Fetal Thorax/ Neural Axis (ch59/60)

A vein of Galen malformation is which one of the following abnormalities?

-An aneurysm of the Galen vein -A rare arteriovenous malformation -A sporadic event

Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than ____ millimeters (mm).

10

Which one of the following anomalies may be characterized by the presence of colpocephaly? A) agenesis of the corpus callosum B) Arnold-Chiari malformation C) Dandy-Walker malformation D) holoprosencephaly

A) agenesis of the corpus callosum

Which one of the following is most severe form of holoprosecncephaly, which is characterized by a single common ventricle and malformed brain? Orbital anomalies range from fused orbits to hypotelorism, with frequency nasal clefting of the lip and palate. A) alobar B) cephalocele C) anencephaly D) acrania

A) alobar

Which one of the following abnormalities is the most common open neural tube defect? A) anencephaly B) acrania C) encephalocele D) cephalocele

A) anencephaly

The differential considerations of anencephaly include all of the following except: A) arachnoid cyst B) microcephaly C) acrania D) cephalocele

A) arachnoid cyst

Which of the following signs are characteristic of the Arnold-Chiari malformation? A) banana- and lemon-shaped B) strawberry- and banana-shaped C) lemon- and strawberry-shaped D) cloverleaf- and banana-shaped

A) banana-and lemon-shaped

Conditions commonly associated with fetal hydrocephalus include all of the following except: A) choroid plexus cyst B) Dandy-Walker malformation C) meningomyelocele D) agenesis of the corpus callosum

A) choroid plexus cyst

Sonographic findings in cystic adenomatoid malformation include all of the following except: A) cystic adenomatoid malformation may occur below the diaphragm. B) cystic adenomatoid malformation may be an echogenic mass in type II cystic adenomatoid malformation C) cystic adenomatoid malformation may be a large cyst in type I cystic adenomatoid malformation D) cystic adenomatoid malformation is associated with polyhydramnios

A) cystic adenomatoid malformation may occur below the diaphragm.

Ventriculomegaly coupled with an enlargement of the fetal head is called which one of the following? A) hydrocephalus B) hydraencephaly C) hydronephrosis D) Dandy-Walker malformation

A) hydocephalus

Which one of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue. A) hydraencephaly B) hydrocephalus C) agenesis of the corpus callosum D) holoprosencephaly

A) hydraencephaly

Which one of the following statements about microcephaly is incorrect? A) microcephaly is an abnormally large head B) the prognosis for fetuses with microcephaly is always poor C) microcephaly does not affect the head circumference D) microcephaly may manifest later in pregnancy

A) microcephaly is an abnormally large head

The most common type of diaphragmatic defect occurs: A) posteriorly and laterally B) posteriorly and medially C) anteriorly and laterally D) anteriorly and medially

A) posteriorly and laterally

The severity of pulmonary hypoplasia depends on which one of the following? A) when it occurs during pregnancy B) fetal breathing movements C) amniotic fluid volume D) systolic/diastolic ration of the umbilical artery

A) when it occurs during pregnancy

A condition in which a complete or partial absence of the cranial bones is demonstrated is which one of the following?

Acrania

The absence of the cavum septi pellucidi is a distinguishing characteristic of which one of the following fetal anomalies?

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Which one of the following anomalies may be characterized by the presence of colpocephaly?

Agnesis of the corpus callosum

Which one of the following is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly, which is characterized by a single common ventricle and malformed brain? Orbital anomalies range from fused orbits to hypotelorism, with frequent nasal anomalies and clefting of the lip and palate.

Alobar

Which one of the following abnormalities is the most common open neural tube defect?

Anencephaly

Which one of the following neural tube defects is characterized by lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault and is an abnormality that is incompatible with life?

Anencephaly

Which one of the following statements about anencephaly is incorrect?

Anencephaly has a male prevalence

Differential considerations of Dandy-Walker malformation should include which one of the following?

