FFF exam 3

wood decaying fungus

Agarikon

there are spread from person to person via contact or shared things

Are dermatophytes spread from people to other animals and back?

a genus of fungus that lives on certain caterpillars

Cordyceps

reishi lingzhi aka the herb of deathlessness

Ganoderma lucidum common names

health drink made from sweet black or green tea inoculated with a "starter" consisting of various yeasts and lactic acid bacteria

Kombucha

oil loving fungus (dandruff fungus)

Malassezia

a "caterpillar fungus" that parasitizes larvae of ghost moths

Ophiocordyceps sinensis

wood-rotter which has antitumor activities of protein bound polysaccharides (PSK)

Turkey Tail

Lentinan: complex polysaccharide which has antitumoral properties via enhanced immune function LEM: lentinula edodes mycelial extract from powdered mycelium which has a complex mix of vitamins, nucleic acids & sugars with antiviral activity (esp against HIV)

active medicinal compounds in shiitake & their activities

panacea mushroom "remedy for all disease" - injuries, bruises, falls & fractures - kidney disease - menstrual insufficiency - liver problems - hysteria - dysentery - epilepsy

agarikon is also known as

- usually only found on the feet - Causes itching, cracking - whiles it degrades keratin it produces spores making it very contagious

athlete's foot

- endurance - treatment of fatigue & cancer - liver protection - antidepressant

benefits of cordyceps

yes

can cordyceps be cultivated?

works against bacteria that were resistant to penicillin and has a different mechanism of action

cephalosporin

fungi that require keratin for growth

dermatophytes

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

dermatophytes include

oyster mushroom

edible fungus known to produce large quantities of statins

Central Valleys (California)

environmental areas contaminated with histoplasmosis?

Penicillum

griseofulvin comes from a different

OTC allergy meds, Rx or allergy shots (if severe), air purifiers (HEPA filter) & avoidance of mold

how can mold allergies be combatted

they get infected by germs entering the body through open wounds or other small skin injuries

how do people get mycetoma?

by budding or fission. many yeast can reproduce sexually by making ascospores or basidiospores

how do yeast reproduce?

- causes hair loss

how does ringworm differ from athlete's foot

by leaving a petri dish & collecting the spores then closing the petri dish to allow them to grow. if mold growing inside is higher compared to the mold growing outside (outside is treated like a control)

how is mold detected? how is it determined if indoor mold counts are dangerous?

- Discovered by Alexander Fleming - found mold growing on a petri dish which seemed to be stopping the growth of bacteria

how was penicillin discovered?

uncommon to find in England or Ireland but pretty common throughout mainland of Europe and parts of Asia and North America

is ganoderma lucidum common or rare in nature?

ones produced for medicinal purposes are grown in a controlled environment

is ganoderma lucidum cultivated?

the central river valleys in midwestern & south central united states

is histoplasmosis endemic? where?

Dermatophytes (keratin-loving "skin plants") : athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, toenail fungus only contagious fungal disease of humans: Malassezia

localized, site-specific, superficial mycoses

sporotrichosis mycetoma

localized, subcutaneous, not site-specific mycoses

- grapes are crushed and squeeze to produce grape juice (grape juice is contaminated with other debris) - special yeast is added to the solution and the juice starts to ferment & the process continues until the wine gets to 12-14% range which denatures the yeast - sulfur is added to solution to inhibit bacteria from making vinegar - racking is done to separate dead yeast cells from wine - fining agents added to clarify the wine - the extra step in sparkling wine production is adding more sugar and yeast after the bottle is capped to give the bubbly effect

main steps in wine production & the extra step in sparkling wine production

drug therapy, minimize exposure to pathogens (avoiding high-hazard sites), boost immune system

management of mycoses

symptoms are similar to other types of allergies but occur year round - sneezing, runny nose, itchy throat, watery eyes, wheezing, rash, hives inhaling mold spores can trigger a dangerous asthma attack

mold allergies and asthma due to mold

cladosporium, aspergillus, penicillium, alternaria

most common genera of molds that cause allergies

a chronic disease of the skin & subcutaneous tissue caused by several species of fungi. it causes deep infections in the limbs resulting in drainage sinuses and granules by the body

