Female Reproductive III (Mammary Glands)

The Nipple is a raised area into which lactiferous ducts open 1. During menstrual cycle the nipples, under the influence of _____, can become tender, especially at the time of

1. Estrogen, ovulation

T/F Milk is being produced during Pregnancy

False, NO milk production during pregnancy

T/F There are many Lobes in a Lobule

False, there are many LOBULES in a LOBE

T/F Myoepithelial cells are muscle cells

False, they are still epithelial cells not muscle

The mammary glands are modified sweat glands (_____) compound tubuloalveolar

exocrine

Changes during pregnancy - breasts get ______ 1. 1st half : ____ develop 1a. Glandular portion expands 1b. _____ decreases 2. 2nd half: parenchymal proliferation _____, alveoli distend 3. High levels of _____ during pregnancy keep milk from being produced

larger 1. alveoli 1b. Fat 2. decreases 3. estrogen

Involution of mammary Gland occurs postmenopausal and results in a decrease in _____ and stroma due to loss of fibroblastic collagen and _____ tissue

parenchymal, elastic

The Areola is a pigmented area surrounding the nipple that contains many _____ (apocrine) and _____ glands 1. Both nipple and areola have abundant sensory innervation (more sensory ending on ____ than on _____ tissue)

sweat, sebaceous 1. nipple, areolar

Post pubertal changes include Parenchymal development: 1. Lobe: _____ ducts and all its subdivisions 1a. ___(#) to ___(#) lobes open into individual lactiferous _____ from which milk empties into lactiferous ducts (ducts open up only into the _____) 2. _____: major subdivision of the lobe and its branches 3. Alveolar ducts and alveoli (tubuloalveolar glands): proximal secretory portions 4. Characteristics of epithelial lining 4a. Alveolar duct and alveoli: Simple _____ or simple low columnar 4b. _____ ducts: stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar 4c. Close to opening: Stratified squamous _______

1. Lactiferous 1a. 15, 25, sinuses, nipple) 2. Lobule 4a. cuboidal 4b. Intralobular 4c. nonkeratinized

The mammary glands develop from integument for the purpose of providing nutrition for the newborn 1. The _____ thickens 2. The cells multiple and migrate inward to form rudimentary structures 3. Mammary lines or crests: 2 vertical _____ thickenings from which glands develop 3a. In many animals, _____ pair(s) develop over the milk line 3b. In humans usually _____ pair(s) present; _____ glands (polymastia) or nipples (____) occurs in 1% of population

1. epidermis 3. ectodermal 3a. several 3b. 1, supernumerary, polythelia

During the Infantile Phase: 1. Mammary glands are rudimentary - only short _____ ducts are present - _____ ducts open in the nipple area, which is surrounded by the ____ 2. In females there are post pubertal changes 3. In males, Glands normally remain rudimentary 4. _____ - abnormal glandular development in the male (mild ______ occurs in about 30% of males during puberty); an increase in gland size which normally corrects itself; the _____ produce estrogen and an increase in estrogen causes gynecomastia (estrogen is a precursor of _____)

1. glandular, lactiferous, areola 4. Gynecomastia, gynecomastia, testes, Testosterone

Lactation changes: 1. Further expansion and proliferation of alveoli under the influence of ______ 2. Enlargement of _____ cell - large _____ and relatively small amount of interlobular CT 3. Synthesis (______) and release of milk (oxytocin) 4. Lumina of alveoli and the ducts are _____ and filled with ____ - alveoli and ducts are secretory 5. Alveoli lined by simple ______ or simple ______ cells 6. Fat droplets in ____ portions of cells (will see vacuoles in histological sections because fat droplets dissolve)

1. prolactin 2. alveolar, lobules 3. prolactin 4. dilated, milk 5. cuboidal, olumnar 6. apical

Regression of Mammary Gland 1. With lack of _____ stimulus, milk production ceases 2. Within ____ (#) days fat cells grow back 3. Glandular elements return to resting condition

1. sucking 2. 10

Lactation: 1. Anterior Pituitary - PRF (milk ______) 2. Posterior Pituitary - Oxytocin (milk _____) 3. Milk Ejection Reflex 3a. _____ stimulus results in release of _____ from pars nervosa of the pituitary 3b. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of _____ cells in the mammary gland and uterine _____ muscle contraction 3c. Myoepithelial Cells push milk out of alveoli and ducts through ______ ducts and out of the nipple 3d. Sucking Stimulus -----(-) effect on PIF (Prolactin Inhibiting factor/dopamine) _____ effect -----(+) effect on PRF (Prolactin Releasing factor) - ____ effect -----Stimulation of Prolactin: prolactin acts on _____ cells to synthesize milk -----(-) effect on LH, FSH, GnRH - therefore inhibits _____ 4. Prolactin inhibits _____ _____ release - 50% of lactating women are ______ therefore infertile (NOT a reliable means of birth control)

1. synthesis 2. release 3a. Sucking, oxytocin 3b. myoepithelial, smooth 3c. Lactiferous 3d. Major, minor, alveolar, ovulation 4. Luteinizing hormone, amenorrheic

Secretory cells and their Secretions 1. Cell organelles: RER, Golgi, Mitochondria 1a. _____ (the main protein in milk) is released in secretory granules (_____ secretion) 1b. Fat released is enclosed in plasma membrane (_____ Secretion) 2. Milk composition 2a. Proteins [casein, lactalbumin, ____ (protects child from infection)], lactose, fat globules, ions, vitamins, water 3. _____ (not milk): water solution containing proteins and carbohydrates and very little lipid (has laxative properties) only secreted the first few days after birth

1a. Casein, merocrine 1b. apocrine 2a. IgA 3. Colostrum

Hormonal control of mammary gland 1. Post pubertal development 1a. Ductal Development and fat deposition: ______ 1b. Alveolar development: Progesterone, ______, GH 2. During Pregnancy 2a. Lobulo-alveolar development: Estrogen, GH, Insulin, Progesterone, Cortisol, _____ _____ _____ (product of placenta)

1a. Estrogen 1b. Cortisol 2a. Human Placenta Lactogen

Post pubertal changes involve CT characteristics: 1. CT immediately surrounding parenchyma is cellular 1a. Continuous with _____ layer 2. CT separating lobes and lobules is _____ CT 2a. great deal of _____ tissue (dissolves with _____) 3. Suspensory ligaments of Cooper

1a. Papillary 2. Dense 2a. adipose, lactation

Mammary glands have several structural and functional phases: 1. Infantile 2. ______ 3. Pregnancy and Lactation 4. _____

2. Post-Pubertal 4. Involution

Myoepithelial Cells: 1. Location: between BL and secretory alveolar cells 2. Shape: have many processes that contain ______ 3. Control: Via ______ (Causes myoepithelial cells to contract and squeeze ducts )

2. myofilaments 3. Oxytocin