Arachnoid cyst

The differential considerations of anencephaly include all of the following except:

Arachnoid cyst

A condition in which a complete or partial absence of the cranial bones is demonstrated is which one of the following? A) cebocephaly B) acrania C) holoprosencephaly D) hydraencephaly

B) acrania

Differential considerations of Dandy-Walker malformation should include which one of the following? A) ventriculomegaly B) arachnoid cyst C) cystic hygroma D) nuchal edema

B) arachnoid cyst

Which one of the following abnormalities refers to a fetus with a significantly narrow diameter of the chest? A) bronchopulmanory sequestration B) asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy C) congenital bronchial atresia D) lymphangiectasia

B) asphyxiating thoracic

Which one of the following lung cysts detected prenatally is the most common? A) cystic adenomatoid malformation B) bronchogenic cyst C) pleural effusion D) lymphangiectasia

B) bronchogenic cyst

A form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril is which one of the following? A) lissencephaly B) cebocephaly C) ethmocephaly D) porencephaly

B) cebocephaly

When fetal pleural effusion is encountered, a careful search of the _____ should be attempted. A) urinary bladder B) diaphragm C) long bones D) facial profile

B) diaphragm

Which one of the following terms is used to describe the herniation of the meninges and brain through a calvarium defect? A) Dandy-Walker malformation B) encephalocele C) cranial meningocele D) cebocephal

B) encephalocele

Chest circumference measurements are made in the transverse plane at the level of which one of the following? A) diaphragm B) four-chamber view of the heart C) short axis of the heart D) mediastinum

B) four-chamber view of the heart

Anomalies associated with anencephaly include all of the following except: A) cleft lip B) holoprosencephaly C) polyhydraminos D) spina bifida

B) holoprosencephaly

Congenital bronchial atresia is found most commonly in the _____ lobe. A) left lower B) left upper C) right lower D) right upper

B) left upper

Sonographic evaluation of the normal fetal thorax should include all of the following except: A) size B) shape C) chest circumference/abdominal circumference ratio D) symmetry

B) shape

Diaphragmatic hernia is frequently associated with all of the following except: A) facial cleft B) talipes C) cardiac defect D) vertebral defect

B) talipes

Which one of the following signs are characteristic of the Arnold-Chiari malformation?

Banana- and lemon-shaped

Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than ____ millimeters (mm). A) 5 B) 7 C) 10 D) 13

C) 10

The average cardiac axis is _____ degrees. A) 23 B) 30 C) 45 D) 50

C) 45

Which one of the following anomalies is characterized by the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and a splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres? A) agenesis of the corpus callosum B) arachnoid cyst C) Dandy-Walker malformation D) encephalocele

C) Dandy-Walker malformation

The presence of a pleural effusion may cause which one of the following to occur? A) enlargement of the heart B) enhancement of the diaphragm C) a shift of mediastinal structures D) a bronchogenic cyst

C) a shift of mediastinal structures

Which one of the following statements about anencephaly is incorrect? A) the incidence of anencephaly varies with geographic location B) anencephaly is a lethal disorder C) anencephaly has a male prevalence D) anencephaly is caused by the failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial end

C) anencephaly has a male prevalence

Abnormalities within the thoracic cavity include all of the following except: A) pleural effusion B) pulmonary sequestration C) brachial cleft cyst D) cystic adenomatoid malformation

C) brachial cleft cyst

Which one of the following is associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome? A) anencephaly B) arachnoid cyst C) encephalocele D) hydraencephaly

C) encephalocele

Which one of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle? A) arachnoid cyst B) Dandy-Walker malformation C) holoprosencephaly D) schizencephaly

C) holoprosencephaly

Facial anomalies in holoprosencephaly may represent all of the following except: A) hypotelorism B) cyclopia C) hypertelorism D) flattened nose with a single nostril

C) hypertelorism

Normal sonographic appearances of the fetal chest include all of the following except: A) ribs from the lateral margin of the chest B) clavicles form the upper margin of the chest C) lungs serve as the medial borders for the heart D) thoracic cavity is symmetric and bell shaped

C) lungs serve as the medial borders for the heart

Common abnormalities associated with pulmonary hypoplasia include all of the following except: A) renal agenesis B) premature rupture of membranes (PROM) C) macrosomia D) posterior urethral valve syndrome

C) macrosomia

An open spinal defect characterized by a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac, is called which one of the following? A) meningocele B) spina bifida occulta C) meningomyelocele D) Arnold-Chiari syndrome