mycetoma

animal infections or diseases caused by fungal infections

mycoses

cephalosporin (antibacterial) griseofulvin (antifungal)

other antibiotics from other molds include

healing mushroom & second most produced mushroom worldwide

shiitake

situations in which building occupants experience acute health problems and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building but no specific illness or cause can be identified

sick building syndrome

a zoonotic disease aka Rose Handlers' Disease caused by a fungus

sporotrichosis

lovastatin, simvastatin, compactin

statin drugs include

not fungal in origin

streptomycin

flu-like symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing, loss of appetite

symptoms of coccidioidomycosis

lung dysfunction (pneumonia-like symptoms), skin lesions, meningitis

symptoms of cryptococcosis

flu-like symptoms: fever, cough, fatigue, chills, headache, chest pain, body aches

symptoms of histoplasmosis

causes lesions & can spread to the lower layers of your skin

symptoms of sporotrichosis

beta glucans & polysaccharides: boost the immune system ganoderic acids: steroid hormones with hepatoprotective properties

the activities of the active ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum

false

the effects of indoor mold on human health are well understood

lipitor

the first statin drug developed from Pfzier

Beta 1,3 glucan ganoderic acids

the important active ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum

water retention

the main problem that causes indoor mold issues

- localized, superficial, site-specific - localized, subcutaneous and not site-specific - systemic, disseminated

the three general types of mycoses

a fungus that infects the nail bed causing the skin to produce extra cells - onychomycosis

toenail fungus

Stachybotrys chartarum (S. atra)

toxic black mold & the fungus

it produces mycotoxins in its hyphae & spores satratoxin: lethal if ingested, protein synthesis inhibitor & weakens blood vessels causing hemorrhaging cyclosporine: immunosuppressant common symptoms on people: rash, skin inflammation, pain & inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth & throat, conjunctivitis, burning sensation of the eyes and nasal passages, chest tightness, cough, fever, headache

toxic compounds made by black mold & the effects they have on people

cats

what animal (in addition to humans) is very susceptible to sporotrichosis?

chytridiomycosis: amphibians & caused by a true fungus in the Chytridiomycota (water molds with swimming asexual spores w one flagellum) - it infects the skin & messes up their homeostasis causing them to die. from trade of the african frog white nose syndrome: bats & caused by pseudogymnoascus destructans (cold loving fungus) it causes a subcutaneous infection in their wings, waking them up from hibernation & they waste energy and end up starving to death --> started in a cave in Albany NY but was probably introduced from Europe

what animals are affected with chytridiomycosis & white nose syndrome? where did the fungus come from? how do these diseases lead to the death of animals?

actinomycin, streptomycin, chloromycetin, tetracycline

what antibiotics do actinomycetes make?

heterogenous group of gram positive bacteria

what are actinomycetes?

fungal diseases of wildlife

what are chytridiomycosis and white nose syndrome?

drugs which lower cholesterol levels that were originally isolated from fungi

what are statins?

females: cottage cheese appearance discharge, vaginal rash, watery discharge, burning sensation esp when peeing or during intercourse, itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva, redness & swelling of the vulva oral thrush: joint pain, sinus infections, skin & nail fungal infections, tiredness & fatigue, digestive issues males: itchy rash, swelling, etc

what are the symptoms of candidiasis?

overgrowth occurs due to antibiotics, steroids, pregnancy, immune suppression. it is dimorphic so when it grows as a filament it starts invading mucus membranes causing problems

what causes the candidiasis fungus to overgrow and become a pathogen? how does the fungus change when it becomes a pathogen?

- used for preventing heart disease by reducing cholesterol levels - has some activity against cancer but is not used as a cancer drug

what do statins treat?

used to help with autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, clones disease, lupus

what does cyclosporine treat?

Griseofulvin: inhibits mitosis Polyenes: bind ergosterol more than cholesterol making cells leaky (amphotericin) azoles: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol (ketonazole, fluconazole, miconazole, itraconazole) echinocandins: new antifungals that inhibit synthesis of beta glucans in cell wall

what drugs are used to treat mycoses? how do they work?

Aspergillus terreus

what fungi are statins isolated from?

