which members of different social classes rarely come into contact and almost never change social classes
Place the following immigration laws and policies in chronological order of enactment
1. Chinese Exclusion Act 2. Bracero Program 3. Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act 4. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Sort following occupations in order from least to most female dominated
1. Electricians 2. Construction managers 3. Postsecondary teachers 4. Financial managers 5. Registered nurses
Place the following events, all of which had important implications for black families and communities in chronological order
1. End of the Civil War 2. the Great Migration 3. government policies denying services to black neighborhoods in the North 4. deindustrialization in the Midwest and Northeast
despite changes in US society, the US census continues to refer to a "man and his family" when discussing household composition
FALSE
Laborsaving devices, such as washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners, changed the nature of women' work in the home, but they did not drastically reduce the hours they spent on housework. Instead, women began spending more time on other kinds of household tasks
FALSE
Most social science research supports the argument that elements of the Black family structure today, such as matriarchal households and children raised by extended family members, are inherited from African traditions
FALSE
A weakness of the _______ marriage is that it was built on the ideal of love. Yet as the chapter point out, if _______ between spouses lessened, there were fewer outside pressures to keep them together. The results was an increase in _______ during the twentieth century
companionate; affection; divorce
husbands and wives often conflict because husbands are "supervisors" of their wives as "workers" who are unpaid
conflict perspective
Family socioeconomic status (SES) is based on the education, income, and occupation of the parents of high school sophomores in 2002;
young people often replicate the class background of their parents, and this is particularly true among high SES youth
Examples of sexual dimorphism?
-On average, men are taller than women -On average, men are stronger than women
Which of the following claims about the family are central to feminist theory?
-Gender inequality is central to family life -Family experiences for men and women differ according to race/ethnicity and social class
Reasons why deindustrialization affected Black families more negatively than families from other racial-ethnic groups
-Deindustrialization disproportionately impacted old industrial cities -Deindustrialization disproportionately impacted men with less than a college education
Identify the changes that have led to an increased role of grandparents in children's lives
-Improved health care -Falling birth rates -Increasing rates of single parenthood
True statements about the steeply declining marriage rates among Black men and women compared with the US national average
-Incarceration rates are unequal among the races -Black men have higher rates of job loss and economic insecurity
identify the interpretations of human behavior that fit within the structural functionalist perspective
-Income inequality helps to entice the most skilled individuals to work for difficult but high-playing careers -Children learn to enact gender roles when they are young so that they can perform those roles later in life
Sexual orientation
-Isaiah identifies as straight -identify as bisexual
Examples of social capital
-Kelly has been working in finance for five years but feels stuck in her position. she reaches out to an older alumna from her college and after their conversation, the alumna invites her to interview for a better job at her company -Two neighbors discuss their children's upcoming entry into the first grade. One parent suggests to the other that he lobbies for his daughter to be placed in Ms. Andrew's classroom based on his previous poor experience with the other first-grade teacher
According to Desmond's findings, identify the factors that contributed to this high rate of eviction.