C) meningomyelocele

Diaphragmatic hernias may occur anteriorly and medially in the diaphragm through the foramen of _____. A) luschka B) bochdalek C) morgagni D) monro

C) morgagni

The most important determinant for fetal viability is which one of the following? A) pulmonary hypoplasia B) bronchopulmanory sequestration C) pulmonary development D) bronchial atresia

C) pulmonary development

Sonographic findings in sequestration include all of the following except: A) sequestration appears as an echogenic mass that resembles lung tissue B) sequestration is seen with normal intra-abdominal anatomy C) sequestration commonly occurs below the diaphragm D) sequestration is associated with hydrops

C) sequestration commonly occurs below the diaphragm

Which one of the following statements about the fetal thorax is false? A) the majority of the heart is positioned in the midline and left chest B) the apex of the heart should be directed toward the spleen C) the central portion of the thorax is occupied by the heart D) the base of the heart lies horizontal to the diaphragm

C) the central portion of the thorax is occupied by the heart

Which one of the following does not describe sonographic features of a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia? A) the liver is seen the chest B) a collapsed bowel may be present C) the stomach lies superior to the diaphragm D) the heart is deviated far to the left

C) the stomach lies superior to the diaphragm

A form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril is which one of the following?

Cebocephaly

Conditions commonly associated with fetal hydrocephalus include all of the following except:

Choroid plexus cyst

Which one of the following central nervous anomalies demonstrates splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres on ultrasound? A) hydraencephaly B) cephalocele C) vein of Galan malformation D) Dandy-Walker malformation

D) Dandy- Walker malformation

The absence of the cavum septum pellucidi is a distinguishing characteristic of which one of the following fetal anomalies? A) Craniostenosis B) Schizencephaly C) Dandy-Walker malformation D) agenesis of the corpus callosum

D) agenesis of the corpus callosum

A vein of Galen malformation is which one of the following abnormalities? A) an aneurysm of the Galen vein B) a rare arteriovenous malformation C) a sporadic event D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which one of the following neural tube defects is characterized by a lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault and is an abnormality that is incompatible with life? A) acrania B) cephalocele C) Dandy-Walker malformation D) anencephaly

D) anencephaly

Which one of the following statements about fetal breathing is false? A) fetal breathing is most prominent in the second and third trimesters B) the mature fetus spends one third of its time breathing C) breathing is present if the fetal chest or abdomen makes seesaw movements for 20 seconds D) breathing is absent if no fetal activity is noted during a 2-minute period

D) breathing is absent if no fetal activity is noted during a 2-minute period

The mortality rate at birth for the fetus with a diaphragmatic hernia is _____. A) low B) mild C) moderate D) high

D) high

The normal fetal lungs appear on ultrasound as which one of the following? A) heterogeneous with moderate echogenicity B) homogeneous and hyperechoic C) homogeneous and hypoechoic D) homogeneous with moderate echogenicity

D) homogeneous with moderate echogenicity

Herniation through the foramen of Bochdalek is usually found on which one of the following portions of the diaphragm? A) anterior B) right C) medial D) left

D) left

The supernumerary lobe of the lung is called which one of the following? A) pulmonary hypoplasia B) succentriate lobe C) anomalous lobe D) pulmonary sequestration

D) pulmonary sequestration

Which one of the following anomalies is characterized by the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and a splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres?

Dandy-Walker malformation

Which one of the following central nervous anomalies demonstrates splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres on ultrasound?

Dandy-Walker malformation

Which one of the following defects is associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome?

Encephalocele

Which one of the following terms is used to describe the herniation of the meninges and brain through a calvarium defect?

Encephalocele

Anomalies associated with anencephaly include all of the following except:

Holoprosencephaly

Which one of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle?

Holoprosencephaly

Which one of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue.

Hydranencephaly

Ventriculomegaly coupled with an enlargement of the fetal head is called which one of the following?

Hydrocephalus

Facial anomalies in holoprosencephaly may represent all of the following except:

Hypertelorism

An open spinal defect characterized by a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a menu gear sav, is called which one of the following?

Meningomyelocele

Which one of the following statements about microcephaly is incorrect?

Microcephaly is an abnormally large head