Cryptococcus neoformans & C. gattii they have thick cell walls - they can tolerate higher temperatures making the body the perfect place for it to grow

what fungi causes cryptococcosis? what special feature do they have?

birch polypore and tinder polypore

what fungi was otzi the iceman discovered with?

Coccidioides immitis fungus grows in the southwestern states, parts of mexico & central & south america

what fungus causes coccidioidomycosis? is it endemic?

Sporothrix schenkii

what fungus causes sporotrichosis

made transplants more successful since it acts as an immunosuppressant - it suppresses the immune system enough for the transplanted organ to be accepted by the patient & also affects the T cells

what has cyclosporine allowed surgeons to do that could not have been done before it was discovered?

biochemical process where yeasts convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide & other metabolic byproducts that contribute to the chemical composition of fermented food stuff

what is alcoholic fermentation and how are yeasts involved?

- antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develops the ability to defeat the drugs that were designed to kill them - antibiotic resistance develops from overuse, failure to follow treatment to completion, drugs in livestock, water supplies etc.

what is antibiotic resistance and how does it develop?

fungal infection caused by a yeast - Candida albicans ( commensal yeast mostly associated with mammals)

what is candidiasis? what fungus causes it?

a fungal infection aka Valley Fever. the infection begins in the respiratory tract but can become systemic and cause skin lesions

what is coccidiomycosis? what is the common name of the disease?

bird feces

what is cryptococcosis associated with in the environment?

pulmonary infection caused by yeast with thick walls - capsule

what is cryptococcosis?

a drug from Tolypocladium inflatum and acts as an immunosuppressant

what is cyclosporine?

a respiratory pathogen caused by a fungus that grows on bird droppings. the fungus starts in the lungs but can become systemic & cause problems with other organs and tissues. it is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

what is histoplasmosis and what fungus causes it?

solving the water problem

what is the most important first step in mold remediation?

degorgeur removes spent yeast by spinning the bottle

what is the name of spent yeast and the person who removes them?

high cellulose material, low nitrogen & very damp material eg. hay, wood, paper, cotton, straw, drywall

what kind of material does toxic black mold like to grow on

associated with plant material - hay, peas, roses

what material is sporothrix found on naturally

dogs, cats, horses, cattle, coyotes, sheep, burro, rodents, fox, swine, chinchilla, otters, gorillas, llamas, baboon, badger, kangaroo, monkeys, tapir, sea lions, tiger, snakes. dogs are especially susceptible

what other animals are affected by coccidiomycosis? which animal is especially susceptible? why?

Africa, India and the Central and South Americas

where is mycetoma endemic?

systemic disseminated infection

which is the worst type of mycoses

Coccidioidomycosis aka valley fever

which mycoses is the most virulent? (even to people with competent immune systems)

people with AIDS & diabetes

which people are most affected by cryptococcosis?

the natural mummy of a man who lived sometime between 3350BC and 3105BC

who is otzi the iceman?

Dr. Alexander Fleming: initially discovered penicillin Ernest Chain: helped with purification of penicillin Howard Florey: conducted human trials/experiments

who were the 3 scientist involved in mass production of penicillin and what were their roles?

to give them an advantage when competing for food and other limited resources, to prevent them from being killed by prey or as side reactions to metabolic reactions

why do fungi make antibiotics?

it can cause kidney toxicity & is very expensive

why is amphotericin called amphoterrible?

it infects people with strong immune system and is easily spread - inhaled with dust when disturbed

why is coccidiomycosis an issue in prisons in the Central Valley of California?

- increased awareness by diagnostics & clinicians - improved diagnostic techniques - increased use of medical procedures that compromise the healthy immune system - increased incidence of HIV/AIDs or immunosuppressant diseases - aging population - movement of fungi through increased international travel & trade - climate change

why is the rate of mycoses increasing

it needs to be treated with oral medication compared to the rest which are treated topically

why is toenail fungus harder to treat compared to the other dermatophytes

it was used to combat infections in wounded soldiers --> soldiers were not sent out to die

why was penicillin so important in WWII?

auricularia

wood ear

a jelly fungus which grows on trees & is used in Asian cuisines

wood ear is

single celled eukaryotes sometimes with a mycelial form (dimorphic)

yeasts & their characteristics