-Landlords force out tenants they don't want -The high cost of housing
Identify the factors that are likely to encourage exogamy
-Living in a racially integrated neighborhood -Spending a college semester abroad
Identify the major lenses through which social scientists study sexuality
-Sexual behavior -Identity -Human biology
Select the bold phrases that illustrate trends in emerging modern childhood during the nineteenth century
-Six children, which seemed like a small family -a name shared by no one else in the family -had her own room and a warm relationship with her mother
Identify the research findings, that support the view that sexual orientation is linked to "natural" causes
-Some studies have found that boys with older brothers are more likely that other boys to identify as gay -Some studies of twins have found that they are likely to share the same sexual orientation
Based on the author's assessment of inequality trends, identify the policies that might slow the growth of the superrich
-Stricter regulations against lobbying -Stricter regulations on the finance industry -Reductions in tax breaks for alternative income sources
Policies that might slow the growth of the superrich
-Stricter regulations against lobbying -Stricter regulations on the finance industry -Reductions in tax breaks for alternative income sources
The poverty line was established in the 1960s to define those in need of government assistance. Identify the problems with the poverty line calculation today
-The price of food has risen more slowly than the price of other goods and services -The calculation of the poverty line does not take government benefits into account -The calculation of the poverty line does not take geographic area into account
Roles related to marriage that state-established churches played in early European societies
-They determined the validity of marriages -They presided over marriage ceremonies -They allocated power and property among family members
Conflict theory
-sports distract the masses from important issues that those in power define -sports exploit athletes who are used for profit that accrues to elites
Structural functionalism
-sports promote feelings of nationalism and belonging among fans -By participating in sporting events, fans learn the value of fair play and hard work
Identify the main forms of scarcity that single-mother families often face in contrast to two-parent families
1. Money 2. Time 3. Social capital
Recent estimates suggest that about 1 out of every ____ American adults consider themself transgender. The number of transgender adults is ____, including among young adults
200; increasing
in 2004, the census bureau reported that ______ of married women under age 45 had the same surname as their husbands. On the other hand, only a very small number of men, estimated at _____, took their wives' name
92%; 3%
Most accurate example of a split-household family?
A Chinese man work s on a U.S. railroad, leaving his wife behind in China
Place the following scenarios in order from those that would produce the weakest to the strongest class identity
A society in which members of different classes live near one another and frequently marry one another. intergenerational movement between social classes is high --> A society in which members of different classes live near one another and occasionally marry one another. Intergenerational movement between social classes is moderate --> A society i which social classes rarely mix, but member have some opportunities for intergenerational movement between social classes --> A society in which members of different social classes rarely come into contact and almost never change social classes
On average, single people have more sex than married people
FALSE
Research on sexual orientation has focused more on heterosexuality than on homosexuality
FALSE
The US has more social mobility than most other wealthy countries
FALSE
The Victorian moral panic over male masturbation was primarily related to fears that masturbating would make men unable to help produce children
FALSE
The federal government requires all states to stress abstinence as preferable for students in public schools
FALSE
The percentage of teens having sex has increased in recent decades
FALSE
Place in order the following events related to same-sex marriage from earliest to most recent
Several states considered passing laws giving same-sex couples the right to marry --> the US congress passed the defense of Marriage Act and it was signed into law --> Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor that the federal government must recognize all marriages that are legally valid in the states --> supreme court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex couples had the right to marry in every state
Identify the examples of social mobility
Social Mobility: -Calvin grew up poor, attended college on a scholarship, and eventually became a surgeon -Patricia earned very little as a waitress in LA during her early 20s, but she was eventually cast in a film, which led to more roles and high pay -Anita grew up in the middle class but dropped out of high school and worked in a string of low-wage jobs
Identify each statement about family in colonial America as either true of both American Indians and White Europeans, or only true of American Indians
TRUE OF AMERICAN INDIANS AND WHITE EUROPEANS -Families were organized with a gender division of labor -Monogamous marriage was the cultural norm TRUE ONLY OF AMERICAN INDIANS -Divorce was relatively common -People were primarily considered descendants of their mothers rather than their father
Statements that accurately describe how the immigration pathways of Asian groups to the United States impact their life chances
-Immigrants who are forced to migrate to a new country because of economic deprivation or political persecution find it more difficult to succeed in the US -Immigrants who are highly educated before arriving in the US have stronger resources to help themselves and their children
Conflict perspective
-Individuals can be sorted into social class categories based on whether or not they own capital -Inequality is the result of a process in which the workers' labor produces wealth for owners
Which of the following individuals would be classified as intersex?
-Individuals who develop ambiguous genitalia in response to a hormone disorder -Individuals who have both XY chromosomes and a condition in which they do not develop male external anatomy
Factors that contributed to increasing economic inequality between husbands and wives during the nineteenth century
-Industrialism -The arrangement of women working at home and men in the labor force
Consensus perspective
-Inequality serves an important societal function -More difficult jobs come with greater rewards, thus creating an incentive for individuals to train and work hard to obtain those rewards.
Utilitarian love
-It is based on rational calculations in addition to emotion -It depends upon open communication
Identify the ways in which the federal government increased legal regulation of family life during the industrial era
-It outlawed "obscene" material in the mail system -It established and recognized marriage credentials -It linked property rights to marital status
Identify the types of information sociologists could learn from network analyses
-The kinds of relationships people form in small towns -Strategies for reducing outbreaks of sexually transmitted diseases
identify the sibling traits that influence gender socialization within the family
-The level of responsibility a child has for taking care of his or her siblings -The gender composition of siblings
Place the events related to birth control in chronological order
1. A US law banned shipping birth control materials through the mail 2. The term "birth control" was first coined 3. The FDA approved the use of oral contraceptives 4. Adulthood began to be defined as beginning at age 18, which meant that 18-year-olds now had access to birth control 5. The Supreme Court allows religious protection to private corporations, limiting contraception coverage through some employer plans
Place the following examples of young people in order from those with the highest to lowest life chances, according to Weber's definition
1. Justin is the son of a successful and wealthy businessman and is graduating from Harvard 2. Erica is a college student at a large, public university in her state. Her middle-class family helps pay for some of her tuition, while scholarships and grants help pay for the remainder 3. Peter family is working class, but he received generous financial aid and is about to graduate from a public university 4. Kate is a recent high school graduate from a working-class family who has been working in retail and hoping to return to school at the local community college
Place the following forms of family life in precolonial and postcolonial America in chronological order
1. Matrilineal families were common form, in which daughter inherited family homes and other items from their mother 2. Women had little choice in marriage, and any property or earnings that they brought into their marriages were owned by their husbands 3. The spread of industrialization eroded many of the political and economic functions of marriage 4. Courtship gave young people some say in their romantic relationships
how do parents feel about their sleep quality, across their parenting years?
longitudinal survey
high proportion of married couples, low proportion of single parents, and a growing proportion of individuals living on their own
middle of the twentieth century
Based on Lisa Wade's research on some college student relationships, place the following in chronological order
1. two college students hook up 2. students stay in communication but show low levels of interest 3. students begin considering dating each other
In the early to mid-twentieth century, which of the following federal incentives encouraged young adults to get married?
-Federal programs were developed to promote marriage -Married workers earned relatively high wages
Identify the examples of social capital
-Kelly Herrera has been working in finance for five years but feels stuck in her position. She reaches out to an older alumna from her college and after their conversation, the alumna invites her to interview for a better job at her company -Two neighbors discuss their children's upcoming entry into the first grade. One parent suggests to the other that he lobbies for his daughter to be placed in Ms. Andrews's classroom based on his previous poor experience with the other first-grade teacher.
Factors that contribute to the relatively high rate of HIV infection in the African American population
-Racial segregation -Less access to education about sex an sexually transmitted diseases -Lower levels of health care
Place the following events in chronological order, according to the development of whiteness in the US
1. The "American" race referred to descendants of Europeans 2. The term White referred to those of European descent, except for recent immigrants who lived in ethnic ghettos 3. Economic mobility, intermarriage, and migration resulted in recent European immigrants being seen as white 4. White became a catcall term for Americans who hailed from European ancestry
Place the transmission categories for new cases of HIV in order, from most to least common
1. men, through male-to-male sexual contact 2. women, through heterosexual contact 3. men through heterosexual contact 4. women, through injection drug use
At almost _______, the proportion US residents born in another country is higher than it has been since 1910, when the big wave of European immigration peaked. If you include Americans whose parents were born elsewhere, _______ of the population belongs to immigrant families
15%; a quarter
Steep growth of individuals living alone and moderate growth of single-parent households
end of the twentieth century
